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Showing papers on "Judgement published in 2017"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article further deconstructs the commonly held perceptions of online education by presenting conflicting discourses about the purposes of distance education, the characteristics of distance students, and the technologies that have mediated distance education throughout its historical development.
Abstract: The rapid growth in online higher education, in terms of course offerings and student enrollment, has often been celebrated on the grounds that moving education online is an innovative way to increase the accessibility of university education. This article problematises a range of assumptions that underpin those claims. To do so, two concepts are deployed: “authentic accessibility” and “programmatic definition”, each of which encourages us to examine actual practice rather than aspirations. This article further deconstructs the commonly held perceptions of online education by presenting conflicting discourses about the purposes of distance education, the characteristics of distance students, and the technologies that have mediated distance education throughout its historical development. The findings highlight the increasing multiplicity of online education practices and realities, and the limitations of typical conceptualisations of those phenomena, which have historically conceptualised distance education as a single domain. The article calls for a more sophisticated approach to considering the quality of online higher education, a value judgement which continuously needs to be understood and discussed in relation to the complex and multi-dimensional issues of increasing the accessibility of university education.

182 citations


Book ChapterDOI
23 Oct 2017

78 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Weighting individual judgements based on prior performance using Cooke’s method improved group judgements and indicated the value of discussion for removing arbitrary linguistic uncertainty and for sharing and debating knowledge, thereby improving the judgements.

72 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A series of principles that can contribute to the development of a visual rhetorical framework to inform the design of data visualisation are identified and illustrated through the visual rhetorical analysis of a complex dashboard utilised in the programme management of the construction of a large airport terminal.
Abstract: Making decisions when managing organisations always involves the constant management of ambiguity and a great deal of complexity due to uncertainties and the intrinsic political nature of every decision-making processes. This paper argues that in order for management accounting to deal effectively with this ambiguity and uncertainty, both must be embraced, not suppressed, by the design of data visualisations produced by management controls as aids to the decision-making processes. Drawing on studies in rhetoric, alongside others on the rhetorical and communicative power of images and visualisations, this paper identifies a series of principles that can contribute to the development of a visual rhetorical framework to inform the design of data visualisation (e.g. dashboards, business reports). The need to conceive of data visualisations beyond their representational function, and the principles that are identified, are then illustrated through the visual rhetorical analysis of a complex dashboard utilised ...

58 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Key assumptions of the scientific ‘paradigm’ that shapes clinical communication research and education in cancer care are identified and how the paradigm might change to reflect evidence better and serve patients better is suggested.
Abstract: Objectives To: (i) identify key assumptions of the scientific ‘paradigm’ that shapes clinical communication research and education in cancer care; (ii) show that, as general rules, these do not match patients’ own priorities for communication; and (iii) suggest how the paradigm might change to reflect evidence better and thereby serve patients better. Methods A critical review, focusing on cancer care. We identified assumptions about patients’ and clinicians’ roles in recent position and policy statements. We examined these in light of research evidence, focusing on inductive research that has not itself been constrained by those assumptions, and considering the institutionalised interests that the assumptions might serve. Results The current paradigm constructs patients simultaneously as needy (requiring clinicians’ explicit emotional support) and robust (seeking information and autonomy in decision making). Evidence indicates, however, that patients generally value clinicians who emphasise expert clinical care rather than counselling, and who lead decision making. In denoting communication as a technical skill, the paradigm constructs clinicians as technicians; however, communication cannot be reduced to technical skills, and teaching clinicians ‘communication skills’ has not clearly benefited patients. The current paradigm is therefore defined by assumptions that that have not arisen from evidence. A paradigm for clinical communication that makes its starting point the roles that mortal illness gives patients and clinicians would emphasise patients’ vulnerability and clinicians’ goal-directed expertise. Attachment theory provides a knowledge base to inform both research and education. Conclusions Researchers will need to be alert to political interests that seek to mould patients into ‘consumers’, and to professional interests that seek to add explicit psychological dimensions to clinicians’ roles. New approaches to education will be needed to support clinicians’ curiosity and goal-directed judgement in applying this knowledge. The test for the new paradigm will be whether the research and education it promotes benefit patients.

