Showing papers on "Interview published in 1983"

The Next-Birthday Method of Respondent Selection

Abstract: RECENT and numerous additions to the survey methodology literature, especially in the area of random-digit-dialing, have helped researchers to generate samples of household units for telephone surveys. However, the literature on selecting survey respondents within those household units has not kept pace. In fact, after searching through the standard texts on telephone surveys (see for example, Blankenship, 1977, or Dillman, 1978) researchers might conclude that there is only one method of respondent selection-the Troldahl-Carter (1964) method. In the Troldahl-Carter method, one of four selection matrices which list various combinations of age and sex of household members is assigned randomly to telephone numbers in the sample. Thus, by asking only two questions (How many people 18 years or older live in your household, and how many of them are men?), the interviewer has enough information to select the respondent who is designated at the intersection point on the matrix. This method, which is less cumbersome and more appropriate to telephone interviews than the complete enumeration of the household proposed by Kish (1949), still requires the interviewer to ask potentially sensitive questions early in the interview. For example, two elderly women who live together

The Effect of Interviewer Characteristics and Expectations on Response

Abstract: This study reports on two sets of findings related to interviewer effects, derived from a national RDD sample of the adult population. The first of these concerns the effect of interviewer characteristics and expectations on overall cooperation rates; the second, the effect of interviewer characteristics and expectations on item nonresponse and response quality. We found that interviewers' age, the size of the interviewing assignment, and interviewers' expectations all had a strong effect on overall cooperation rates; the relation of experience to response rate was curvilinear in this sample. Age and education have consistent but statistically insignificant effects on item nonresponse. The effect of interviewers' expectations on responses within the interview resembles that in earlier studies, but is less pronounced and less consistent. Eleanor Singer is a Senior Research Associate at the Center for the Social Sciences. Martin R. Frankel is Professor of Statistics at Baruch College, CUNY. Marc B. Glassman is an independent statistical consultant in New York City. The authors wish to thank Ed Blair, Charles F. Cannell, Howard Schuman, and Seymour Sudman for reading and commenting on an earlier draft of the paper. The research was made possible by grant SES-78-19797 to the senior author. Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 47:68-83 ? 1983 by the Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier Science Publishing Co, Inc. 0033-362X/83/0047-68/$2.50 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.67 on Wed, 27 Apr 2016 06:33:38 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms EFECT OF INTERVIEWER CHARACTERISTICS 69 interviews, where typically fewer interviewers take a much larger number of interviews. Consequently, the effect of each interviewer's performance on response rate and response quality is magnified many times. At the same time, the fact that each interviewer on a telephone survey can be assigned to a random sample of respondents makes such effects easier to investigate and avoids the methodological weaknesses plaguing the studies by Singer and Kohnke-Aguirre and by Sudman et al., namely, the confounding of area and interviewer

The social work interview : a guide for human service professionals

Abstract: ContentsIntroduction xiiiI. General Orientation and Basic Concepts of Interviewing and Communication, 11. The Interview in Social Work, 32. The Interview as Communication, 273. Listening: A Basic Communication Skill, 49II. Sequential Phases in the Interview Process and Associated Techniques, 634. Introductory Phase, 655. Beginning the Interview: First Phase Objective -- Establishing a Relationship, 996. Problem Exploration Phase, 1357. Developmental Phase: Problem-Solving Interventions, 1738. Developmental Phase: More Problem-Solving Interventions, 2059. Developmental Phase: Questions and Questioning Techniques, 23510. Termination, Recording, and Evaluation, 271III. Some Special Problems in Interviewing, 28511. Nonverbal Communication, 28712. Cross-Cultural Interviewing, 32113. Some Problematic Interviews: The Involuntary Adult Client and the Sexually Abused Child, 355IV. The Essence of the Good Interviewer, 38714. The Competent Interviewer, 389Appendix: Transcribed Interview and Critique, 407References, 425Index, 447

