Showing papers on "Isopropyl alcohol published in 1986"

Gas-phase hydration reactions of protonated alcohols. Energetics and bulk hydration of cluster ions.

Abstract: The gas-phase equilibria for hydration reactions of protonated methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, and isopropyl alcohol, ROH/sub 2//sup +/(H/sub 2/O)/sub n-1/ + H/sub 2/O = ROH/sub 2//sup +/(H/sub 2/O)/sub n/, were measured with a pulsed electron beam mass spectrometer. Van't Hoff plots of the equilibrium constants lead to ..delta..H/sup 0//sub n-1/,n/ and ..delta..S/sup 0//sub n-1,n/ up to n = 6. While the proton affinities increase in the order methyl alcohol < ethyl alcohol < n-propyl alcohol < isopropyl alcohol, the stabilities of clusters ROH/sub 2//sup +/(H/sub 2/O)/sub n/ toward dissociation increase in the reverse order, i.e., isopropyl alcohol < n-propyl alcohol < ethyl alcohol < methyl alcohol. The deprotonation from the base alcohol in the cluster ROH/sub 2//sup +/ (H/sub 2/O)/sub n/ was not observed up to n = 6 or 7. The acid-catalyzed dehydration of alcohols was not observed either. The stepwise sums of free energy changes ..delta..G/sup 0//sub n-1,n/ for gas-phase hydration reactions of protonated alcohols and other ions are compared with the free energies of hydration. The anomalous order of basicities for H/sub 2/O and aliphatic alcohols is suggested in the gas phase and in aqueous solution. The sums of ..delta..G/sup 0//sub n-1,n/ for halide ionsmore » converge more gradually to the ultimate free energies of hydration than those for other positive ions.« less

A comparison of the absorption and metabolism of isopropyl alcohol by oral, dermal and inhalation routes.

Abstract: The admission of a child with an almost lethal level of isopropyl (alcohol 380 mg/dl) after sponge bathing for fever, and questionable ingestion, prompted the present experiment in animals. Twelve rabbits (2-2.6 kg) were divided into 4 groups of 3 each. Groups 1 and 2 were given isopropyl alcohol, 2 and 4 ml/kg respectively, by gavage. Groups 3 and 4 were placed in an inhalation chamber with group 3 having a towel soaked with isopropyl alcohol applied to the chest. Group 4 had a similar towel placed on the chest but with a plastic layer to preclude skin contact. Average blood levels (mg/dl) of isopropanol/acetone were then measured over 4 hr. Oral absorption produced the highest levels of isopropyl alcohol and acetone, followed by inhalation and dermal. Inhalation alone was of little significance. Acetone levels continued to rise even as isopropyl levels fell following oral exposure. With the inhalation plus skin absorption group, both isopropyl and acetone levels continued to rise throughout the 4 hr time period. These results indicate that skin absorption is a significant factor in isopropyl alcohol toxicity, and the delayed rise in acetone levels may be responsible for prolonged activity.

Solution copolymerization of styrene and 2-hydroxyethyl mechacrylate.

Abstract: The rate of solution copolymerization of styrene (M1) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (M2) was investigated by dilatometry. N,N-dimethyl formamide, toluene, isopropyl alcohol, and butyl alcohol were used as solvents. Polymerization was initiated by α,α′-azobisisobutyronitrile at 60°C. The initial copolymerization rate increased nonlinearly with increasing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)/styrene ratio. The copolymerization rate was promoted by solvents containing hydroxyl groups. Two different approaches were used for the prediction of copolymerization rates. The relationships proposed for the copolymerization rates calculation involve the effects of the total monomer concentration, mole fraction of HEMA, and of the solvent type. Different reactivity ratios were found in polar and nonpolar solvents: r1 = 0.53, r2 = 0.59 in N,N-dimethyl formamide, isopropyl alcohol and n-butyl alcohol; r1 = 0.50, r2 = 1.65 in toluene. The usability of these reactivity ratios was confirmed by batch experiments.