56 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Brian J Taylor1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the potential use of heuristic (small-scale, "rule-of-thumb") models of cognitive judgement in social work, recognising that human beings (including social work professionals) cannot simultaneously process large numbers of factors with associated statistical weightings.
Abstract: There is increasing attention to decision making in social work as we become more concerned about ‘risk’ and the most effective design of assessment tools to aid professional judgement. In order to develop practice, a better conceptual understanding is required of the cognitive processes in making these judgements. This paper explores the potential use of heuristic (small-scale, ‘rule-of-thumb’) models of cognitive judgement in social work, recognising that human beings (including social work professionals) cannot simultaneously process large numbers of factors with associated statistical weightings. This paper discusses heuristic models of professional judgement based on a proposed concept of psychosocial rationality. Such heuristic models would take account of the psychosocial environment in which the decision is being made as well as of the cognitive processes of the decision maker. The potential application to professional judgement in social work is discussed with reference to examples of various types of social work decision. Potential issues in developing and adopting this theoretical approach in practice are raised – including legal dimensions and potential bias - and the implications for social work research are discussed.

55 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that the eradication of jurisdictional elites is an effect of neoliberalism, as articulated most coherently by Hayek, and draw on Lazzarato's work on signifiying vs asignifying semiotics in order to articulate this, and conclude by considering the types of elite crisis which these forms of power tend to produce.
Abstract: The financial crisis, and associated scandals, created a sense of a juridical deficit with regard to the financial sector. Forms of independent judgement within the sector appeared compromised, while judgement over the sector seemed unattainable. Elites, in the classical Millsian sense of those taking tacitly coordinated, ‘big decisions’ over the rest of the public, seem absent. This article argues that the eradication of jurisdictional elites is an effect of neoliberalism, as articulated most coherently by Hayek. It characterises the neoliberal project as an effort to elevate ‘unconscious’ processes over ‘conscious’ ones, which in practice means elevating cybernetic, non-human systems and processes over discursive spheres of politics and judgement. Yet such a system still produces its own types of elite power, which come to consist in acts of translation, rather than judgment. Firstly, there are ‘cyborg intermediaries’: elites which operate largely within the system of codes, data, screens and prices. Secondly, there are ‘diplomatic intermediaries’: elites who come to narrate and justify what markets (and associated technologies and bodies) are ‘saying’. The paper draws on Lazzarato’s work on signifiying vs asignifying semiotics in order to articulate this, and concludes by considering the types of elite crisis which these forms of power tend to produce.

54 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper showed that neither personal/impersonal conditions nor spontaneous/thoughtful-reflection conditions were reliable predictors of utilitarian or deontological moral judgements, and they found support for an alternative view, in which, when the two types of responses are in conflict; the resolution of this conflict depends on both the subject and the dilemma.
Abstract: Considerable evidence supports the sequential two-system (“default interventionist”) model of moral judgement, as proposed by Greene and others. We tested whether judgement speed and/or personal/impersonal moral dilemmas can predict the kind of moral judgements (utilitarian or deontological) subjects make for each dilemma, and whether personal dilemmas create difficulty in moral judgements. Our results showed that neither personal/impersonal conditions nor spontaneous/thoughtful-reflection conditions were reliable predictors of utilitarian or deontological moral judgements. Yet, we found support for an alternative view, in which, when the two types of responses are in conflict; the resolution of this conflict depends on both the subject and the dilemma. While thinking about this conflict, subjects sometimes change their minds in both directions, as suggested by the data from a mouse-tracking task.

49 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that expert judgement deserves special standing, but only for well understood local causal mechanisms, and they also conclude that expert judgements can be improved by using appropriate elicitation techniques, including by combining judgement from multiple experts.

47 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This scientific opinion addresses the ad hoc method developed for assessing any animal disease for the listing and categorisation of diseases within the Animal Health Law (AHL) framework.
Abstract: The European Commission has requested EFSA to assess animal diseases according to the criteria as laid down in Articles 5, 7, 8 and Annex IV for the purpose of categorisation of diseases in accordance with Article 9 of the Regulation (EU) No 2016/429 (Animal Health Law). This scientific opinion addresses the ad hoc method developed for assessing any animal disease for the listing and categorisation of diseases within the Animal Health Law (AHL) framework. The assessment of individual diseases is addressed in distinct scientific opinions that are published separately. The assessment of Articles 5, 8 and 9 criteria is performed on the basis of the information collected according to Article 7 criteria. For that purpose, Article 7 criteria were structured into parameters and the information was collected at parameter level. The resulting fact sheets on the profile and impact of each disease were compiled by disease scientists. A mapping was developed to identify which parameters from Article 7 were needed to inform each Article 5, 8 and 9 criterion. Specifically, for Articles 5 and 9 criteria, a categorical assessment was performed, by applying an expert judgement procedure, based on the mapped information. The judgement was performed by EFSA Panel experts on Animal Health and Welfare in two rounds, individual and collective judgement. The output of the expert judgement on the criteria of Articles 5 and 9 for each disease is composed by the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported.