Interviewing Older Adults: A Comparison of Telephone and Face-to-Face Modalities

Abstract: This article examines telephone interviewing of older adults and compares it with face-to-face interviews. Specifically, the following issues are examined in several national surveys: (1) differences in age distributions between the samples of adults reached in both modes; (2) explanations for potential differences in age distributions; (3) differences between the two modes in demographic characteristics in the adults reached, in interview process and in response quality, and how these mode differences vary by age of the respondents. Telephone surveys tend to underrepresent older persons, and older persons who do participate in a telephone survey are disproportionately well educated. Implications of the lower response rate among older persons are softened by the fact that reponse distributions across a range of questions show little difference by interview mode between older persons and persons of other age groups. A. Regula Herzog is Assistant Research Scientist at the Institute for Social Research and the Institute of Gerontology at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Willard L. Rodgers is Associate Research Scientist at the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Richard A. Kulka is Senior Survey Methodologist at Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. This article is a revised and abbreviated version of three papers presented at the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Gerontological Society, San Diego, November 1980. This research was supported by USPHS Grant No. AGO2038 from the National Institute on Aging. The authors wish to thank Lynn Dielman and Mary Grace Moore for able research assistance; Charles Cannell, Philip Converse, Richard Curtin, Robert Groves, Robert Kahn, and the late Angus Campbell for data from several unreleased surveys; and Charles Cannell, Robert Groves, and Berit Ingersoll for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper. Public Opinion Quairter-ly Vol. 47 405-418 ? 1983 by the Tr-ustees of Columbia Univelsity Published by ElsevierScience Publishing Co, Inc. 0033-362X/83/0047-405/$2.50 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.105 on Wed, 25 May 2016 06:47:29 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 406 HERZOG, RODGERS, AND KULKA research has been directed specifically to the use of telephone surveys with older adults. This paper represents an initial effort in that direction. In the type of telephone interview survey considered here, a random-digit dialing method for identifying sample households is used, and interviews with a random adult in each sample household are conducted from a central location. (For a detailed presentation of telephone interviewing methodology see Groves and Kahn, 1979; for a discussion of the sampling procedures see Waksberg, 1978.) A comparison of telephone and face-to-face interview surveys must therefore consider several areas of potential differences between the two: (1) their ability to reach a representative sample of the older population; (2) the nature of the interview process itself; and (3) the quality of the responses obtained. In general, the representativeness of a sample may be jeopardized in two ways. First, the sample may be drawn inaccurately and/or from a frame which systematically excludes certain members of the population. Second, persons who are identified by sampling procedures as respondents may not participate in the survey, thereby introducing systematic bias. With respect to the first point, persons without a telephone are systematically excluded from samples of telephone subscribers. However, this constitutes less of a problem when sampling older persons than when sampling the total population because older persons are slightly more likely than younger persons to have a telephone (Thornberry and Massey, 1978). With respect to the second point, response rates are generally somewhat lower for telephone interviews than similar interviews conducted face-to-face (Groves and Kahn, 1979). Moreover, older adults may be particularly likely to decline an interview on the telephone, since they are more likely than younger adults to have hearing problems (Corso, 1977), less likely to be used to the telephone, and likely to have less formal education. On the other hand, some older persons may be more likely to agree to participate in an interview when contacted by telephone than when contacted in person, because many of them are concerned about being victimized (Clemente and Kleiman, 1976) and interviews by telephone do not require them to admit a stranger to their home. In sum, it is difficult to predict how well telephone interviews will compare with face-to-face interviews in reaching the elderly population, since several potentially important factors apparently work in opposite directions. For several reasons the telephone interview process is expected to be more stressful and demanding than the face-to-face interview, particularly for older respondents. The failing sensory capacities of This content downloaded from 207.46.13.105 on Wed, 25 May 2016 06:47:29 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms INTERVIEWING OLDER ADULTS 407 older persons and their concerns about their performance (Botwinick, 1978) may make an interview which relies entirely on auditory communication particularly stressful. Telephone interviews also limit the amount and nature of feedback that an interviewer can provide to put a respondent at ease and to make the task more personal (Singer, 1981), factors of importance for good learning performance among older persons (Botwinick, 1978). Finally, telephone interviews often proceed at a more rapid pace than do face-to-face interviews (Groves and Kahn, 1979; Groves, 1978),1 and high speed is yet another factor known to be particularly detrimental to the perceptual and learning performance of older respondents (Botwinick, 1978; Corso, 1977). This paper examines telephone interviewing with older adults and compares this mode with face-to-face interviewing. Specifically, it addresses the following three issues: (1) differences in age distributions between the samples of adults that are reached by both modes; (2) explanations for potential differences in age distributions; (3) differences between the two modes in demographic characteristics of the adults that are reached, in interview process, and in response quality, and how these mode differences vary by age of the respondents.

