Showing papers on "Lime published in 1984"

Soil Acidity and Liming

Abstract: Soil pH, soil acidity, and their effects on plants The pH scale, ranging from 0 to 14, is used to indicate acidity and alkalinity. pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (symbol = H) in the water contained in the soil. A pH of 7.0 is neutral, values below 7 are acidic, and those above 7 are alkaline (basic). The lower the pH, the more acid the soil. Each unit pH drop indicates ten times more acidity. For example, pH 5 has 10 times more acidity than pH 6, and 100 times more acidity than pH 7. Most Hawaii soils have pH ranging from 4 to 9. For comparison, here are the pH values of some common liquids: • pure water, 7.0 • “city” water (tap water), 7.5–8 • clean rain water, about 5.6 (because of CO2 presence) • “acid rain” water, 3.5–5.5 • lemon juice, 2.2–2.4 • orange juice, 3.4–4 • vinegar, 4–4.5 • fresh milk, 6.3–6.6 • mild soap solution, 8.5–10.

Lime and Phosphate in the Soil-Plant System

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes on the effects that lime and phosphate applications have on the soil–plant system. An understanding of such effects is essential for those involved in the development and management of acid, phosphate-fixing soils. The response of crop plants to liming has been reviewed extensively by Pearson. In acid soils with a pH less than 5.0–5.5, initial lime applications result in large increases in crop growth and yield. The positive growth response is because of amelioration of aluminium (Al) toxicity because the soluble and exchangeable soil Al precipitates as hydroxy-Al species as the pH is raised. An understanding of the chemistry of soil A1 is central to the understanding of the fertility of acid soils. Because phytotoxic concentrations of soluble and exchangeable A1 often limits crop production on acid soils, there is increasing interest in basing lime requirements on estimates of exchangeable or reactive pools of soil A1 rather than on the amount required to bring the soil to an arbitrarily defined pH such as 6.5. Phosphate deficiency is common on highly weathered acid soils that often possess a high phosphate fixation capacity. In soils high in organic matter, liming may result in an initial burst of microbial activity and the mineralization of soil organic phosphorus.

Similarities between lime and limestone in wet—dry scrubbing

Abstract: Lime is utilized as a sorbent in most commercial wet—dry scrubbing processes for SO2 control, while limestone is not considered to be sufficiently reactive for such a purpose. Faced with the fact that limestone is potentially the least expensive sorbent for SO2 control, a study was conducted to uncover ways to increase the reactivity of this sorbent in order to use it in wet—dry scrubbing applications. The study was focused on a comparison of the reactivity of lime and limestone during the dry reaction period. The conditions which have a major impact on the reactivity include the sorption capacity of water vapour, the BET surface area, the relative humidity and the sorbent utilization. The experiments revealed several similarities between the two sorbents, which led to a number of ways to obtain increased limestone acitivity.

Effects of lime on pasture production on soils in the North Island of New Zealand

Abstract: Results from 126 field trials from the North Island of New Zealand were examined, in order to model pasture responses to liming. Soil pH was a useful predictor of lime responses, and accounted for up to 60% of the variation in lime responses. Soil texture and buffering capacity did not significantly improve the prediction of lime response. The optimum pH, defined as the pH above which no further pasture responses to liming occurred, was 5.8–6.1 for mineral soils, and 5.0 for organic soils. There was no evidence from the study that mineral soils derived from different parent materials responded differently to liming.

