Showing papers on "Mental health published in 1985"
TL;DR: The purpose of the meeting was to identify the most important scientific research opportunities and the crucial clinical and technical issues that influence the progress of research on the diagnosis of AD.
Abstract: Early and accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a major impact on the progress of research on dementia. To address the problems involved in diagnosing AD in its earliest stages, the National Institute on Aging, the American Association of Retired Persons, the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, and the National Institute of Mental Health jointly sponsored a workshop for planning research. The purpose of the meeting was to identify the most important scientific research opportunities and the crucial clinical and technical issues that influence the progress of research on the diagnosis of AD. The 37 participants included some of the most knowledgeable and eminent scientists and physicians actively involved in the study of AD. The participants were divided among six panels representing the disciplines of neurochemistry, neuropathology, neuroradiology, neurology, neuropsychology, and psychiatry. Within each of the panels, participants discussed specific areas of research requiring further
2,351 citations
TL;DR: Gender and the presence of specific psychopathology appeared to modify the course and symptom picture of alcoholism, and in general, alcoholic women showed a later onset of regular intoxication and a more rapid progression to alcohol abuse and dependence than alcoholic men.
Abstract: • This study utilized the DSM-III criteria and the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule to assess the prevalence of lifetime psychopathology among hospitalized alcoholics. Antisocial personality (ASP) and substance-use disorder were common psychopathologies among male alcoholics and major depression and phobia were common among female alcoholics. The onset of most psychopathologies preceded the abuse of alcohol among women. In men, however, with the exception of ASP and panic disorder, the onset of psycopathology was subsequent to that of alcohol abuse and/or dependence. Diagnoses of ASP and substance abuse were characterized by early onset of regular intoxication and alcohol abuse. Gender and the presence of specific psychopathology appeared to modify the course and symptom picture of alcoholism. In general, alcoholic women showed a later onset of regular intoxication and a more rapid progression to alcohol abuse and dependence than alcoholic men.
697 citations
01 Jan 1985
540 citations
TL;DR: In families in which mothers were depressed, depression in the father did not increase the likelihood of anxious attachment between mother and child, however, if mothers with a major affective disorder were without a husband in the household, risk of an insecure mother-child attachment was significantly increased.
Abstract: Patterns of attachment were examined in normal and depressed mothers. Mother's diagnosis (bipolar, major unipolar, or minor depression, or no psychiatric disorder), self-reported current mood states, and affective behavior in interaction with the child were considered. A modified version of Ainsworth and Wittig's Strange Situation was used to assess attachment. Insecure (A, C, and A/C patterns) attachments were more common among children of mothers with a major depression (bipolar or unipolar) than among children of mothers with minor depression or among children of normal mothers. Insecure attachment was more frequent in children of mothers with bipolar depression than in children of mothers with unipolar depression. A/C attachments were associated with histories of most severe depression in the mother. In families in which mothers were depressed, depression in the father did not increase the likelihood of anxious attachment between mother and child. However, if mothers with a major affective disorder were without a husband in the household, risk of an insecure mother-child attachment was significantly increased. The mothers' expressed emotions (positive vs. negative) in interaction with their children in situations other than the Strange Situation, and independent of diagnosis, predicted patterns of attachment: mothers of insecurely attached children expressed more negative and less positive emotion. Mothers' self-reports of moods on the days they were observed were unrelated to attachment. Results are discussed in terms of the transmission of social and emotional disorders in relation to mothers' affective functioning.
517 citations
TL;DR: The background of the TDCRP, the rationale for the choice of patient population and treatment conditions, and the research plan for both the training/pilot phase and the outcome study currently in progress are presented and the potential contributions of the program to the field of psychotherapy research are discussed.
Abstract: The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program (TDCRP) is the first multisite coordinated study initiated by the NIMH in the field of psychotherapy research. Three research sites, using an identical research protocol, are investigating the effectiveness of two forms of brief psychotherapy (cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy) in the treatment of outpatient depression. Three training sites have trained experienced therapists in a standard fashion for each of the psychotherapies and the comparison pharmacotherapy conditions. This report presents the background of the TDCRP, the rationale for the choice of patient population and treatment conditions, and the research plan for both the training/pilot phase and the outcome study currently in progress, and discusses the potential contributions of the program to the field of psychotherapy research.
516 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The strongest evidence suggests that physical activity and exercise probably alleviate some symptoms associated with mild to moderate depression and might provide a beneficial adjunct for alcoholism and substance abuse programs.
