Showing papers on "Measles published in 1973"
TL;DR: Computer simulations show that the persistence of the biennial pattern of measles outbreaks implies that the vaccine is not being used uniformly throughout the population, for populations in which most members are vaccinated.
Abstract: London, W. P. (Mathematical Research Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases, Bethesda, Md. 20014) and J. A. Yorke. Recurrent outbreaks of measles, chickenpox and mumps. I. Seasonal variation in contact rates. Am J Epidemiol 98:453-468, 1973. —Recurrent outbreaks of measles, chickenpox and mumps in cities are studied with a mathematical model of ordinary differential delay equations. For each calendar month a mean contact rate (fraction of susceptibles contacted per day by an infective) is estimated from the monthly reported cases over a 30to 35-year period. For each disease the mean monthly contact rate is 1.7 to 2 times higher in the winter months than in the summer months; the seasonal variation is attributed primarily to the gathering of children in school. Computer simulations that use the seasonally varying contact rates reproduce the observed pattern of undamped recurrent outbreaks: annual outbreaks of chickenpox and mumps and biennial outbreaks of measles. The two-year period of measles outbreaks is the signature of an endemic infectious disease that would exhaust itself and become nonendemic if there were a minor increase in infectivity or a decrease in the length of the incubation period. For populations in which most members are vaccinated, simulations show that the persistence of the biennial pattern of measles outbreaks implies that the vaccine is not being used uniformly throughout the population.
458 citations
TL;DR: The mean monthly contact rates for measles, chickenpox and mumps estimated from the monthly reported cases show systematic differences between the years with many cases and the yearswith few cases, and the clustering of cases within social groups is proposed.
Abstract: Yorke, J. A. and W. P. London (Mathematical Research Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20014). Recurrent outbreaks of measles, chickenpox and mumps. I I . Systematic differences in contact rates and stochastic effects. Am J Epidemiol 98:469-482, 1973.—The mean monthly contact rates for measles, chickenpox and mumps estimated from the monthly reported cases show systematic differences between the years with many cases and the years with few cases. In New York City, the mean contact rates for chickenpox were different during the years 1931-1945 than during 1946-1960. The clustering of cases within social groups is proposed to account for these differences in the contact rates and for other empirical observations. The irregularity of outbreaks of measles in cities of fewer than two million people can be explained by stochastic effects. Outbreaks of measles in distant large metropolitan areas are highly correlated in time, but the reasons for the correlation are not clear.
170 citations
TL;DR: The incidence of major malformations following maternal chickenpox, mumps, measles, and viral hepatitis was observed in a controlled, cohort study of offspring followed up until five years of age.
Abstract: The incidence of major malformations following maternal chickenpox, mumps, measles, and viral hepatitis was observed in a controlled, cohort study of offspring followed up until five years of age. Major congenital defects occurred in each viral group, but the malformations were equal in frequency and often similar in type to those observed among comparable controls for the respective viral groups. Consequently, the malformations that occurred could not be attributed directly to the associated diseases under study.
125 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is obtained for this synthesis of oligoclonal IgG with measles antibody activity within the CNS in SSPE being more pronounced for antibodies against the ribonucleoprotein component of the measles virus than for antibody against measles virus envelope components.
Abstract: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is characterized by elevated total protein and IgG concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), elevated IgG and sometimes elevated IgA concentrations in serum, normal concentrations of β1C/β1A globulins and β1E globulin in CSF, the occurrence of oligoclonal immunoglobulins in CSF and sometimes in serum, and by elevated measles antibody titers in both body fluids. Preparative electrophoresis showed the presence in CSF, but not in serum, of a gamma band containing an excess of IgG molecules of type K, and with hemagglutination-inhibiting, complement-fixing, and antiribonucleoprotein antibodies against measles virus. This observation indicates synthesis of oligoclonal IgG with measles antibody activity within the CNS in SSPE. Evidence is obtained for this synthesis being more pronounced for antibodies against the ribonucleoprotein component of the measles virus than for antibodies against measles virus envelope components.