Lifetime Psychotic Symptoms Assessed With the DIS

Abstract: Data on a lay interviewer's use of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) to ascertain lifetime psychotic symptoms in patients where these experiences have been previously documented is reported. The subjects in this study had been identified as patients 11 years previously and had participated in several followup research interviews with research psychiatrists. Frequent failure to recall and/or report psychotic symptoms in these patients suggests this technique will seriously underestimate the lifetime occurrence of psychotic symptoms.

The stability of oral proficiency assessment on the oral interview testing procedures

Abstract: The paper first discusses the complexity of measuring oral proficiency in communicative situations. The difficulty is due to the large number of variables, linguistic and social, which interact with one another. It then reports on a study which examined the stability of the assessment of oral proficiency on the oral interview test. Students of Hebrew as a foreign language underwent four administrations of different versions of that test. The administrations differed from one another by the occasion, the interviewer, the speech style, and the topic. Results from the analysis indicated that the different speech style and topic significantly affected students' scores on these tests while the occasion and the interviewer did not. The correlational analysis between pairs of tests pointed to low reliability and lack of stability of the tests, especially when two variables (i.e., occasion and tester) interacted. The results call for use of caution when decisions about individuals are made based on administration of communicative tests, for a need to identify sources of error in communicative tests, and for drawing stringent guidelines for the use of such tests.

Six years of experience using patient instructors to teach interviewing skills.

Abstract: In 1974 a competency-based program was developed at the University of Arizona College of Medicine that used patient instructors (PIs) to evaluate interviewing skills objectively. PIs are nonphysicians who are taught to function in the multiple roles of patient, teacher, and evaluator. For each specialty area, objective evaluation instruments have been developed to measure the student's interviewing technique (interview process) and the amount of relevant historical information obtained from the patient (interview content). Data from the six most recent classes of second-year medical students demonstrate that: (a) there is a positive correlation between process and content scores; (b) students learn from their interviews with PIs; and (c) there is a positive relationship between the scores students obtain on their first interview with each of two different PIs in two different specialty areas. It is concluded that the PI program provides an effective way to teach interviewing skills to medical students.

Interviewer Validity and Reliability: An Individual Analysis Approach.

Abstract: Interviewer reliability, validity, and strategy for information integration were studied by analysis of data across interviewers and, also, by within, individual interviewer analysis. Candidates (N= 412) for selection to a military division of a national defense organization were interviewed by 10 female interviewers and assessed on nine behaviorally anchored dimensions. Candidates (N = 131) subsequently admitted to officers' training school were evaluated, for the purposes of this study, on 19 dimensions and on an overall evaluation taken at six and twelve week points. Results of analyses of data across interviewers indicated that interviewers functioned in a similar fashion, using few of the dimensions in their decisions whereas analyses of individual interviewers indicated higher reliability and individual differences among interviewers' strategy formation. Analysis across interviewers of the relationship of the interview decision to six and twelve week training performance evaluations indicated no validity for the interview decision. Analysis of individual interview strategies revealed differences among the interviewers only at the six week point. Results are discussed with regard to methodological problems, interview strategy differences, criteria dimensionality, fruitfulness of individual, within interviewer analyses, and purpose of the interview.

The reliability of a computer interview for drug use/abuse information

Abstract: A computer interview was developed to collect information about drug use/abuse from high school students. Responses to this interview were compared with those obtained from an identical paper-and-pencil questionnaire given to the same students, in counterbalanced order. Results were comparable for the two methods, but missing data and logically inconsistent answers obtained with the paper-and-pencil questionnaire were not possible with the computer interview. The overwhelming majority of respondents preferred the computer interview as a means of data collection.

