Showing papers on "Liquid paraffin published in 1980"

Lipid conformation in model membranes and biological membranes.

Abstract: Protein molecules in solution or in protein crystals are characterized by rather well-defined structures in which α-helical regions, β-pleated sheets, etc., are the key features. Likewise, the double helix of nucleic acids has almost become the trademark of molecular biology as such. By contrast, the structural analysis of lipids has progressed at a relatively slow pace. The early X-ray diffraction studies by V. Luzzati and others firmly established the fact that the lipids in biological membranes are predominantly organized in bilayer structures (Luzzati, 1968). V. Luzzati was also the first to emphasize the liquid-like conformation of the hydrocarbon chains, similar to that of a liquid paraffin, yet with the average orientation of the chains perpendicular to the lipid–water interface. This liquid–crystalline bilayer is generally observed in lipid–water systems at sufficiently high temperature and water content, as well as in intact biological membranes under physiological conditions (Luzzati & Husson, 1962; Luzzati, 1968; Tardieu, Luzzati & Reman, 1973; Engelman, 1971; Shipley, 1973). In combination with thermodynamic and other spectroscopic observations these investigations culminated in the formulation of the fluid mosaic model of biological membranes (cf. Singer, 1971). However, within the limits of this model the exact nature of lipid conformation and dynamics was immaterial, the lipids were simply pictured as circles with two squiggly lines representing the polar head group and the fatty acyl chains, respectively. No attempt was made to incorporate the well-established chemical structure into this picture. Similarly, membrane proteins were visualized as smooth rotational ellipsoids disregarding the possibility that protruding amino acid side-chains and irregularities of the backbone folding may create a rather rugged protein surface.

Arthritis-inducing ability of a synthetic adjuvant, N-acetylmuramyl peptides, and bacterial disaccharide peptides related to different oil vehicles and their composition.

Abstract: A synthetic adjuvant, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP), failed to produce polyarthritis with a wide dose range in a water-in-oil emulsion of mineral oil such as liquid paraffin, Drakeol, or heavy mineral oil. MDP, however, produced moderate to severe arthritis with almost 100% incidence in a water-in-oil emulsion made up of Difco incomplete adjuvant, which consists of Bavol F as an oil vehicle and Arlacel A as an emulsifier. N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-L-isoglutamine did not produce arthritis, whereas 4,6-diacetyl-MDP produced the disease. Bacterial peptidoglycans, such as disaccharide peptides which were N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-meso-diaminopimelyl-D-alanine and N-acetylglucosaminyl-6,o-acetyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-meso-diaminopimelyl-D-alanine, also produced polyarthritis with low incidence in Difco oil but not in the other mineral oils described above. MDP and bacterial disaccharide peptides were able to produce the disease even in the latter mineral oil only when the concentration of Arlacel A was increased from 15% to 20 to 30% in the oil. We concluded that one of the minimal essential structures responsible for development of this disease is MDP, although the role of the oil vehicle remained uncertain, and there is no direct correlation between granulona formation and arthritogenicity of MDP.

Laxatives: Clinical Pharmacology and Rational Use

Abstract: Proprietary laxatives represent a multimillion dollar industry and are widely used by the apparently well population. They are traditionally classified into bulk laxatives, lubricants, stimulants, stool softeners, and osmotic laxatives. The latter 3 probably act mainly by favouring accumulation of fluids and electrolytes in the lumen of the gut. Magnesium-containing saline laxatives are believed to act by releasing cholecystokinin which, in turn, favours intraluminal fluid accumulation. Bran is not a proprietary laxative. It is a bulking agent with capacity to hold water in the stool, thereby improving bowel function. The lubricant, mineral oil (liquid paraffin), is obsolete.

Photocyclization of 2'-hydroxychalcones to 4-flavanones.

Abstract: On irradiation with light of λ≥365 nm, parent and methoxy-substituted 2′-hydroxychalcones undergo facile photocyclization to give corresponding 4-flavanones in high efficiencies in ethyl acetate or dioxane, whereas in low or nil efficiencies in benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, ether, acetonitrile, ethanol, or t-butyl alcohol. The low reactivity in benzene is, however, significantly increased by the addition of liquid paraffin to increase the solvent viscosity. 3′,4′-Benzo-2′-hydroxychalcone showed low reactivities in any solvents. The formation of 4-flavanones is neither quenched by triplet quenchers nor depressed by the addition of free radical scavengers. The reaction mechanism is discussed in terms of enolization.