94 citations
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83 citations
TL;DR: A case-control study of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis was conducted in various areas of the United States by detailed interviews of patients and controls and siblings and parents of both, compatible with a previous hypothesis that, in S.S.P.E.E., an unusual measles infection permits the measles virus to persist in the patient's tissues and that a second factor most frequently affecting rural males precipitates the clinical expression of the disease.
79 citations
TL;DR: From 1963 through 1971, eighty-four cases of neurologic disorders with onset less than 30 days after live measles-virus vaccination were reported in the United States; clustering suggests that some may have been caused by vaccine.
Abstract: From 1963 through 1971, eighty-four cases of neurologic disorders with onset less than 30 days after live measles-virus vaccination were reported in the United States. Thirteen could be adequately accounted for by causes other than vaccine, and another 11 were uncomplicated febrile convulsions probably related to vaccination. One case met diagnostic criteria for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. The remaining 59 showed clinical features of encephalitis or encephalopathy. Causes of these cases could not be established, but 45 (76%) had onset between 6 and 15 days after vaccination; this clustering suggests that some may have been caused by vaccine. From 1963 through 1971, 50.9 million doses of measles vaccine were distributed, and, therefore, incidence of the reported neurologic disorders was 1.16 per million doses. Risk of encephalitis following measles infection is one per thousand cases.
78 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that some vaccine failures occur in patients who were antigenically simulated previously by measles virus and that illness in these children is likely to be less severe.
77 citations
TL;DR: It is failed to demonstrate a serum inhibitory factor as an explanation for the impaired PHA responses of lymphocytes in patients with acute classical measles infection and atypical measles.
65 citations
TL;DR: The remission of Hodgkin's disease in children after measles is a rare event and a cure seen at the Paediatric Clinic should like to report a cure.
Abstract: SIR,-The remission of Hodgkin's disease in children after measles is a rare event.1 2 1 should like to report a cure seen at the Paediatric Clinic (Professor S. Bessa), University Hospital, Coimbra. A 23-month-old caucasian male was seen for the first time in April 1970 with a large mass in the neck due to hypertrophy of the left cervical lymph nodes (see fig.). The mass had first been noticed in November 1969. The child had no fever or pruritus, the chest x-ray film was normal, the E.S.R. was 9 mm in the first hour, and the haemogram was nornal with no eosinophilia. An intradermal skin test to Candida albicans antigen 1 : 100 (Bencard) was negative. A diagnosis of predominantly lymphocytic Hodgkin's disease was made on the histopathological findings of lymph node biopsy (Professor R. Trincao). Before radiotherapy could be started the child developed measles. Much to our surprise the large cervical mass vanished without further therapy. The chest x-ray picture remained normal but the haemogram showed pronounced leucopenia (3,400/mm3). It was decided not to start radiotherapy, and the child remained symptom free for six months. New intradermal tests for Candida were done 2-5 months after the measles episode, and this time they were positive. The immunoglobulins remained normal. In November 1970 the child's mother noticed he had erythematonstash soon after he had drunk some wine. It covered the face and the area of the neck corresponding to the site of the lymph node biopsy, where enlarged lymph nodes were again palpable (fig.). The haemogram, chest x-ray film ex-
48 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In children, 9 months of age and older, who received these three vaccines in addition to diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine, there was a decrease in measles seroconversion rates.
Abstract: Children receiving smallpox, measles, and yellow fever vaccines simultaneously at separate sites responded adequately to all three vaccines. In those children, 9 months of age and older, who received these three vaccines in addition to diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine, there was a decrease in measles seroconversion rates from 89% to 70%. Possible interactions between live and killed vaccines should be considered when the administration of multiple antigens is planned.
TL;DR: Two children with infantile X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia who died from overwhelming viral encephalitis are described, and it is possible that cellular immunity was depressed by one virus, thus enhancing the severity of the infection by the second virus.