The Nucleation and Growth of Phosphate Minerals

Abstract: The precipitation and dissolution of phosphate salts in aqueous systems is involved in biological mineralization, in the environment, as well as in a large number of industrial processes. The resurgence of interest in the crystallization of inorganic salts from aqueous solution in recent years has evolved because of its involvement in areas such as the removal of phosphate from waste water, the fate of elements such as aluminum, calcium, iron, and other heavy metals in the formation of lake and ocean sediments, and industrial cooling-tower systems where the formation of scale on heated metal surfaces is a continuing problem. Consideration of phosphate balances in lakes and rivers near heavily populated areas indicates that despite a continuous entry of phosphate ions, the phosphate concentration does not increase proportionately, indicating that at least some phosphate is removed by precipitation (Brown 1973). Since the concentration of metal ions such as calcium is also relatively high through the use of lime additions for the removal of phosphates from sewage, calcium phosphate precipitation may be of particular importance in such systems. In the lime additon process, an induction period usually precedes the formation of precipitate, and as much as 85%–90% of the phosphate can be removed in a recycling reactor at a pH of 8.0 (Ferguson et al. 1971). The use of reclaimed sewage as cooling water in many industrial processes results in conditions favoring the precipitation of metal phosphates. In order to be able to control the precipitation of these salts, it is essential to elucidate the mechanism of the nucleation and growth reaction. However, the crystallization process is still one of the least well understood phenomena in chemistry.

An Improved Woodruff Buffer for Estimation of Lime Requirements

Abstract: The dominant quick-test method of estimating soil lime requirements in the USA Corn Belt and adjacent area is the Shoemaker, McLean, Pratt (SMP) buffer method. This work was done to compare an improved Woodruff buffer with the SMP buffer to determine which most accurately estimated soil lime requirement. This study used a Ca(OH)₂-CaCl₂ soil titration procedure and incubation of soils with finely ground, chemically pure CaCO₃ to compare the accuracy of the original Woodruff procedure, the SMP single buffer procedure, and the new Woodruff procedure in estimating the lime requirements of 89 soil samples. The results supported 1961 findings by Ohio workers that the original Woodruff procedure drastically underestimated lime requirements. The results also supported the literature that the SMP procedure underestimates low lime requirements. The SMP tended to overestimate high lime requirements. Based upon the results of this study, the new Woodruff procedure was a better predictor of lime requirements than the SMP procedure.

Process for solidification of strongly acidic or akaline liquid wastes

Abstract: According to the process, a clay material is first dispersed with stirring in the waste (or vice versa) between 0° and 150° C. then, in particular in the case of acidic wastes, it is neutralized to an approximately neutral pH by a product preferably with a lime base and, in a third phase, a hydraulic and/or calcium binder is added to the mixture. Application to petrification of all types of wastes of industrial, mining, urban and other origins.

Calcium carbonate in a platelet-like particulate form and a method for the preparation thereof

Abstract: The invention provides a method for the preparation of a calcium carbonate powder of which the particles have a platelet-like particulate configuration and which is useful as a pigment or filler in various products with superiority to kaolin clays and mica powders The method is a two-step carbonation method of a milk of lime of which the first step is performed by blowing carbon dioxide into the milk of lime until 10 to 70% of the calcium hydroxide is carbonated and the second step is performed by admixing the thus partially carbonated milk of lime with an aqueous carbonating solution containing an alkali metal carbonate or ammonium carbonate and an alkali metal hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide in specified concentrations to complete the carbonation of the calcium hydroxide The first step carbonation is preferably preceded by a pretreatment of the milk of lime in which the milk of lime is subjected to shearing disintegration of the calcium hydroxide particles to cause a substantial increase of the viscosity up to a specified extent

Effect of iron nutrition on the growth, yield, fruit quality, and leaf composition of seeded Balady lime tress grown on sandy calcareous soils

Abstract: Response of Seeded Balady lime trees, cultivar (Citrus aurantifolia, L.) grown on a sandy calcareous soil to different sources, rates and methods of iron applications were tested. Iron was applied to the soil or to the foliage as chelates or sulfates individually or together with Mn and Zn chelates in thirteen different treatments. The following are some interesting results obtained from this study. The vegetative growth, gross‐yield, and fruit quality were improved under all investigated treatments as compared to the check. Fe‐EDDHA applied to the soil gave the highest response, whereas foliar applications of iron as chelates or sulfates were slightly inferior. Nevertheless, the money‐wise evaluations of these treatments were in favour of the foliar spray treatments. Addition of Mn and Zn chelates together with iron failed to give higher growth and yield response over the individual application of iron.