Book
07 Nov 2017
TL;DR: Heller as mentioned in this paper provides a stimulating series of interconnected essays which address the theme of shame, which, unlike the problem of conscience, has been seldom discussed by moral philosophers, and argues that shame regulation cannot be completely overcome even in an age of rationalism.
Abstract: First published in 1985, this book provides a stimulating series of inter-connected essays which address the theme of shame, which, unlike the problem of conscience, has been seldom discussed by moral philosophers. The essays focus on the ethical regulation of human action and judgement, examining both its constant and varying elements and concentrating on contemporary types of moral regulation. Professor Heller uses Aristotelian categories, such as the good life, in her discourse to present a new conception of rationality, distinguishing between shame regulation and conscience regulation of moral conduct, and arguing that shame regulation cannot be completely overcome even in an age of rationalism.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Investigation of dependence in expert judgement studies, both within and between experts, considers all studies in the TU Delft database and assesses the practical significance of the dependencies identified by comparing the performances of several mathematical aggregation methods with varying dependence assumptions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the effects of self-efficacy, goal orientation and task complexity on audit judgement performance in correctly linking audit procedures to audit objectives and types of misstatements.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of self-efficacy, goal orientation and task complexity on audit judgement performance in correctly linking audit procedures to audit objectives and types of misstatements.,The authors conducted an experiment audit with 154 auditors from small and medium audit firms in Malaysia as participants. The experimental task required them to link audit procedures to audit objectives and types of misstatements.,For sample of auditors from small and medium audit firms in Malaysia, the authors found that learning goal orientation has a stronger effect on audit judgement performance than performance-approach and performance-avoidance goal orientations. Self-efficacy mediates the effect of goal orientation when an audit task is less complex compared to when the task is more complex.,These results highlight the importance of social cognitive factors in explaining variations in audit judgement performance for audit judgement tasks with different levels of complexity.,The incorporation of individual psychological differences as explanatory variables in audit judgement studies may lead to a better understanding of auditors’ judgement and decision-making processes in small and medium audit firms located in developing economies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The link between individual differences in exploratory activity and the response to an ambiguous stimulus in the ant Camponotus aethiops is studied to help understanding the evolution and organization of social life.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive overview of Amicus is provided, including its operation and functionality, which identifies the boundaries of the current understanding of fire science, discusses the major limitations in existing knowledge, and provides a framework for allowing deterministic and anecdotal/local knowledge to be incorporated into formal fire behaviour predictions.
Abstract: Fire behaviour and spread predictions guides suppression strategies and public warnings during wildfires. The scientific understanding of fire behaviour forms the core of these predictions, but is incomplete, and expert judgement and experience are required to augment the evidence based knowledge. Amicus is a new decision support system that implements contemporary, published and operationalised bushfire behaviour models (e.g. rate of spread, flame height, fireline intensity, spotting distance) in the Australian bushfire context. It enables the inclusion of expert judgement and local knowledge, allows users to analyse temporal trends and uncertainty in inputs, and facilitates reliable and practical predictions. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of Amicus, including its operation and functionality, identifies the boundaries of the current understanding of fire science, discusses the major limitations in existing knowledge, and provides a framework for allowing deterministic and anecdotal/local knowledge to be incorporated into formal fire behaviour predictions. Fire behaviour predictions inform suppression strategies and public warnings.Expert judgement and experience can augment fire science.Amicus combines science and expert knowledge for robust transparent predictions.Amicus highlights operational domains and the limits of model reliability.Users can investigate the impact of uncertainty in input data on outputs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a focused commentary on the literature pertaining to child protection and disabled children through the lens of a broad affirmative non-tragedy approach, including the distinct experience of disabled children within the broader child protection/welfare system, including experiences of being in care and leaving care.
Abstract: Disabled children experience unique vulnerabilities in the context of child protection and welfare services. Current research alludes to strong concerns about social inequality, professional responses, judgement, knowledge and awareness limitations, and practical constraints. This article presents a focused commentary on the literature pertaining to child protection and disabled children. It does so through the lens of a broad affirmative non-tragedy approach. Within this, consideration is given to the distinct experience of disabled children within the broader child protection and welfare system, including experiences of being in care and of leaving care. The matter of children’s rights is explicitly addressed with a particular focus on the right for children to have their voices heard. Core themes are drawn from the body of material, which are then used to inform a discussion on the key points of learning for practitioners and policy makers moving forward. The article concludes with the recognit...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze auditors' commitment to professionalism through two key professional values: public interest and independence enforcement, and analyze whether postgraduate students' professional values differ from those of experienced auditors, and among auditors at different career stages.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: In this article, Comparative judgement (CJ) is introduced as an alternative judging method that does not require standardisation of tasks and is based on the assumption that people are able to compare two performances more easily and reliable than assigning a score to a single one.
Abstract: To adequately assess students’ competences, students are asked to provide proof of a performance. Ideally, open and real-life tasks are used for such performance assessment. However, to augment the reliability of the scores resulting from performance assessment, assessments are mostly standardised. This hampers the validity of the performance assessment. Comparative judgement (CJ) is introduced as an alternative judging method that does not require standardisation of tasks. The CJ method is based on the assumption that people are able to compare two performances more easily and reliable than assigning a score to a single one. This chapter provides insight in the method and elaborates on why this method is promising to generate valid, reliable measures in an efficient way, especially for large-scale summative assessments. Thereby, this chapter brings together the research already conducted in this new assessment domain. Comparative Judgement as a Promising Alternative to Score Competences