Creamy or milky skin cosmetic

Abstract: PURPOSE:A cosmetic having high safety, improved emulsification stability, good touch and appearance free from skin stimulation obtained by blending bentonite containing cation exchange sodium ion, water-soluble high polymer, e.g., xanthan gum, etc. oily substance, and water. CONSTITUTION:0.05-1.9wt% Bentonite containing at least 100mg equivalent/100g cation exchange sodium ion is blended with a water-soluble high polymer selected from xanthan gum, carrageenan, and hydroxypropylcellulose, oily substance, and water to give the desired skin cosmetic. The cosmetic has substantially neither stimulation to the skin nor allergy, high safety, improved emulsification stability, stability with days, good touch and appearance. A liquid oily substance, liquid paraffin, their combination with higher fatty acid monoglyceride, etc. are preferable as the oily substance. Bentonite preferably has a viscosity of 4wt% water dispersion of 150-800cp.

Electrically heated forceps pair - has helically wound wire embedded in insulating thermally resistive plastic for tissue embedding

Abstract: A pair of forceps, esp. for embedding tissue in hot liquid paraffin, is heated electrically so that the points of the forceps are maintained at a constant temp. above that of the melting point of the paraffin. This prevents the paraffin from solidifying on the forceps and thus sticking the tissue to them. A suitable resistive wire (2) is wound around the arms of the metal forceps at a suitable distance from the tips (1) of the forceps and ironlated pref. by thermally resistive plastic. A suitable, pref. low, electrical voltage is applied to the resistive wire so that a corresp. heating current flows through it. The helically wound part of the wire is embedded pref. in thermally resistive plastic (3). The end nearer the point (1) is protected by a metal ring (4).

Bioassay of Diuretic Hormone in Rhodnius

Abstract: The diuretic hormone of Rhodnius is a potent hormone released into the hemolymph of the insect within 1 min of the insect starting to feed (Maddrell and Gardiner 1976). Rhodnius is a bloodsucking insect, which at infrequent intervals takes very large meals of blood, each of which in the preadult stages can be up to 12 times as large as the insect itself. Not surprisingly, this raises many problems for the insect. Among them is how to allow for the great distension of the cuticular covering of the abdomen. This is achieved by the production of a plasticization factor (Maddrell 1966; see also Chapter 8 in this volume). A major problem is how to reduce the volume of the gut contents, which now contains an excessive volume of fluid. Since the quantity of salts and water in the gut is greater than needed, the insect can afford to excrete a large quantity of watery fluid, which is little more than a dilute solution of sodium chloride. This serves to concentrate the useful part of the gut content, reduce the size of the insect, and restore the osmotic concentration of the hemolymph (Maddrell and Phillips 1975). The speed of this process is impressive; it begins very promptly, as we have seen, and fluid is eliminated at a rate of up to 1.2 μl min-1. Put another way, the insect can, in half an hour, eliminate a weight of fluid equivalent to its previous unfed weight. Such rapid excretion goes on for 2–4 h until 40-45% of the volume of the meal has been removed. An important element in this process is a great acceleration in the rate of fluid secretion by the insect’s Malpighian tubules. Each of the four tubules switches from secreting fluid at a rate of 0.1–0.5 nl min -1 to fluid secretion at up to 300 nl min-1, around a thousand times faster. As has been known for some time (Maddrell 1962), the tubules are stimulated to do this by the appearance in the hemolymph of the diuretic hormone. The hormone is synthesized in two groups of neurosecretory cells found at the rear of the ganglionic mass in the mesothorax. It is now possible to isolate single cell bodies in a virtually uncontaminated state and estimate, by bioassay, their hormone content (Berlind and Maddrell 1979). It is the object of the next few pages to describe how the Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius are isolated and used to assay samples of tissue and hemolymph for substances capable of stimulating fast secretion by the tubules. The new methods for bioassay-ing single neurosecretory cell bodies are also described.

Studies of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora, gossypiella, on Sea Island cotton in Barbados.

Abstract: Barbados once grew large amounts of Sea Island cotton but the accidental introduction of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) in the 1920s, falling prices and rising costs led to the collapse of the industry. Falling sugar prices subsequently led to a revival of interest in the crop but pink bollworm still presented a problem and warranted investigation. The synthetic sex pheromone of pink bollworm, gossyplure, was shown to attract far more males than hexalure or virgin females. Sticky traps needed stirring daily and were only able to catch about 50 males a night. Water, with a drop of liquid detergent, proved to be a suitable trapping medium and was cheaper than liquid paraffin although not quite as effective. The best type of trap from materials readily available was one made from a plastic half gallon ice cream container with lid and holes cut around the upper sides. Traps without the attractant caught very few moths. Gossyplure adsorbed onto rubber caps was attractive to pink bollworm mal...