Abstract: Mental disorders are of major public health significance. It has been claimed that vigorous physical activity has positive effects on mental health in both clinical and nonclinical populations. This paper reviews the evidence for this claim and provides recommendations for future studies. The strongest evidence suggests that physical activity and exercise probably alleviate some symptoms associated with mild to moderate depression. The evidence also suggests that physical activity and exercise might provide a beneficial adjunct for alcoholism and substance abuse programs; improve self-image, social skills, and cognitive functioning; reduce the symptoms of anxiety; and alter aspects of coronary-prone (Type A) behavior and physiological response to stressors. The effects of physical activity and exercise on mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, and other aspects of mental health are not known. Negative psychological effects from exercise have also been reported. Recommendations for further research on the effects of physical activity and exercise on mental health are made.
515 citations
TL;DR: Unemployed men made significantly more visits to their physicians, took more medications, and spent more days in bed sick than did employed individuals even though the number of diagnoses in the two groups were similar.
Abstract: From a prospective study of the impact of stress on health in 300 men assessed every six months, men who became unemployed after entering the study were compared with an equal number, matched for age and race, who continued to work. Psychological and health data after unemployment were compared between the two groups by multivariate analysis of variance and covariance. After unemployment, symptoms of somatization, depression, and anxiety were significantly greater in the unemployed than employed. Large standard deviations on self-esteem scores in the unemployed group suggested that some men coped better than others with job-loss stress. Further analysis showed those with higher esteem had more support from family and friends than did those with low self-esteem. Furthermore, unemployed men made significantly more visits to their physicians, took more medications, and spent more days in bed sick than did employed individuals even though the number of diagnoses in the two groups were similar.
429 citations
TL;DR: Physicians treating nonpsychiatrists' mentally ill patients appear to be providing a different product than psychiatrists are, spending less time with patients, but using a wider range of diagnostic and therapeutic services during each office visit.
Abstract: • Building on a previous study, this report explores in more detail one aspect of the "de facto mental health services system," the treatment of mental disorders by nonpsychiatrist physicians in office-based practice. Data from the 1980 and 1981 National Ambulatory Medical Care surveys indicate that almost one half of all office visits to a physician resulting in a mental disorder diagnosis are to nonpsychiatrists, mostly in primary care. Nonpsychiatrists' mentally ill patients tend to be less seriously ill than patients of psychiatrists, and are more likely to come in with physical problems. They are also significantly more likely to be female, to be nonwhite, and to be elderly. Physicians treating these patients appear to be providing a different product than psychiatrists are, spending less time with patients, but using a wider range of diagnostic and therapeutic services during each office visit.
317 citations
TL;DR: For those men remaining continuously unemployed between interviews, no further decrement was observed in mean General Health Questionnaire scores after 3 months without a job, but a significant deterioration was recorded for the sub-sample initially unemployed for less than 3 months.
Abstract: Six hundred and twenty-nine unemployed men were re-interviewed 9 months after initial measurement of their psychological health and commitment to the labour market. For those men remaining continuously unemployed between interviews, no further decrement was observed in mean General Health Questionnaire scores after 3 months without a job, but a significant deterioration was recorded for the sub-sample initially unemployed for less than 3 months. Small but significant declines were observed after 3 months on a single-item measure of reported health and on an 8-item index of commitment to the labour market. For those regaining paid work, all measures of health showed large improvements, and employment commitment was unchanged. Multiple regression analyses were used to examine factors associated with magnitude of changes during continuous unemployment, yielding a systematic pattern of significant relationships. For example, higher employment commitment at initial interview was significantly associated with a greater subsequent decline in psychological health, but not in physical health; reporting a chronic health impairment at initial interview was significantly associated with a greater subsequent decrement in physical health, but not in psychological health.
292 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: How are minor mental health problems perceived by management and mitigation of mental health issues of cultural issues in mental health welcome to usq eprints chinese culture and mental health sciencedirect.