Interviewer Effects in Telephone Surveys

Abstract: The interviewer effects for selected items from a number of national polls conducted by CBS News and The New York Times in 1980 were examined. These effects were found to be generally quite small and somewhat inconsistent from poll to poll. The inconsistencies were explained by variable associations with the nonrandom regional distribution of respondents and the political context in which the measurements were obtained. There was some evidence of respondent-interviewer interactions for certain items. Clyde Tucker is Assistant to the Director of the CBS News Election and Survey Unit. An earlier draft of this article was presented at the Annual Conference of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Buck Hill Falls, Pennsylvania, May 28-31, 1981. The author wishes to express his appreciation for advice given on earlier drafts by Warren Mitofsky, Kathleen Frankovic, Robert Groves, Murray Edelman, Mohammed Yusuf, and two anonymous reviewers. Thanks also go to Solomon Barr, Wayne Reedy and Carolyn Stroock for their assistance in the statistical analysis and preparation of the manuscript. Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 47:84-95 ? 1983 by the Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 0033-362X/83/0047-84/$2.50 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.114 on Thu, 26 May 2016 06:01:31 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms INTERVIEWER EFFECTS IN TELEPHONE SURVEYS 85 son and Marks, 1950; Stock and Hochstim, 1951; Kish, 1962; Sudman and Bradburn, 1974; Bailey et al., 1978; Groves and Kahn, 1979; Groves and Magilavy, 1980). Not only has the existence of interviewer effects been established, but it has also been demonstrated that the magnitude of these effects differs from item to item. As Groves and Magilavy point out, originally it was thought the difference turned on whether the question was factual or nonfactual. They suggest, however, that the effects are actually a function of the amount of interviewer interference which is possible. This interference can take a variety of forms and can be a factor in both factual and nonfactual items. Questions which seem to be most susceptible to interviewer interference are those which concern sensitive topics leading to resistance in asking or responding, open-ended questions (especially those involving probes), and questions requiring a rating or subjective assessment from the interviewer. A number of studies have also found that interviewer effects are related to characteristics of the interviewer and respondent. Older respondents are most open to interviewer effects (Hanson and Marks; Groves and Magilavy). Interviewer effects seem to be related to interviewer competence (determined in a variety of ways) and an interviewer's prior expectations of survey results. There is also evidence to suggest that younger interviewers are less susceptible to interviewer effects. Finally, several studies have shown that interviewer effects can be the product of an interaction between interviewer, respondent, and item characteristics (Athey, et al., 1960; Williams, 1964; Dohrenwend, et al., 1968-69; Schuman and Converse, 1971; Hatchett and Schuman, 1975-76; Freeman and Butler, 1976; Schaffer, 1980; Campbell, 1981). Perhaps the most interesting aspect of these studies is the methodological issues they raise. Estimating interviewer effects has turned out to be a very complicated task. A large part of the problem is design limitations. Most surveys, whether they are done by telephone or personal interview, are constrained by time and cost. Furthermore, they are not usually conducted for methodological purposes so that ease of estimation of interviewer effects is not considered a high priority, and few are willing to jeopardize the quality of a survey by altering procedures in order to measure what may be relatively small effects. There are also the practical problems associated with any survey in a real-life situation which hinder the measurement of interviewer effects. In addition to the problems imposed by design limitations, there are the assumptions of the statistical procedures used in estimating interviewer effects. Often the assumption of equal variances across interThis content downloaded from 207.46.13.114 on Thu, 26 May 2016 06:01:31 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

A "second look" at interviews with adolescents.

Abstract: Interviews are widely used in adolescent study as data collection methods. This article argues that such interviews contain an additional order of data, located in the conversing, which can complement the content analysis and interpretation of answers to questions. This argument is based on treating interviews with adolescents as actual instances of adolescent-adult interaction and is illustrated by transcribed passages from a series of interviews with young adolescents. The purpose of the study is to outline how researchers using an interview method can examine records of the talk for valuable supplementary data.

Integrating qualitative and quantitative methods in survey research on aging: An assessment

Abstract: The benefits of triangulation have gained widespread acceptance and several notable studies have taken a combined-methods approach However, to date there have been few analyses of attempts to extend survey research to include a qualitative component This paper reports on what is essentially a survey research design in which three types of interviewing are triangulated: close-ended questions in a structured interview; open-ended questions embedded in the interview; and follow-up conversational interviews employing open-ended questions This combined-methods approach is assessed in relation to elaboration of answers, interpretation and context, discovery in the field, and divergence The author concludes that each source of data, as well as the divergence in findings among them, makes a valuable contribution to the research process

Effects of question type, orientation, and sequencing in the employment screening interview 1

Abstract: Actual employment screening interviews at a university placement center were audio/video‐taped and analyzed to determine the relationships between types of interviewers’ questions (primary/secondary, open/closed), the sequencing of these questions, applicants’ question‐response durations, and actual interview outcomes (offering/not offering applicants second interviews). Results suggest applicants’ responses to open‐ended and secondary questions are longer in duration than responses to closed‐ended and primary questions. In addition, findings show that the kinds of questions recruiters asked applicants did not differ significantly between interviews where second interview offers were eventually made as compared to those where no offers were forthcoming. However, results did indicate that there are significant differences in the kinds of questions interviewers ask during different segments or phases of screening interviews.