Injection grouting of mural paintings and mosaics

Abstract: In recent years rather than transfer delaminating murals, conservators are choosing to reattach the plaster to the wall surface by grouting (the injection of mortars or other adhesive materials between the two surfaces). The mortars used often exhibit unreliable setting, shrink upon setting, have excessive strength and low porosity, and contain soluble salts. A specification for an injectable mixture was designed which considered and rejected currently used materials (lime casein, lime-synthetic resin emulsion, lime-synthetic resin emulsion-fluid coke, synthetic resin emulsion, cement, thermosetting synthetic resin) in light of their specification. They then tested more than 80 hydraulic lime/filler/fluidizer mixtures for injectability, mechanical strength, shrinkage, and specific gravity. Laboratory tests were followed by two years of field experiments at nine ltalian sites. A chaux blanche (lime) and a crushed brick mixture (with sodium gluconate and Primal AC33) in a one to one ratio was found to be most successful. See also AATA 20-851 for related study and 21-1334 for entire proceedings.

Attempts to Reduce Effects of Acidification on Fishes in Norway by Different Mitigation Techniques

Abstract: In 1979, a five-year Norwegian Liming Project was initiated. This paper summarizes results relevant to fish obtained to date. Different stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) have been used as test organisms. In hatcheries, shellsand filters and addition of seawater have proved successful. In spawning areas, dosing with lime slurry and mixing of shellsand into the spawning substrate enhanced survival. In running water, wells containing shellsand or limestone had only limited neutralizing capacity. Likewise, additions of powdered limestone to running waters had limited effects because of slow dissolution rates. Lime slurry, on the other hand, efficiently neutralized running waters and was easy to control. No toxic zones were found, even close to the liming site. In lakes, use of soda (Na2CO3) has great limitations, whereas experiments with slurry and powdered limestone were successful. Application of NaOH increased stress on smolts at pH levels slightly above 7, pro...

Effect of mulches on the thermal regime of soil

Abstract: The experiment was conducted in the winter season on Beni silty clay loam of Pantnagar with four mulches, viz polythene (transparent), paddy straw (5 t ha−11), asphalt emulsion (5000 1 ha−1, as spray), lime suspension (6000 1 ha−1, as spray) and on a bare plot (control) Net radiation received at 50 cm above the soil surface was maximum over the asphalt mulched plot (088 cal cm−2 min−1) and minimum over the lime-sprayed plot (063 cal cm−2 min−1) Albedo was maximum during early morning hours (about 031 for lime and 008 for asphalt), it decreased to about 021 for lime and 0015 for asphalt at solar noon, and increased to 029 for lime and 005 for asphalt by 1700 h The magnitude of albedo increased as the soil moisture content decreased Heat flux was positive (upward) for 16 h and negative (downward) for 8 h and depended on the advance of the season and the soil moisture content Under asphalt it was 125 m cal cm−2 s−1 on the third day after irrigation and decreased to 094 m cal cm−2 s−1 on the 27th day after irrigation It was minimum in the lime-sprayed plot Since polytheene prevents the long-wave radiation emitted by the soil to pass, due to condensation of water vapour and presence of dust particles on the soil side of the polythene surface, the soil temperature under polythene was maximumIn general, it ranged from 188 to 43°C, 162 to 402°C, 160 to 361°C, 190 to 287°C, and 152 to 31°C under ploythene, asphalt, bare soil, straw and lime, respectivel

Effects of lime on pasture production on soils in the North Island of New Zealand: 3. Interaction of lime with phosphorus