Effect of salinity and alcohol partitioning on phase behavior and oil displacement efficiency in surfactant-polymer flooding

Abstract: The equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN) of a crude oil, namely Ankleshwar crude, is successfully modeled by a mixture of pure alkanes. The EACN of the crude oil is found to be 9.3, and an appropriate mixture of nonane and decane exhibited phase behavior similar to that of the crude oil. A surfactant system for a water flooded reservoir at 80 C and having a salinity in the range of 2% to 3% NaCl is formulated by blending a phosphated ester with a petroleum sulfonate in the weight ratio of 2/5. The addition of phosphate ester not only increases the salt tolerance of the petroleum sulfonate system, it also broadens the IFT minimum. The oil displacement tests at 80 C in sandpacks and Berea cores showed that the surfactant formulation containing tertiary amyl alcohol (TAA) displaced 92% oil in sandpacks and 79% crude oil in Berea cores. The oil recovery efficiency was poor when formulations contained other alcohols. From the effluent surfactant concentration, it is shown that there is a correlation between the tertiary oil recovery, surfactant breakthrough and surfactant retention in porous media. It is proposed that, because alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol (IPA), isobutyl alcohol (IBA) and secondary butyl alcohol (SBA) partition significantly in the equilibrated excess brine phase, the alcohol-depleted surfactant slug forms stable emulsions resulting in faster breakthrough of surfactant in the effluent and lower oil displacement efficiency. In the case of TAA-containing formulation, there is a partitioning of TAA in the oil phase. Therefore, there is a mass transfer of alcohol from surfactant slug to the oil ganglia in porous media. This produces a transient ultralow IFT between residual oil and the surfactant solution which mobilizes oil, resulting in higher oil displacement efficiency.

Influence of hydrogen on the dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol in the presence of a palladium membrane catalyst

Abstract: An investigation is made of the influence of hydrogen on the dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol on palladium foil. It is shown that the degree of isopropanol conversion to acetone is an extreme function of the quantity of hydrogen in the reaction zone. We establish that at the experimental temperature absorption of hydrogen by the palladium foil is observed. An almost periodic change in the degree of isopropyl alcohol conversion is observed, which may be related to changes of hydrogen concentration at the surface and in the catalyst membrane layer near to the surface.

Production of coenzyme q

Abstract: PURPOSE:To extract coenzyme Q efficiently at a low cost, by extracting the coenzyme Q from dried microbial cells with hydrophilic dimethyl sulfoxide which is a hydrophilic solvent alone or in a mixture with another solvent in producing the coenzyme Q from the microbial cells. CONSTITUTION:Microbial cells are separated from a culture fluid of coenzyme Q by centrifugation and dried. Coenzyme Q is then extracted from the dried microbial cells using dimethyl sulfoxide alone or in combination with another solvent, e.g. methyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, as an extracting solvent. After the coenzyme Q ia extracted into the hydrophilic solvent, the coenzyme Q is transferred and dissolved in n-hexane, etc., in which the coenzyme is readily soluble, separated, dehydrated and concentrated to dryness. The resultant residue is purified by column chromatography, etc. and crystallized.

Coating composition of silicic acid zirconia base

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the composition of high performance in coatability on metals, plastics, woods, cements, etc., and resistance to water, weather, corrosion and heat, with high surface hardness of the resulting film, by blending ethyl silicate, zirconium compound and isopropyl alcohol in specified proportion. CONSTITUTION:The objective composition can be obtained by blending (A) 100pts.wt. of an ethyl silicate, i.e., one of silicic acid compounds, of formula Si(C2H5O)4, (B) 20-100pts.wt. of a zirconium compound of formula Zr(C4H9O)4 and (C) 60-700pts.wt. of isopropyl alcohol. When coated on a base, this composition is instantaneously hydrolyzed at ambient temperatures 60 deg.C; at the same time, a polycondensation being induced, resulting in sol formation; the reaction advances further, converting to a gel. On heating the gel at 100-300 deg.C for 10-60min, is formed a clear glass film with a small amount of OH group constituted by silicic acid zirconia SiO2ZrO2. On further heating this film to 550-650 deg.C, a SiO2ZrO2 film will result.

Low-temperature paint stripper

Abstract: The technical problem is the provision of a low-temperature paint stripper which has, at room temperature, a non-corrosive, but instead preservative effect and allows environmentally friendly degradation. An aqueous solution is proposed of from 10 to 20 g of potassium hydroxide, based on 100 ml of water, and an alcohol, where the aqueous solution contains, based on 100 ml of water, in each case from 20 to 40 ml of isopropyl alcohol and in addition up to 10 g of an acid.