Thus Spake the OPAC User

Abstract: In 1981, the Council on Library Resources (CLR) provided the funding to enable five organizations to conduct a study of library users and online public access catalogs (OPACs). The five organizations were J. Matthews & Associates (JMA), Library of Congress (LC), Online Computer Library Center, Inc. (OCLC), The Research Libraries Group, Inc. (RLG), and the University of California's Division of Library Automation (UC/DLA). These five organizations coordinated their activities in the development, pretesting, and administration of questionnaires used to survey library patrons at twenty-nine libraries in the United States.(1) CLR also sponsored three (OCLC, UC/DLA, and RLG) of the five organizations to study online catalogs using other methods in addition to the questionnaire/survey method. OCLC(2) and UC/DLA(3) employed transaction log analysis to study OPAC use at seven libraries. RLG's study of OPACs included individual and group interviews with library staff at three academic research libraries.(4) The OCLC project team conducted focused-group interviews with library patron OPAC users and nonusers and library public and technical services staff at six libraries.(5) This discussion presents the findings of the focused-group interviews conducted by OCLC. Each of the six libraries offered online searching of its collection through an OPAC. The libraries and the names of their OPACs (in parentheses) are: Dallas Public (LSCAN), Iowa City Public (CLSI/PAC), Library of Congress (MUMS and SCORPIO), Mankato State University (MSUS/PALS), Ohio State University (LCS), and Syracuse University (SULIRS). At each interview site, focused-group interview participants were recruited either from "captured" groups, e. g., university classes and mandatory instructional workshops, or through a general plea for volunteer participation. Group participants at universities were undergraduate users, undergraduate nonusers, graduate users, graduate nonusers, faculty users, faculty nonusers, reference staff, and technical services staff. Group participants at public libraries and federal libraries were young adult users, young adult nonusers, adult users, adult nonusers, older adult users, older adult nonusers, reference staff, and technical services staff. Focused-group interviews provide qualitative information on library patrons' and staff's needs and perceptions of online public access catalogs. This method has been employed in related research to obtain library patrons' expectations, needs, and criteria for success when searching libraries' subject catalogs.(6) Complete descriptions of the focusedgroup interview method and analysis procedures are given in Merton, Fiske, and Kendall's manual on the method.(7) A focused-group interview requires a group of six to twelve individuals who are led through an open, in-depth discussion by a group moderator. The moderator follows a series of open-ended questions, focusing the conversation on pertinent subject areas in a nondirective fashion. The moderator is free, however, to pursue interesting topics that emerge in the discussion. Group members challenge, interact, and stimulate one another, and provide researchers with insights, spontaneous thoughts, and language that infrequently occur in personal interviews. One of the greatest strengths of the focused-group interview method is the qualitative nature of participants' remarks. Library patrons and staff can express their needs and perceptions of online catalogs in their own words. Quantitative data collection methods used in the CLR-sponsored online catalog studies, such as surveys and transaction log analyses, provided few opportunities for library patrons and staff to express in their own words their needs and perceptions of online catalogs. Our analysis of participants' remarks yielded six generalizations about staffs' and patrons' needs and perceptions of online public access catalogs: 1. …

Telephone household screening and interviewing.