Abstract: Fatal viral infections in children with antibody deficiency syndromes are extremely rare. Two children with infantile X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia who died from overwhelming viral encephalitis are described. A 9-year-old boy developed encephalitis and both echovirus type 2 and herpes simplex virus were recovered from the brain at autopsy. The second patient was a 16½-month-old boy who developed encephalitis after receiving live measles virus vaccine and herpes simplex virus was recovered from the brain. Two viruses were involved in each case, but the relation is unknown. It is possible that cellular immunity was depressed by one virus, thus enhancing the severity of the infection by the second virus.
TL;DR: Investigation of the effects of measles on the immune system of Nigerian children found immune suppression induced by the measles virus, sometimes acting synergistically with immunosuppression due to malnutrition, may contribute to the high prevalence of serious complications seen after measles in tropical developing countries.
Abstract: The effects of measles on the immune system of Nigerian children were investigated. At the time of the rash, skin tests to tuberculin purified protein derivative, candida, and streptococcal antigens were negative. Skin sensitization with dinitrochlorobenzene and lymphocyte transformation by phytohaemagglutinin were normal. Antibody response to the H and O antigens of Salmonella typhi was deficient. Established humoral response and serum immunoglobulin levels were normal. Immunosuppression induced by the measles virus, sometimes acting synergistically with immunosuppression due to malnutrition, may contribute to the high prevalence of serious complications seen after measles in tropical developing countries.
TL;DR: The geometric mean titre of measles virus-specific IgG in serum was significantly higher in the multiple sclerosis group than in either control group, and while IgG specific for all three viruses was found in C.S.F., suggesting transfer across the blood-brain barrier, measles IgG predominated.
Abstract: Immunoglobulins M and G specific for meales, herpes simplex, and rubella viruses were assayed by the fluorescent antibody method in sera and cerebrospinal fluids (C.S.F.) obtained simultaneously from 30 patients with multiple sclerosis, 30 patients with other neurological diseases, and 30 “normal” control subjects. Sera of 11 out of 30 patients with multiple sclerosis had IgM which reacted specifically with measles virus-infected cells, compared with 2 out of 30 of the patients with other neurological diseases and none of the 30 normal controls. Virus-specific IgM was not found in C.S.F. by this method. The geometric mean titre of measles virus-specific IgG in serum was significantly higher in the multiple sclerosis group than in either control group, and while IgG specific for all three viruses was found in C.S.F., suggesting transfer across the blood-brain barrier, measles IgG predominated.
TL;DR: Measles IgM antibody was found in the convalescent sera from five of seven children with a primary measles infection, but in only two of seven previously vaccinated children with clinical measles, and in none of sevenPreviously vaccinated children who were revaccinated with attenuated measles virus.
TL;DR: The supposed first adult patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis related to measles virus is described and serum and cerebrospinal fluid measles antibody studies, immunofluorescence, and measles virus isolation confirmed the relationship of measles to the pathological findings.
Abstract: The supposed first adult patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis related to measles virus is described. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid measles antibody studies, immunofluorescence, and measles virus isolation confirmed the relationship of measles to the pathological findings. The adult patients reported in the literature are reviewed.
TL;DR: Six strains of measles virus isolated from five patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) were found to be less reactive in neutralization tests than classical wild or vaccine strains, supporting the hypothesis that SSPE strains are variants that emerge from classical measles virus under selective pressures in the patients.
Abstract: Six strains of measles virus isolated from five patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) were found to be less reactive in neutralization tests than classical wild or vaccine strains. This difference in reactivity was observed with sera from patients convalescing from measles, from patients with SSPE, and from rabbits immunized with SSPE, wild, or vaccine strains. Variants, which in neutralization tests reacted like the SSPE strains, were isolated from classical wild and vaccine strains. These findings support the hypothesis that SSPE strains are variants that emerge from classical measles virus under selective pressures in the patients. Although poorly reactive virus that is isolated from a patient with SSPE may simply represent the most persistent genome of measles virus, it is also possible that the viral characteristic that determines decreased reactivity with antibody, or some associated trait, allows this variant to produce SSPE.