Glass fiber reinforced polyethylene terephthalate resin composition

Abstract: Polyethylene terephthalate type resin-containing molding compositions reinforced with glass fibers also containing from 0.03 to 5 weight percent of an organic caboxylic acid metal salt such as sodium stearate and an ether compound such as polyoxyethylene monononylphenyl ether present in an amount of from 0.1 up to 20 weight percent in which the average number of recurring alkylene oxide units is from 5 to 200 are disclosed. Also a solid or liquid paraffin or polyethylene wax may be included in an amount of from 0.3 to 5 weight percent. Moldings made from the disclosed compositions have a uniform appearance and exhibit improved heat resistance.

Synthetic coal log

Abstract: A method of making synthetic fireplace logs or the like and the logs so produced. Approximately 80-95% by weight of pulverized coal is mixed with 5-20% by weight of dry paraffin to form a heterogeneous mixture. The mixture is fed into a cylindrical log mold and subjected to pressures of approximately 5,000 to 12,000 psi. The logs are then coated with a liquid paraffin.

Stereological analysis of hamster cheek pouch epithelium after one application of DMBA or turpentine.

Abstract: Both cheek pouches of two groups of five male hamsters were treated with one application of either 50% turpentine in liquid paraffin (TLP50) or a 0.5% solution of dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene in liquid paraffin (DMBA); animals were killed 48 h later. Five untreated animals served as controls. Mucosal specimens were removed from each pouch, fixed in normal-acetic-alcohol and processed for light microscopy. Sections were cut at 4 micrometer and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. A systematic random sampling method was used to obtain sections for sterological analysis. Grids for point and intersect counting were superimposed on the projection screen of an automatic sampling microscope. Results showed that the epithelial nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear density, nuclear diameter and surface area interface ratios were similar for the experimental groups and, with the exception of the last parameter, differed significantly from controls. The volume proportion of TLP50-treated epithelium was significantly larger than that of DMBA-treated epithelium. Derived values for the average nuclear volume in both experimental groups were almost twice that of controls; the cytoplasmic volumes were more than doubled. At 48 h the epithelial response to a single application of TLP50 or DMBA was essentially similar except that TLP50 probably induced greater hyperplasia.

Rust preventing agent not disturbing magnetic powder flaw inspection

Abstract: PURPOSE:To make so as not to emanate fluorescence by near ultraviolet rays irradiation by black light etc. and not to disturb magnetic powder flaw inspection, by making the basic composition material composed of paraffins and olefin group hydrocarbon polymer as it is or aded higher fatty acids (salts) or animals and plants wax as components to the above material. CONSTITUTION:Olefin group hydrocabon polymer (for example, polybutene, PE, PP) is compounded with paraffins (for example, liquid paraffin, paraffin wax) or higher fatty acids (salts) and these reaction products (for example, stearic acid (Ca salt) etc., mono-or diethanolamine) or animals and plants wax (for example, carnauba wax, beeswax), are mixed with the above compounded materials. Magnetic powder flaw inspection is able to carry out in the condition applying on the steel products as it is by using the above rust preventing agent.

Preparation of organic electrolyte battery

Abstract: PURPOSE:To increase the operational voltage under low temperature and heavy load discharging by removing oils on the lithium surface through heat-treatment of lithuum in a vacuum when a battery is produced using lithium as an active material for a cathode. CONSTITUTION:A lithium plate stored in kerosene is taken out from the kerosene, rolled to a foil using liquid paraffin as a lubricant, placed in a vacuum dryer, evacuated to 100mm.Hg or less absolute pressure, heated at a temperature of 180 deg.C, that is the melting point of lithium, or lower, and thus oils on the lithium surface is removed. Then, it is combined in a battery to form the battery. Because the reduction of the operational voltage under low temperature and heavy load discharging due to the oils on the lithium surface can be prevented, and the battery performance can be greatly improved.

Fuse and detonator with pressure resistant watertight joint - made by lubricated sleeve between fuse and capsule

Abstract: The parent patent describes a detonator with fuse for military purposes, esp. for detonation in great depths of water or high-pressure environments. The connection between the fuse and the capsule of the detonator is made by introducing a sleeve between these two; the sleeve has markings to enable the correct depth of insertion of the fuse to be achieved. In the patent of addition, this sleeve is lubricated with a hydrophobic lubricant to assist its insertion into the capsule. The lubricant may be applied to the inner and outer faces of the sleeve. Pref. lubricants are: a silicon wax; a mixt. of silicone oil and liquid paraffin, esp. comprising 50-75% of silicone oil. This arrangement enables slight divergences in the gap between the thin sleeve and the fuse and/or capsule to be made up in a satisfactory, watertight manner.