Abstract: The selection of random population samples by telephone and telephone interviewing of study subjects have become useful tools in epidemiologic research. As part of a case control study in Washington D.C. a telephone interview was conducted with an age stratified sample of women--30-49 and 50-69 years. The Waksberg random digit dialing procedure was used to identify residential telephone numbers. Of the 590 residential telephone numbers called 575 or 97% yielded the information on ages of household members needed to draw the stratified sample (this is referred to as the screening response rate). 94% of the 175 women selected at that time were immediately reinterviewed (this is referred to as the interview response rate. The overall response rate (97% x 94% = 91%) is higher than often can be achieved when the population is sampled and sent a letter between telephone screening and interviewing. Prior to the study a test was conducted on 50 households. At half of the households questions concerning the full names and ages of all women in the households and an address to which to mail a letter explaining the study were asked. After the telephone call a letter was mailed to all household members selected into the sample. 7 days later all eligible women were called to arrange a telephone interview. In the other 26 households full names and addresses were not asked and the sample selection was done by the interviewer during the telephone call. All eligible women were immediately asked for an interview or if they were not home called later. The screening response rate was 16% lower in the households where full names and addresses were asked but among the identified eligible women the interview response rates were nearly identical. Since requesting the full name and address appeared to reduce the cooperation rate the other procedure was chosen for this study. The main disadvantages of this study were an additional responsibility for the interviewers to select eligible respondents for each strata and loss of opportunity to explain the purpose and legitimacy of the study in a letter. The interviewers did receive a detailed explanation of the study purpose and the confidentiality guidelines as stated in all National Institutes of Health epidemiologic studies. During the study only 1 of the selected subjects refused because of her concern about the legitimacy of the study. The questionnaire consisted of 23 questions primarily concerned with pregnancy and menstrual history and present and prior use of birth control and female hormone pills.

The medical student's perspective of psychiatry residency selection procedures.

Abstract: To determine what factors influence medical students' perception of the application and selection procedures of psychiatric residency programs, the authors sent a questionnaire to 100 medical students interviewed for the residency program at a major psychiatric facility; 43 returned the forms. There was general concordance between the respondents' perception of the institution's selection criteria and their convictions regarding what those criteria ought to be, with the exception that applicants tended to downgrade the dean's letter. Factors important in the residents' evaluation were the warmth, enthusiasm, and interviewing skills of the faculty and residents. They did not object to psychologically probing interviews if the interviews were skillfully conducted. It was important to them that they met the chairman and program director, and if the applicant was a woman, she wanted to have at least one woman interviewer.

Reactions of adolescents to being interviewed about their sexual assault experiences.

Abstract: Following extensive interviews about their sexual activities and possible sexual assault experiences, 66 moderately delinquent adolescents were asked a series of post interview questions to determine their levels of comfort/discomfort with various elements of the interview proper. This was done so that the interviewers could provide counseling or other assistance to any youth who reported significant distress following the interview experience. None of the youthful participants required such assistance and surprisingly few of them reported specific distress. On the contrary, a majority of the sample reported feeling substantially or markedly comfortable with most aspects of their interviews and 95% indicated that they would be willing to participate in subsequent, similar interviews. Prevailing concerns regarding the untoward effects of interviewing youths about their sexual histories, including rape experiences, are discussed in terms of these findings, and some methodological considerations concerning the gathering of sexual assault data directly from minors are presented.

How to Turn an Interview Into a Job

Abstract: OPEN INTERVIEW--the first 3 to 5 minutes are critical. You must be confident, poised, and articulate. This is the time to put your best foot forward. Present a perfect copy of your resume to each person participating in the interview. You should also have a copy in front of yourself to jog your memory if you need it. Make sure your handshake is firm. Make eye contact and smile. Wait to be invited to sit.

Response Results of Lottery Buyer Behavior Surveys: In-Home vs. Point-of-Purchase Interviews

Abstract: This paper reports the response results of surveys on lottery purchasing behavior. Data are based on answers generated from two probability samples: a national, random sample of 1,646 households (in-home survey) and a point-of-purchase sample of 520 respondents. Results show that answers to the point-of-purchase survey were more accurate at half the cost of in-home interviews. The surveys were undertaken in Israel, but have implications for those wishing to sample lottery purchasers in other countries. Eugene D. Jaffe is Associate Professor and Director, Management Training Center, Bar-Ilan University, Israel. Hanoch Pasternak is a Senior Researcher, Volcani Institute, Israel. Avi Grifel is an Analyst at the Israel Institute of Applied Social Research and at Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The authors wish to thank the Israel National Lottery for its assistance and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments. Public Opinion Quair-terly Vol. 47 419-426 ? 1983 by the Trustees of Columbia University Published by ElsevierScience Publishing Co., Inc. 0033-362X/83/0047-419/$2.50 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.180 on Mon, 25 Apr 2016 06:56:55 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 420 JAFFE, PASTERNAK, AND GRIFEL tions about personal or threatening subject matter, e.g., sex behavior, use of drugs, or voting behavior, produce response effects such as overstatement or understatement of actual behavior (Blair et al., 1977; Sudman and Bradburn, 1974). Consumer surveys on the subject of lottery buying behavior may be biased because of the association of this activity with gambling. Personal interviews at the home of the respondent may produce biased responses if the interviewee has not revealed his or her purchases (or extent of purchase) to other members of the household. Therefore, recorded purchase behavior may be understated. Moreover, in area sampling of respondents, the dwelling is the sampling unit, but it is not always possible to find at home that household member who is the actual lottery purchaser. In that case, some other member may be asked to estimate the behavior of others in the household. One solution to the problem of bias in the case of home interviews is to sample respondents at point-of-purchase locations. While this method allows the interviewer to observe and select actual buyers, it does not allow for probability sampling of nonbuyers. However, it may have the advantage of interviewing the lottery purchaser in an environment more conducive to reliable answers.