TL;DR: Chromosomes of cells of patients with Down's syndrome were significantly more sensitive to measles infection than those of control subjects and may allow us to recognize trisomic cells to be particularly cancer prone.
Abstract: Extract: Chromosomes were studied in 72-hr lymphocyte cultures from 11 patients with Down's syndrome and 8 hematologically and karyotypically normal control subjects before and after measles infection. The number of breaks per cell in patients with Down's syndrome after measles infection was 0.191 ± 0.073, which was significantly greater than the number of breaks before infection (0.040 ± 0.020) and which was also significantly greater than the number of breaks in control children with measles (0.046 ± 0.024). Therefore, chromosomes of cells of patients with Down's syndrome were significantly more sensitive to measles infection than those of control subjects. Statistical assessments were made on randomness and nonrandomness of breakage distribution in chromosome groups and arms. Excess breaks were found to occur in the long arms of B and D group chromosomes. Speculation: Patients with Down's syndrome show more chromosomal breaks after virus infection than do normal control subjects. The susceptibility of patients with Down's syndrome to neoplasia may allow us to recognize trisomic cells to be particularly cancer prone.
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TL;DR: Patients with multiple sclerosis, their siblings and controls matched for age, sex and place of residence were tested for antibodies to measles virus hemagglutinin (HI), hemolysin (HLI) and nucleocapsid complement-fixing (NC-CF) antigen.
Abstract: Patients with multiple sclerosis, their siblings and controls matched for age, sex and place of residence were tested for antibodies to measles virus hemagglutinin (HI), hemolysin (HLI) and nucleocapsid complement-fixing (NC-CF) antigen. No qualitative differences between the study groups as concerns the diversity of the antibody responses to measles were found. The mean titres of MS specimens were about one logarithm of two higher than the means of the controls in each of the tests. The difference was somewhat more pronounced in the HLI and NC-CF tests than in the HI test. Females had higher titres than males in all of the tests. Antibody titres were higher in subjects, who had contracted their measles at an older age. However this finding could not explain the observed differences in antibody titres, since MS patients had higher titres than the controls in all age groups. The importance of appropriate selection of measles antibody test for serological characterization of a clinical material of the present kind is emphasized.
TL;DR: Comparative studies between two measles virus strains isolated from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and a prototype low tissue culture passage Edmonston measles virus are described.
Abstract: Comparative studies between two measles virus strains isolated from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and a prototype low tissue culture passage Edmonston measles virus are described. Differences were noted in several properties. The findings described in this report suggest that strains of measles virus associated with SSPE have different biological properties and apparently cannot be distinguished from laboratory and field strains of the virus.
TL;DR: The study suggests that infancy is only a relative contraindication of live measles virus vaccination; it further suggests that capacity for anamnestic response is not necessarily protective against measles.
Abstract: The immune status of children vaccinated prior to 1 year of age was investigated during a measles epidemic in an industrial section of Connecticut. Of the 61 documented cases which occurred in former recipients of live vaccine 46% were children vaccinated prior to the age of 1; children vaccinated before age 1 comprised 1/3 of the total vaccinated population under study. The disproportionately increased number of cases in children vaccinated before their 1st birthday was not statistically significant. Of children vaccinated before age 1 80% had demonstrable measles antibody. The geometric mean antibody titer of those vaccinated in infancy was lower than that of children vaccinated after the age of 1 (p<0.01). Following revaccination 20 of 21 seronegative children who had been vaccinated before age 1 showed an IgG response without IgM; both IgM and IgG appeared following vaccination in 7 previously unvaccinated children. A child with measles encephalitis who had previously received live vaccine at 10 months of age also showed a secondary antibody response. The study suggests that infancy is only a relative contraindication of live measles virus vaccination; it further suggests that capacity for anamnestic response is not necessarily protective against measles. (authors)
01 May 1973
TL;DR: There is an increasingly convincing body of evidence indicating that maternal viral infection may be either directly or indirectly incriminated as an etiologic factor in fetal wastage, malformation, and long-term neurosensory handicaps.