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evaluated SJTs revealed that the tests positively affected students' learning and that students accepted them as an assessment tool, and correlation of SJT performance with other measures of professionalism was explored.
Abstract: ProblemProfessionalism is a critical attribute of medical graduates. Its measurement is challenging. The authors sought to assess final-year medical students’ knowledge of appropriate professional behavior across a broad range of workplace situations.ApproachSituational judgement tests (SJTs) are us

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors proposed a Confucian conception of critical thinking by focussing on the notion of judgement and argued that the attainment of normative behaviours necessitates and promotes critical thinking in at least two ways: first, the observance of li requires the individual to exercise judgement by applying the generalised knowledge, norms and procedures in dao (Way) to particular action-situations insightfully and flexibly.
Abstract: This article proposes a Confucian conception of critical thinking by focussing on the notion of judgement. It is argued that the attainment of the Confucian ideal of li (normative behaviours) necessitates and promotes critical thinking in at least two ways. First, the observance of li requires the individual to exercise judgement by applying the generalised knowledge, norms and procedures in dao (Way) to particular action-situations insightfully and flexibly. Secondly, the individual's judgement, to qualify as an instance of li, should be underpinned and motivated by the ethical quality of ren (humanity) that testifies to one's moral character. Two educational implications arising from a Confucian conception of critical thinking are highlighted. First, the Confucian interpretation presented in this essay challenges the perception that critical thinking is absent from or culturally incompatible with Chinese traditions. Secondly, such a conception advocates viewing critical thinking as a form of judgement that is action-oriented, spiritual, ethical and interpersonal.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyse pervasive misconceptions about gender in higher education and present an alternative way of doing academia based on dissent and critical engagement; commitment to democratic practices that allow for different points of view to be shared and accepted as trustworthy; engagement with value judgement in knowledge production.
Abstract: This concluding essay challenges the tendency in academia to consider feminist epistemologies and gender equality as peripheral when instead they are central to the flourishing of tourism scholarship. We analyse pervasive misconceptions about gender in higher education and present an alternative way of doing academia based on dissent and critical engagement; commitment to democratic practices that allow for different points of view to be shared and accepted as trustworthy; engagement with value judgement in knowledge production; care and accountability in our ways of knowing and teaching; and the establishment of diverse career patterns and decent contractual conditions to researchers so freedom of thought can take place.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using data from a drawing‐based study on surgeons’ experiences with complex situations, the notion of ‘problem definition’ in real‐world clinical judgement is explored using the theoretical lens of systems engineering.
Abstract: Context We teach judgement in pieces; that is, we talk about each aspect separately (patient, plan, resources, technique, etc.). We also let trainees figure out how to put the pieces together. In complex situations, this might be problematic. Using data from a drawing-based study on surgeons’ experiences with complex situations, we explore the notion of ‘problem definition’ in real-world clinical judgement using the theoretical lens of systems engineering. Methods ‘Emergence’, the sensitising concept for analysis, is rooted in two key systems premises: that person and context are inseparable and that what emerges is an act of choice. Via a ‘gallery walk’ we used these premises to perform analysis on individual drawings as well as cross-comparisons of multiple drawings. Our focus was to understand similarities and differences among the vantage points used by multiple surgeons. Results In this paper we challenge two assumptions from current models of clinical judgement: that experts hold a fixed and static definition of the problem and that consequently the focus of the expert's work is on solving the problem. Each situation described by our participants revealed different but complementary perspectives of what a surgical problem might come to be: from concerns about ensuring standard of care, to balancing personal emotions versus care choices, to coordinating resources, and to maintaining control while in the midst of personality clashes. Conclusion We suggest that it is only at the situation and system level, not at the individual level, that we are able to appreciate the nuances of defining the problem when experts make judgements during real-world complex situations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined pre and post outcome measures following a course of Compassionate Mind Training (CMT) and found an overall statistically significant increase in self-compassion scores and statistically significant reduction in selfcritical judgement scores post training.