Production of water-soluble polymer

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain a water-soluble polymer which, when used as a dispersant for, especially, heavy calcium carbonate, forms a slurry of good storage stability, by polymerizing (meth)acrylic acid or its mixture with a specified compound in an aqueous isopropyl alcohol solution. CONSTITUTION:(Meth)acrylic acid or a mixture thereof with a compound of the formula (wherein R1 is H or methyl, R2 is ethylene or propylene and n is 1-30) is polymerized at a ratio of the (meth)acrylic acid to the compound of the formula of 100:0-70:30 (ratio by weight) in an aqueous isopropyl alcohol solution containing 25-40wt% isopropyl alcohol. When the water-soluble polymer obtained in said polymerization is used as a dispersant for, especially, heavy calcium carbonate, the form of an alkali metal salt such as a sodium or potassium salt is pref.

Production of granule of 2-hydroxynaphthalene-3-carboxylic acid

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain granules of the titled compound having extremely suppressed scattering properties and industrially high value in use, by granulating fine particles of the titled compound having a specific particle size composition by the use of a specific amount of water containing a specified amount of a low-boiling hydrophilic organic solvent as a binder. CONSTITUTION:A mixture of 100pts.wt. crystal of 2-hydroxynaphthalene-3- carboxylic acid (BON) containing >=60% particles having <=50mu particle diameters and 18-33pts.wt. water containing 5-25wt% lower alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, normal propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, etc., or acetone, etc., is granulated, and dried to give granules of BON which is advantageously useful as an industrial raw material for dye, pigment, etc., and has suppressed scattering properties approximately without causing rise in manufacturing cost in comparison with that of existing BON fine powder.

An improved process for cephalosporin intermediates.

Abstract: 7 beta -Amino-3-(1-pyridiniummethyl)-3-cephem-4-carboxylate dihydrochloride salt is obtained as the crystalline dihydrate directly from the N-deacylation reaction mixture by mixing said reaction mixture with acetonitrile, acetone or isopropyl alcohol, each containing 5% to 10% water.

Production of tertiary butanol

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the titled compound useful as a raw material for various industrial chemicals, in improved yield, without producing by-products,by hydrating isobutylene using a heteropoly acid as a catalyst, in the presence of a specific amount of an oxygen-containing organic solvent soluble in the aqueous solution of the above catalyst. CONSTITUTION:The objective compound can be produced by reacting isobutylene at <100 deg.C, preferably 30-80 deg.C under a pressure to keep the isobutylene in liquid state, using an aqueous solution containing a heteropoly acid or its salt containing at least one kind of element selected from Mo, W and V as the condensation coordination element as a catalyst, in the presence of <=30mol, preferably 1-10mol (based on 1mol of the heteropoly acid) of an oxygen- containing organic solvent soluble in the above aqueous solution. The oxygen- containing organic solvent is preferably isopropyl alcohol, etc., especially tert- butanol to facilitate the separation and purification of the product.

Concentration of amino acid water solution

Abstract: PURPOSE: To realize concentrating at a high concentration by means of a reverse osmosis membrane or ultrafiltration membrane having a low solubility of amino acid in water at the isoelectric point by coexisting a water solution organic solvent in a concentration system, pH adjusting and increasing solubility of amino acid. CONSTITUTION: In concentrating amino acid water solution having a hydrophobic group such as aromatic ring in molecules such as L-tryptophane or the like, water soluble organic solvent such as isopropyl alcohol or the like is added to the water soluble liquid, being pH adjusted with hydrochloric acid or the like, and contacted with a loose reverse osmosis membrane such as aromatic polyamide composite membrane or the like under pressure. By this process, solubility of amino acid is increased, and amino acid an be concentrated to a high concentration in the neighborhood of room temperature without moving pH of water solution far from the isoelectric point. COPYRIGHT: (C)1988,JPO&Japio

Rust-proof lubricant

Abstract: PURPOSE:A rust-proof lubricant keeping its effect for a long time without adsorbing dust, which comprises a molybdenum disulfide powder, a rust-proof oil, a specified compd. and isopropyl alcohol. CONSTITUTION:A molybdenum disulfide powder of an average particle size <=10mum, a rust-proof oil of a kinematic viscosity <=15cst at 40 deg.C, 1, 1, 2- trichloro-1, 2, 2-trifluoro-ethane and isopropyl alcohol are mixed to obtain a rust-proof lubricant.