The social strategy implementation process : an exploratory investigation

Abstract: ........................................................ xi Chapter

Speaking without seeing, or the effect of interviewer absence on interviewee disclosure time

Abstract: The results of the present study confirmed earlier findings that the elimination of the usual face-to-face confrontation between interviewer and interviewee enhances disclosure time in relation to intimate questions. By unconfounding speaking time and pausing time, the present research demonstrated that the facilitating effect of an interviewer's absence is not simply an artifact of increased latencies and silent pauses within responses. The earlier findings were extended by manipulating the intimacy level of questions asked of subjects in the context of a gender-balanced design.

The Interview and Personnel Selection: Is the Process Valid and Reliable?

Abstract: The interview is the most widely used of all personnel selection devices. It is the primary method available for organizations to couple the identity of the applicant with the application form and to determine who will be employed. Most organizations undoubtedly would not abandon its use because they are quite confident of the accuracy of their decisions. The process reveals insights and information about applicants that other procedures cannot, and it provides the interviewer the opportunity to assess directly the candidate's quality and potential. However, is the interview process worthy of its high acceptance and universal use? Does it yield substantial and accurate data about the applicant? Does it successfully reveal applicant skills, aptitudes, and attitudes? Does the most qualified applicant get the job? Does the process result in the right person being matched with the right position? In essence, is the interview process valid and reliable, i.e., does it do what it is professed to do? The answers to these questions are extremely critical to every school administrator who is involved in the personnel selection

Physician interviewing and counseling training

Abstract: There is an important need to enhance the skills of physicians in conducting medical interviews. The medical interview consists of the primary tasks or content of the medical history. It is the basis for establishing a therapeutic relationship with the patient, ascertaining a clinical diagnosis, and implementing an appropriate treatment plan or health maintenance. Effective medical interviewing skills are prerequisites for learning the skills which are essential for patient counseling. This paper describes the medical interview, reviews videotape feedback models for training, and gives suggestions for the training of physicians as counselors.

Model transfer using data from several sources

Abstract: The paper describes the methods that have been developed to transfer the Zuidvleugel models to the Utrecht area A novel feature is that the transfer will be based on both home interview and "choice-based" (road and train) surveys The concept of transferability has been much discussed in recent literature The study is carefully designed to make an important contribution to these discussions Data collection methods chosen are a home interview of 1000 households, "number-plate" road surveys and train surveys, which are combined to obtain the most cost-effective modelling, but require separate and detailed treatment of their inherent biases Estimation methods appropriate for deriving models from combined data sets are described Finally, consideration is given to the appropriate tests of transferability to be made in the study (Author/TRRL)

Teaching Psychiatric Interviewing as a Core Physician Skill

Abstract: The authors have developed an approach for teaching psychiatric interviewing that relates closely to the aspects of physical diagnosis that medical students are learning. This includes interview analogies to the physical exam skills of observation, palpation, auscultation, and percussion, as well as psychiatric review of systems. Relevance of interview techniques to medical management is dramatized by a medical anecdote. Techniques explained include: open-ended questions, using the patient’s coinage, use of silence, and reading nonverbal communication and connotations of verbal communication. Mental defense mechanisms are illustrated by examples relating to the student’s situation. The article provides sample wording actually used with students. Students receiving this approach showed significant (p <.01) improvement on an attitude scale compared to no significant change for control students in similar preceptorships without this approach.