Abstract: Purpose: This study examines pre and post outcome measures following a course of Compassionate Mind Training (CMT). Participants were students enrolled on a Post Graduate Diploma in Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapy (CBP). The aim of the research was to explore whether CMT would increase self-compassion, compassion for others, dispositional empathy and reduce self-critical judgement. Method: Twenty-one participants who had enrolled on the CBP programme took part in the study. Data were collected using the Self-Compassion Scale, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and the Compassion for Others Scale. Findings: Results reveal an overall statistically significant increase in self-compassion scores and statistically significant reduction in self-critical judgement scores post training. There was no statistically significant difference post training on the Interpersonal Reactivity Index or the Compassion for Others Scale. Research limitations/implications: CMT training may help students develop healthy coping strategies, which they can use to balance their affect regulation systems when faced with organisational, placement, client, academic, personal and supervision demands. Further research and longitudinal studies, using larger sample sizes are needed to explore if cultivating compassion whilst on psychotherapy training helps students build resilience and provide a barrier against empathic distress fatigue, compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout. Practical Implications: Incorporating CMT into a CBP programme may bring changes in student levels of self-compassion and self-critical judgement. Originality/value of the paper: This inaugural study examines whether incorporating CMT into a CBP programme impacts on students levels of compassion, dispositional empathy and self-critical judgement. The findings from this preliminary study suggest the potential benefits of training students in compassion focused practices.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A background of dichotomised language, pressure and moral judgement, combined with the organisation of post‐natal care and the model of breastfeeding adopted by health professionals, may inhibit women's access to BPS.
Abstract: Lack of support is reported as a key reason for early breastfeeding cessation. While breastfeeding peer support (BPS) is a recommended intervention to increase breastfeeding rates, a number of studies identify that engagement with BPS is problematic. Due to paucity of research in this area, this study explores why breastfeeding women do not access BPS in South-West England. Utilising a constructionist grounded theory approach, 33 participants (women (n = 13), health professionals (n = 6) and peer supporters (n = 14)) participated in a semi-structured interview (n = 22) or focus group (n = 11). Analysis involved open coding, constant comparisons and focussed coding. One core category and three main themes explicating non-access were identified. The core category concerns women's experiences of pressure and judgement around their feeding decisions within a dichotomous landscape of infant feeding language and support. Theme one, ‘place and space of support’, describes the contrast between perceived pressure to breastfeed and a lack of adequate and appropriate support. Theme two, ‘one way or no way’, outlines the rules-based approach to breastfeeding adopted by some health professionals and how women avoided BPS due to anticipating a similar approach. Theme three, ‘it must be me’, concerns how lack of embodied insights could lead to ‘breastfeeding failure’ identities. A background of dichotomised language, pressure and moral judgement, combined with the organisation of post-natal care and the model of breastfeeding adopted by health professionals, may inhibit women's access to BPS. A socio-cultural model of breastfeeding support providing clear messages regarding the value and purpose of BPS should be adopted.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss how professionalism and work ethics influence how health care professionals work around new technologies and discuss workaround situations that arise in health care work in Denmark, drawing on science and technology studies and the concept of invisible work.
Abstract: This study discusses how professionalism and work ethics influence how health care professionals work around new technologies. When people avoid using technologies, they are not necessarily ceasing to engage in their work activities. The workaround strategies presented here are rather practical expressions of professionals’ active encounter with the complexity of work situations, and can therefore be important signs of professional ethical judgement. Drawing on science and technology studies and the concept of invisible work, the study discusses workaround situations that arise in health care work in Denmark. The aim and contribution of the study is twofold. First, it attempts to revitalise the discussion on technology workaround strategies as responsible professionalism. Second, it will direct attention to and contribute to an understanding of how the normativity embedded in technological development in the health care sector is central to the work of health care professionals.