Abstract: There is an increasingly convincing body of evidence indicating that maternal viral infection may be either directly or indirectly incriminated as an etiologic factor in fetal wastage, malformation, and long-term neurosensory handicaps. There are documented instances of fetal infection and disease following maternal infection with rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes virus hominis, chickenpox vaccinia, and poliomyelitis. Measles and influenza have also been incriminated on the basis of epidemiological findings, but insufficient evidence is available to permit assessment of the precise risk for these agents. Little information is available about the placenta, its role in transmitting infection to the fetus and the frequency of microscopic lesions, and the harboring of virus over long periods of time. The use of virus vaccines is strongly contraindicated in relation to pregnancy.
TL;DR: From 1956 to 1966 the incidence of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in the northern half of the North Island of New Zealand was approximately one hundred times greater than might be expected.
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: When the specificity and titre of IgG and IgM towards six viruses was compared by immunofluorescence in sera and CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and control subjects, the MS specimens differed from controls in three properties.
Abstract: When the specificity and titre of IgG and IgM towards six viruses was compared by immunofluorescence in sera and CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and control subjects, the MS specimens differed from controls in three properties.
1. A proportion, probably 22/56, of MS sera contained IgM that was weakly specific for measles virus-infected cells only. The antigen remains unidentified.
2. The titre of IgG specific for measles virus and that against herpes simplex virus is slightly increased in the serum of MS patients but the titre of IgG specific for mumps, rubella and varicella zoster is not significantly altered. The altered titre against vaccinia is of doubtful significance.
3. A proportion, 16/25, of CSF from MS patients contain measles virus-specific IgG and of these eight contained herpes virus-specific IgG. One contained herpes virus-specific IgG alone. Rubella virus IgG, of comparable titre in serum to measles- and herpes-specific IgG, was not found in the CSF.
TL;DR: It is concluded that day-to-day immunization practices may result in different immunity levels than published field trial studies of the same vaccines indicate, and that continuing study of vaccine after licensure may be desirable.
Abstract: Antibody titers to poliovirus, measles, and rubella in 504 low-income children in six Illinois communities were compared with the immunization records of those children. Titers to measles and rubella were, as expected, nearly always present in immunized children, but only one third of children who had received three or more doses of live oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) had measurable titers to all three polio types. Age, sex, race, age at first OPV, interval between OPVs, and time lapse since last OPV were not found to be significantly related to the absence of polio antibody in immunized children. We conclude that day-to-day immunization practices may result in different immunity levels than published field trial studies of the same vaccines indicate, and that continuing study of vaccine after licensure may be desirable.
TL;DR: All children vaccinated before the age of 1 year should be revaccinated and an additional 5-15% of children are in need of a booster; however, until a skin test for immunity is developed, it is not practical to test or revaccinate every child.
TL;DR: The third study was a large-scale field trial of the 3 lots of measles-mumps vaccine carried out among children whose families in the of Nicaragua and parents and guardians were instructed to notify the medical staff of any significant illness that occurred during the 28-day period subsequent to vaccination.
Abstract: ROBERT E. WEIBEL, VICTOR M. VILLAREJOS, GUILLERMO HERNANDEZ C., JOSEPH STOKES, JR.,* EUGENE B. BUYNAK, and MAURICE R. HILLEMAN From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Louisiana State University International Center for Medical Research and Training, San Jose, Costa Rica; and the Division of Virus and Cell Biology Research, Merck Institutefor Therapeutic Research, West Point, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.