Abstract: The occurrence of interactions between lime and phosphorus (P) on pasture yield was examined in field trials conducted on a range of soil types in the North Island of New Zealand. The results showed that negative lime × P interactions occurred in most of the trials (19 out of 25). The size of the interaction was negatively related (r 2 = 0.32, P < 0.05) to the size of the lime response. For soils derived from sedimentary parent material, the sign and size of the interaction was positively related (r 2 = 0.36, P < 0.05) to soil pH. Interactions were not related to seasons. The P-sparing effect of lime — which is a particular type of negative lime × P interaction — is defined. Of the 25 trials examined, only 11 showed a P-sparing effect, and of these, only 4 gave interactions which were large enough to indicate possible economic savings of P fertiliser by liming. The P-sparing effect can occur on both sedimentary and volcanic soils. Implications of these results for predicting lime responses and fo...

Process for the thermal disposal of halogen compounds, in particular wastes containing chlorine compounds forming dioxins, phosgene and polychlorinated biphenyls and fluidised-bed reactor for carrying it out

Abstract: A process for the thermal disposal of wastes containing halogen compounds by reaction in a reactor containing a granular bed material, in which the thermal reaction proceeds in a reactor containing metal oxides of main group II of the periodic table of the elements as bed material. The bed material is formed from pellets containing dolomite or dolomite and other metal oxides, preferably lime, the pellets containing lime and dolomite in an amount up to 50% by weight, based on the lime contained in the mass. The bed material is formed by a mixture of sand and metal oxides of the main group II of the periodic table of the elements, the pellets containing kaolin (Al2O3.2SiO2) in an amount up to 20% by weight, based on the total mass. The bed material can contain a catalyst preferably containing manganese III oxide (Mn2O3). The metal oxides and the additives can be jointly pelletised by ceramic firing to give ceramic bodies, the pellets expediently having a different particle size of 2 and 3 mm. The exhaust gases formed in the incineration are passed through a packing of granules formed from manganese oxide (Mn2O3) or of pellets formed from this material, which expediently contain burnt lime up to a proportion of 50% by weight, preferably between 20 and 50% by weight.

Process for treating combustion systems with pressure-hydrated dolomitic lime

Abstract: A process for eliminating, reducing or modifying slagging, convective tube fouling, corrosion, sulfur trioxide formation, acid smut and plume visibility by intermittently injecting pressure-hydrated dolomitic lime consisting of porous, particles having a high specific surface and a low settling rate in water into the interior of a combustion system.

The corrosion resistance of high ZrO2 fusion-cast Al2O3-ZrO2-SiO2 glass refractories in soda lime glass

Abstract: The corrosion resistance to soda lime glass of fusion-cast high zirconia Al2O3-ZrO2-SiO2 compositions is evaluated. It is concluded that these materials offer no improvement in corrosion resistance over the typical commercially available 40 wt% zirconia refractory in this glass. Furthermore, it is concluded that an optimum mixture of alumina and zirconia exists which has better corrosion resistance to soda lime glass than either end member. Finally, it is suggested that this trend in corrosion resistance is due to the interdependent solubilities of alumina and zirconia in the glass.

Interstitial water metabolite chemistry in a marine mine tailings deposit, Rupert Inlet, B.C.

Abstract: The distributions of , ,, titration alkalinity, Ca2+, and pH in interstitial waters collected from mine tailings and natural sediments in Rupert and Holberg inlets (Vancouver Island, British Columbia) are discussed. In natural sediments, dissolved ammonia, phosphate, and titration alkalinity increase with depth, and sulphate decreases, following established patterns for coastal sediments. In rapidly accumulating tailings, however, no dissolved phosphate enrichment is observed despite significant sulphate reduction. This phosphate depletion is accompanied by a calcium enrichment and a relatively high pH, which is probably due to the addition of lime to the tailings during milling. Solubility considerations suggest that the phosphate distributions in both tailings and natural deposits are controlled by equilibrium with respect to carbonate fluorapatite. Lime addition appears to increase the supersaturation of the pore water with respect to carbonate fluorapatite, resulting in phosphate consumption by the ta...