Dissertation
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: This paper explored the role of language and meaning making in rationing groups, and demonstrate the ways in which they create their own "interpretive communities" within which rationality is locally constructed.
Abstract: The rationing of health care is one of the most politically sensitive and challenging issues facing policymakers today. Despite long-standing debate about how we should or might make rationing decisions, we still know surprisingly little about how such decisions are accomplished in practice. This thesis opens up the ‘black box’ of rationing practices. It explores theoretically and empirically what it means for rationing decisions to be made rationally. My work challenges dominant conceptualisations of rationality in health policy, suggesting that rationing is inevitably and inextricably as much a social practice of deliberation and judgement, involving experiential knowledge, emotional engagement, and what Aristotle called ‘phronesis’, as a technical process of applying research evidence and ethical principles, and following fair processes. I locate my research in the emerging fields of interpretive policy analysis and linguistic ethnography, and draw on sensitising concepts from rhetorical theory and Bakhtinian scholars to develop a novel approach to rhetorical policy analysis. My study is based on ethnographic observation of the deliberations of one priorities forum and three individual funding request panels of local NHS commissioning organisations. I explore close up the role of language and meaning making in these rationing groups, and demonstrate the ways in which they create their own ‘interpretive communities’ within which rationality is locally constructed. My findings focus on four aspects of practice I identify as dilemmatic: the legitimacy of affordability as a guiding value of NHS health care, the emotionality of decision-making, the construction of some treatments as ‘low priority’, and the role of lay people and ordinary knowledge in deliberations. My analysis exposes the ideological work of rationing discourse in defining the boundaries of what the NHS will fund, and shifting notions of entitlement to health care.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an ecological model of judgement is proposed to support and promote critical reflexive judgement in practice, which facilitates consideration of the complex non-linear interactions between multiple components forming a system or 'ecology' of judgement.
Abstract: Professional judgement is viewed as a crucial yet complex aspect of social work practice. Significant factors in judgement are understood to include individual psychological and emotional processes, interpersonal communication and the relationship between social work as a profession and society. Each contributory factor must be described and understood clearly in its own right and there is also a need to describe and understand the ways in which these different elements interact as parts of a complex system. We propose an ecological model of judgement that facilitates consideration of the complex non-linear interactions between multiple components forming a system or 'ecology' of judgement. Originating in the concepts of ecological rationality and systems thinking this paper proposes the ecology of judgement as a clear and logical model which practitioners and organisations can use to support and promote critical reflexive judgement in practice.

OtherDOI
06 May 2017
TL;DR: Motowidlo et al. as mentioned in this paper reviewed the role of situational judgement tests (SJTs) in terms of context-independent knowledge and general domain knowledge, and pointed out that these two perspectives have emerged alongside each other.
Abstract: When situational judgement tests (SJTs) began to regain popularity among the scientific community in the 1990s, there was an implicit notion that they captured contextdependent knowledge. In fact, the term ‘situational judgement’ carries the connotation of test‐takers’ responses being more effective when they consider the specifics of the situation. In recent years another perspective has emerged, which views SJTs as capturing relatively context‐independent knowledge (or general domain knowledge; Motowidlo, Crook, Kell & Naemi, 2009; Motowidlo, Hooper & Jackson, 2006a). Although SJTs and their items will often fall somewhere between these two perspectives, we posit in this chapter that it might be useful to distinguish between them. So far, there has been no review of the SJT literature in terms of these two approaches. This is understandable, as over the years the two perspectives have emerged alongside each other. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to review SJT research according to these two approaches.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of professional judgement in assessment has been explored and compared in two very different national approaches, in Norway and in the UK, where professional discretion and judgement have been seen as key to the assessment process and governmental response to criticism of child protection practice has been to support their use through provision of increased resources.
Abstract: Good quality assessment has a significant role to play in contributing to better outcomes for children in need of protection, so it is important to understand what supports best practice. This paper focuses on the role of professional judgement in assessment, and compares two very different national approaches. In England, governmental responses to perceived failings in the child protection system have led to a highly proceduralised and bureaucratised system and a corresponding down playing of the role of professional judgement. In Norway, professional discretion and judgement have been seen as key to the assessment process, and governmental response to criticism of child protection practice has been to support their use through provision of increased resources. However, too much emphasis on professional judgement and too little procedure may be as problematic as the reverse [Report of Auditor General of Norway. (2012). Document 3:15. Norway: Fagbokforlaget]. So this paper explores the different w...