Synthesis of 2,4‐diphenyl‐5‐ethoxycarbonyl‐1‐heptadeuterated isopropyl‐2‐imidazoline

Abstract: The synthesis of the title compound is described from heptadeuterated isopropyl alcohol in six steps. Overall yield obtained was 6%.

Analysis of Isopropyl Citrates in Edible Oil by Gas Chromatography

Abstract: An analytical method for isopropyl citrates (a mixture of mono-, di- and triisopropyl citrates) in edible oil by gas chromatography (GC) was developed.Mono- and diisopropyl citrates were extracted with 1N potassium hydroxide solution from a hexane solution of the edible oil, and triisopropyl citric acid was extracted with acetonitrile. The acetonitrile was evaporated off, and potassium hydroxide solution was added. Each potassium hydroxide solution was heated to hydrolyze the extract into isopropyl alcohol and citric acid. Isopropyl alcohol was distilled off and analyzed by GC. The remaining solution was passed through a column packed with ion exchange resin to remove potassium ion, and the eluate was evaporated to dryness. Citric acid was esterified to trimethyl citric acid with boron trifluoride methanol reagent and analyzed by GC.In this method, isopropyl alcohol can be utilized for qualitative screening for isopropyl citrates, and the quantitative value of citric acid reflects that of isopropyl citrates.Recoveries of isopropyl citrates added to oil were more than 90% for mono- and diester and about 75% for triester. The detection limits of isopropyl citrates via isopropyl alcohol were 2μg/g of sample.

Improved manufacture of cephalosporin intermediate

Abstract: 7 beta -Amino-3-(1-pyridiniummethyl)-3-cephem-4-carboxylate dihydrochloride salt is obtained as the crystalline dihydrate directly from the N-deacylation reaction mixture by mixing said reaction mixture with acetonitrile, acetone or isopropyl alcohol, each containing 5% to 10% water.

Kinetics and mechanism of dehydration of isopropyl and sec-butyl alcohols on catalysts consisting of quartz coated by liquid phosphoric acid and mixtures of phosphoric acid and KH2PO4

Abstract: 1. A pulsed Chromatographie method was used to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of dehydration of isopropyl alcohol on catalysts consisting of fused quartz coated with phosphoric acid and phosphoric acid with potassium dihydrophosphate. 2. Data on the dehydration of sec-butanol on a catalyst consisting of quartz coated with phosphoric acid have been checked and their precision improved. 3. In the experiments with catalysts without the addition of salt, the rate constant of the dehydration of secondary propyl and butyl alcohols increases proportionally to the square of the thermodynamic activity of the acid when the concentration of the phosphoric acid in the liquid phase is changed. This fact is attributed to the participation of the nonionized alcohol molecule and two molecules of phosphoric acid in the limiting stage of the reaction.

Production of heat resistant optical fiber

Abstract: PURPOSE:To produce an optical fiber which has a low photoconduction loss characteristic and excellent flexibility and maintains reliability for a long period of time by cleaning a core component polymer consisting essentially of methyl methacrylate with a non-dissolving org. solvent. CONSTITUTION:The optical fiber having the excellent heat resistance, low photoconduction loss characteristic and excellent flexibility can be provided by cleaning the core component polymer by using the non-dissolving org. solvent in the stage of producing the optical fiber made into the core-sleeve structure in which the polymer consisting essentially of the methyl methacrylate as the core component and a polymer contg. at least 20wt% fluorine as the sleeve component are used. Methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol. n-butyl alcohol, solvent naphtha, ethylene tetrachloride, diethyl ether or cyclohexane is used as the non-dissolving org. solvent by which the considerable expansion in the applicable temp. range of the optical fiber is made possible.

Epoxidation of Olefins with Hydrogen Peroxide on the Molybdenum Oxide- Bu3SnCl -Charcoal Catalyst. Effect of Using Chemically Pretreated Charcoal.

Abstract: The epoxidation of C5 to C8 olefins with hydrogen peroxide (30%) was studied on molybdenum oxide-Bu3SnCl-charcoal in isopropyl alcohol at 50°C. The yields were remarkably increased by using chemically pretreated charcoals as supports. As modifiers of charcoal, butylating or trimethylsilylating agents gave good results. Cycloolefins of C5 to C8 and an inner olefin, 2-octene, selectively gave epoxides in 90 to 70% yields compared with yields of 60 to 40% on the catalyst prepared from raw charcoal. The increase in yield was attributed to the prevention of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.