The consolidation of limestone using a lime poultice and limewater

Abstract: (1984). The consolidation of limestone using a lime poultice and limewater. Studies in Conservation: Vol. 29, Preprints of the Contributions to the Paris Congress, 2-8 September 1984. Adhesives and Consolidants, pp. 160-162.

Effect of leaching on soil properties and lucerne growth following lime and gypsum amendments to a soil with an acid subsoil

Abstract: Amelioration of subsoil acidity was studied in pots containing reconstructed profiles Gypsum or lime was placed in the A or B horizon, either with or without leaching, before growing lucerne Liming'the A horizon did not alter the pH, exchangeable Al3, Al3+:Ca2+ ratio, or root yield in the B horizon The high lime application rate gave a pH of 78 in the A horizon Lime addition to the B horizon increased pH, decreased Al3+ and Al3+: Ca2+; and increased root growth in that layer Although gypsum increased exchangeable Ca2+ the pH was decreased, and Al3+:Ca2+ only decreased slightly in the B horizon Gypsum did not increase B horizon root yields, with or without leaching The practical implications of these results are discussed

Long‐term root uptake of radiocesium by several crops

Abstract: A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the long‐term availability of radiocesium (Cs‐137) to various crops grown on contaminated soil that were limed to pH 6.8 (LIME) or were limed and Zn‐ and Mn‐EDTA chelates added (LIME + CHELATE). Crops were grown either continuously or followed a cropping sequence. Continuously grown clover and bahiagrass accumulated the most Cs‐137 with levels exceeding 2,000 pCi/g dry weight in bahiagrass. Uptake of Cs‐137 was depressed by both the LIME and LIME + CHELATE treatments. Uptake was usually greatest during the first three years but only in unlimed soil. Cesium‐137 is about 3 to 8 times higher in soybean beans than in wheat grain. Uptake of Cs‐137 by plants from contaminated soil can be expected to be high in acidic soils, especially in the absence of lime treatment.

Optimizing the Amount of Class C Fly Ash in Concrete Mixtures

Abstract: This paper describes the results of a two part research program on several laboratory air-entrained concrete mixtures designed to contain increasing amounts of moderately cementitious Class C fly ash. In the first part of the paper, a Type A admixture was used in half of the mixtures, treating both the portland cement Type I and fly ash (15% calcium oxide). In the second part of the paper, three other Class C fly ashes (9 to 12% calcium oxide) were extensively tested in concrete that contained a Type A admixture (but this time treating only the cement). Two very high lime fly ashes (25 to 30% calcium oxide) were also tested in concrete mixtures. All the fly ash concrete mixtures, provided they were properly air-entrained, showed excellent freeze-thaw durability (85 to 95% relative durability [RDF]) and good air-void parameters even at high fly ash contents. The setting times for the fly ash mixtures were longer by 4 to 6 h in the presence of a water reducer and very high fly ash contents (119 to 178 kg/m3 [200 to 300 lb/yd3]). Also in Part 1, the optimal fly ash replacement (criteria is 28-day compressive strengths and 1:1 replacement basis) was 25% without a water reducer and >33% with a water reducer at 356-kg/m3 (600-lb/yd3) cementitious material. For 297-kg/m3 (500-lb/yd3) cementitious material, these values changed to 20% and >33%, respectively. Again using 28-day strengths and pound for pound replacement as the criteria, the optimal fly ash replacement at 356-kg/m3 (600-lb/yd3) cementitious material was >50% for Crawford fly ash, 33% for Will Co. fly ash, and 25% for Joliet fly ash. At 297-kg/m3 (500-lb/yd3) cementitious material, these optimum replacements were 25%, >40%, and slightly less than 20%, respectively.