Organic solvent gas absorbent liquid and method thereof by using same

Abstract: PURPOSE:Low concentration organic solvent is easily separated, recovered, and reutilized by use of organic absorbent solvent solution consisting of heavy oil, calcium naphthanate, surfactant, and emulsion stabilizer CONSTITUTION:A gas absorbent agent of organic solvent comprises 60 to 95% of heavy oil such as spindle oil, liquid paraffin, etc, 01 to 5 % of calcium naphthanate such as calcium dinaphthanate, 5 to 20 % of nonionic surfactant such as secondary alcohol ethoxylate 01 to 3 % of antioxidant such as zinc naphthol, and 1 to 5 % of emulsion stabilizer such as aliphatic acid ester A low concentration organic solvent gas from coating booth, etc is absorbed by this absorption liquid and treated by vacuum evaporation to separate into organic solvent and absorption liquid This simple method effectively treats organic solvents reutilizing both of solvent and absorption solution

Adhesive tape or sheet for medical treatment

Abstract: PURPOSE: The titled tape or sheet suitable for psoriasis vulgaris, chronic wet tetter, etc., obtained by applying a pressure-sensitive layer comprising a diene type rubberlike elastomer, tackifier resin, liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon, surface active agent, and a drug to the one side of a base film. CONSTITUTION: One side of a base film, e.g., polyethylene film, (50W100μ thick) is coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer comprising a diene type rubberlike elastomer (e.g., natural rubber, synthetic polyisoprene, etc.), tackifier resin (e.g., hydrogenated rosin, α- or β- pinene resin, etc.), liquid apliphatic hydrocarbon or aliphatic carboxylic acid or its ester (e.g., liquid paraffin, squalene, etc.), surface active agent (e.g., polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, etc.) and a drug (e.g., dexamethasone, etc.), to give an adhesive tape or sheet which can be used with ease and absorbed into the affected part at a desirable rate gradually. COPYRIGHT: (C)1981,JPO&Japio

Adhesive solution forming thin film capable of forcibly being released

Abstract: PURPOSE:An adhesive solution that is composed of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, auxiliary releasang, and solvent, thus being capable of forming protecting films that are forcibly releasable. CONSTITUTION:Said solution comprises 3-20wt% of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, preferably containing 70-90wt% of vinyl chloride and 30-10wt% of vinyl acetate, 0-3wt% of plasticizer, 2-15wt% of auxiliary releasant and the rest of solvent. The thickness of the protecting films is preferably 3-300 microns, more preferably 10-200 microns. The plasticizer is, e.g., di-n-octyl phthalate or tricresyl phosphate. The auxiliary releasant is, e.g., ethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or liquid paraffin.

Production of cellulose system hollow yarn film

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain a cellulose-system yarn film where the hole form and the film thickness are uniform, by using dimethyl sulfoxide solution including aldehydes of cellulose as the element for film formation and by spinning yarn with non-solidified liquid of this solution as core component under dry and wet spinning. CONSTITUTION:High purity pulp such as linter pulp is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide including aldehydes, and solution where cellulose is modified to methyloled cellulose is used as the material for film formation. Hexane, heptane, decane, dodecane, decalin, liquid paraffin, etc., or aliphatic hydrocarbon of a comparatively long chain having a substituent such as halogen and ester radical, for example, non- solidified liquid of fromo-dodecane or myristic acid ester is used as core component. A composite spinning capsule arranged coaxially is used to spin yarn with cellulose solution and non-solidified solution as sheath component and core component respectively under dry and wet spinning, and core component is removed after sheath component is solidified, thereby obtaining a hollow yarn film.

Preparation of water-resistant rodenticidal tablet

Abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain the titled agent having improved rodenticidal effect, palatability, and water resistance without causing change of quality by heating, by blending solid paraffin with a rodenticide, an attractant, and liquid fats and oils in a specific ratio, followed by forming the blend into a tablet using tableting method. CONSTITUTION: 40W70wt% solid paraffin (paraffin having a melting point of 37W 75°C) is blended with 25W59.7wt% rodenticide and attractant (e.g., foxtail mellet, a barnyard grass, etc.) and 0.3W5wt% liquid fats and oils (e.g., liquid paraffin, animal or vegetable oils, etc.) and formed into a tablet by tableting method to prepare a water-resistant rodenticide. Since the tablet is made by tableting method, heating process is not required, and the change of quality of the rodenticide will not occur under heating. The surface of solid paraffin is wet by the liquid fats and oils, and the surface of granules, e.g., grain, etc., is covered with them so that the water resistance of the rodenticide is improved, and the rodenticide can be used outdoors and marshy ground. COPYRIGHT: (C)1982,JPO&Japio