Some effects of lime, nitrogen and soluble and insoluble phosphate on the yield and mineral composition of established grassland

Abstract: Twelve factorial experiments made from 1977 to 1981 compared the effects of 0, 4 and 8 t CaCO3/ha, 0 and 360 kg N/ha/year as urea and 0 and 60 kg P/ha/year as either superphosphate or ground rock phosphate on the yield and mineral composition of established grassland on soils of pH 4·7–5·6 in Northern Ireland.Lime did not increase yield whether urea was applied or not. It substantially reduced herbage Mn and, to a lesser extent, herbage P, Mg and Zn.With lime, ground rock phosphate was almost completely ineffective in raising yield and herbage P content. Without lime, it had some value but was less effective than superphosphate.Soil P extracted either by ammonium acetate at pH 4·2 or Olsen sodium bicarbonate reagent did not predict response to superphosphate. When the soil test values were adjusted for field bulk density, soil P extracted by ammonium acetate, but not by Olsen reagent, was significantly correlated with response.Herbage P in the first cut in 1978 was highly correlated with response to superphosphate; only sites with herbage P < 0·27% responded to P.

Respostas do cafeeiro à calagem

Abstract: Field experiments were conducted in a stablished coffee plantation for 8 years (1975-82) on Brazilian Oxisols to investigate the effects of liming these soils (0.0,2.5, 5 and 10 tons/ha) on the soil chemical properties, production and mineral nutrition of coffee ( Coffea arabica L.) trees. The soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable Ca and Mg increased, while exchangeable AI and K decreased whith increasing dolomitic lime rates. The lime effects were limited to the top soil only (0-30 cm). Liming significantly increased leaf Ca and Mg, reduced leaf Mn (eliminated the toxic effects), Zn and K, and had no effect on leaf N, P, and Cu in the leaves. The yields of coffee were increased by reducing the exchangeable Al and by adjusting the Ca-K, Ca-Mg, and Mg-K ratios to 13:1, 4:1 and 3:1, respectively. The best coffee yields were obtained with the lowest lime rate (2.5 tons/ha). Higher lime rates (5 and 10 tons/ha) resulted in decreased yields.

Effects of lime, phosphorus, and addition of vesicular-arbuscular (va) mycorrhizal fungi on indigenous va fungi and on growth of alfalfa in a moderately acidic soil

Abstract: Summary The effects of inoculation with vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growth and phosphorus uptake were studied in a moderately acidic loess soil with four levels of added lime. Inoculation of alfalfa with VAM fungi from soils of pH 7.2 to 7.5 resulted in increased dry matter production at pH of 6.4 to 7.5, but not at pH of 5.4 to 6.1. Addition of lime and/or phosphorus always increased growth of alfalfa. Root colonization by indigenous mycorrhizal fungi was inhibited at the highest pH levels but root colonization by added fungi was stimulated at higher pH levels and inhibited at the lower pH levels.

Oil Sludge Solidification Using Cement Kiln Dust

Abstract: Solidification and disposal in an on-site landfill proved the most economical means of disposing 5,000,000 gallons (1.9 × 10\u7 L) of 30-year old refinery oil sludge. Standard highway construction equipment mixed fresh and stale cement kiln dust with the old sludge, thereby solidifying it. A variety of solidification agents were tested. They included: on-site clay, sulphur, cement fly ash, cement kiln dust, stale cement kiln dust, quick lime, waste quick lime, sand, crushed limestone screenings, and combinations of these. Fresh and stale cement kiln dust were found to be the best solidifying agents, producing fill with good compressive strength while costing $6.00 and $4.55 per ton ($6.62 and $5.02/Mg), respectively. The optimum mixing ratio by weight of sludge to fresh kiln dust was 1:1, and for stale kiln dust, 1:2. The cost of waste solidification and on-site disposal was $0.08 per gallon ($0.02/L), or $16.16 per yd³($21.11/m³). This disposal method created a landfill that is suitable as an industrial-construction site.