Agent for the liquid paraffin waxing of yarns

Abstract: Agent for the liquid paraffin waxing of yarns which consists of (a) from 5 to 20% of paraffin, melting range of 45° to 60° C.; (b) from 2 to 10% of one or several alkyl imidazolines of the formula I ##STR1## in which R is C 12 -C 22 -alkyl, alkenyl or hydroxyalkyl, R 1 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 22 -saturated or unsaturated aliphatic or aromatic acyl, R 2 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 4 -alkyl or C 1 -C 4 -hydroxyalkyl, n is a number of from 2 to 6, and X is a halogen anion, a C 1 -C 4 -alkyl sulfate anion, a C 1 -C 4 -dialkyl phosphate anion, or a C 1 -C 4 -alkyl carboxylate anion; (c) from 1 to 5% of one or several aminoxides of the formula II ##STR2## in which R is C 8 -C 12 -alkyl or alkenyl, R 1 is C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, and n is a number of from 0 to 6, and (d) from 5 to 20% of one or several polyglycol ethers of the formula III R--O--(C.sub.2 H.sub.4 O).sub.n --H III, in which R is C 8 -C 18 -alkyl or alkenyl and n is a number of from 3 to 12, as well as water ad 100%.

Evaluation of emulsion stability. The effect of a natural emulsifier, soya sterol, on W/O type emulsions.

Abstract: Using soya sterol (chemical composition by weight : β-sitosterol 56% ; campesterol 28% ; stigmasterol 4% ; sterol hydrocarbons and cholesterol 6% ; triterpene alcohols, keto-steroids and other steroid-like constituents 6%) and Span 85 as emulsifiers, with liquid paraffin as the dispersed phase in water, the effect of soya sterol and Span 85 on emulsion stability was evaluated in terms of the following five physicochemical parameters : (1) particle size, (2) degree of dispersion, (3) separation rate of dispersed droplets, (4) rheology of emulsion products, (5) sedimentation rate of dispersed droplets. An agitator and a homogenizer were used to produce the emulsions. The following results were obtained. (1) The particle size of emulsions prepared with soya sterol was larger than that with Span 85, and consequently, soya sterol is a less effective emulsifier than Span 85. (2) Nevertheless, soya sterol has stronger stabilizing action on emulsions than Span 85, and this effect become especially marked when emulsification was carried out with a homogenizer at a high shear rate.

Production of emulsion of very low surfactant content

Abstract: PURPOSE:To produce the title emulsion with remarkably high storage stability by adding a very samll amt. of a surfactant to a gelled product obtd. by neutralizing an aq. soln. of a carboxyvinyl polymer with alkali; further adding a known fluidizing oily substance; and stirring them at ordinary or elevated temp. CONSTITUTION:A very small amt. of a surfactant is added to a colorless transparent gelled product obtd. by neutralizing an aq. soln. of a carboxymethyl polymer with alkali. To the resulting emulsified gel substance may be added water and a solid oily substance base such as higher acid, aliph. alcohol or wax, a moisture regulating agent such as glycerol or propylene glycol, a preservative, etc. To the gel substance thus prepared is then added a known fluidizing oily substance such as liquid paraffin, squalane or isopropyl myristate, and they are stirred at ordinary or elevated temp. to produce a desired emulsion.

Nonnoxidative continuous heat treatment for metal filament and wire

Abstract: PURPOSE:To perform non-oxidative heat treatment easily by consuming O2 by combustion of an organic material of a fixed boiling point range, coated on a metal filament or wire, by heating in a furnace of an inert gas atmosphere. CONSTITUTION:A metal filament or wire 6 is sent into the tank 3 storing an organic substance of a boiling point of 100-300 deg.C, e.g., the liquid paraffin 4, then passed through the throttle roll 5 to remove an appropriate amount of the paraffin 4 adhered to the surface of the filament or wire 6, and lastly sent into the furnace 7 where as the inert gas 9 and the metal filament or wire 6 are sent to the arrow mark 13 direction while being heated gradually, the paraffin 4 adhered to the surface is vaporized and reacted with O2 present in the inert gas 9. Thus, as they are advanced toward the exit 14 of the furnace 7, the metal filament or wire is heated in non-oxidative atmosphere while consuming O2 present in the furnace 7, cooled near the exit 14, and then wound around a winder for the heat-treated metal filament or wire 12.