Abstract: chinese culture and mental health rapmac chinese culture and mental health askand chinese culture and mental health inyala chinese culture and mental health barndor chinese american mental health facts 2011 community profiles for health care providers chinese profile cultural competency and chinese medicine: immigrant chinese culture profile diversicare literature review chinese american: culture and care needs patient interaction queensland health read online chinese culture and mental health culture and mental health: family matters the chinese language manual asian indian culture: influences and implications for and cultural values for health care professionals cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology: the evaluation of a chinese mental health advocacy and support the influence of chinese core cultural values on the cultural and spiritual health assessment john wiley & sons vietnamese culture: influences and implications for health cultural traditions and healthcare beliefs of older adults illness beliefs of depressed chinese-american patients in mental health issues of chinese americans help-seeking traditional and alternative medicine treatments in child free download chinese culture and mental health book spiritual & cultural values for health care professionals cultural diversity and mental health asian american health priorities interface: considerations of difference possessed or crazy age, acculturation, cultural adjustment, and mental health china's national mental health working plan the lancet visual arts in psychiatry from theory to practice jie li elderly population for 2050 census ethnicity is a term to patient involvement in mental health care: culture culture and behavioral health service delivery: an the conception of depression in chinese americans and its running head: mental health problems of chinese students emotions and mental health in chinese people springer chinese societies and mental health sadac culture guide johnson county kansas cultural factors influencing the mental health of asian health experiences of chinese people in chinese-american outreach guide home caringinfo mental health facts nami: national alliance on mental cultural psychiatry-related articles published in the how are minor mental health problems perceived by management and mitigation of mental health issues of cultural issues in mental health welcome to usq eprints chinese culture and mental health sciencedirect
280 citations
TL;DR: This article highlights several network characteristics which are often found to be related to physical and mental health status and suggests how these network characteristics can be applied to the two program strategies which involve interventions at the network and community level.
Abstract: The convincing evidence of the relationship between social support, social networks, and health status has influenced the development of program strategies which are relevant to health education. This article focuses on the linkage between social support and social networks and health education programs which involve interventions at the network and community level. Two broad strategies are addressed: programs enhancing entire networks through natural helpers; and programs strengthening overlapping networks/communities through key opinion and informal leaders who are engaged in the process of community wide problem-solving. Following a brief overview of definitions, this article highlights several network characteristics which are often found to be related to physical and mental health status. Suggestions are made for how these network characteristics can be applied to the two program strategies. Principles of practice for the health educator, and some of the limitations of a social network approach are delineated. The article concludes with a recommendation for engaging in action research--a perspective highly consistent with both the strategies discussed and the concepts of social networks and social support. This approach not only recognizes, but also acts to strengthen indigenous skills and resources.
TL;DR: Sex, age, race, education, marital status, usual source of medical care, and attitudes toward mental health services were found to exert independent effects on the likelihood of contact with a health professional after controlling for clinical status.
Abstract: This study focuses on predisposing, enabling, and need factors affecting contact with health professionals for the treatment of psychiatric and emotional problems during a 6-month period. Data are from the first wave of the Yale Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Project. The study confirms the important relationship of psychopathology to both the likelihood of using mental health related services and the quantity of service contacts. Sex, age, race, education, marital status, usual source of medical care, and attitudes toward mental health services were found to exert independent effects on the likelihood of contact with a health professional after controlling for clinical status. Factors affecting the quality of service contacts among utilizers were psychiatric status, usual source of care, and attitudes.
TL;DR: In this paper, a meta-analysis of 32 studies of the relationship between sex-role orientation and depression and general adjustment was conducted, with the best support for the masculinity model, with masculinity having a moderately strong relationship to both high adjustment and lack of depression and with femininity having only a small relationship to adjustment and no relationship to depression.
Abstract: Research on the relationship between sex-role orientation and psychological well-being has been guided by one of three models. The traditional congruence model holds that psychological well-being will be fostered only when one's sex-role orientation is congruent with one's gender; the androgyny model proposes that well-being will be maximized when one's sex-role orientation incorporates a high degree of both masculinity and femininity regardless of one's gender; the masculinity model posits that well-being is a function of the extent to which one has a masculine sex-role orientation. The adequacy of these three models was tested by means of a meta-analysis of 32 studies of the relationship between sex-role orientation and depression and general adjustment. The results of the meta-analysis provided the best support for the masculinity model, with masculinity having a moderately strong relationship to both high adjustment and lack of depression and with femininity having only a small relationship to adjustment and no relationship to depression. No support was found for the congruence model.
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The utility of the CES-D for detecting major depression was approximately equal to its utility for detecting generalized anxiety and that the two disorders had additive effects on CES- D.
Abstract: This study evaluates the validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) by comparing it to DSM-III diagnoses of major depression and generalized anxiety, using the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Data were gathered on a sample of 310 mothers of children with chronic disabilities. The utility of the CES-D for detecting major depression was approximately equal to its utility for detecting generalized anxiety. Multivariate analysis revealed that the unique association of CES-D with current depression was equal to its association with current generalized anxiety and that the two disorders had additive effects on CES-D. The analysis did not identify any individual CES-D symptom as specific to either disorder. The findings, therefore, do not support the notion that the CES-D measures depression specifically.
TL;DR: Because patients and relatives involved with palliative treatment are most in need of psychological assistance, particular attention should be paid to this group, as is attempted in hospice care.
Abstract: A supportive family environment is thought to enhance the capacity of cancer patients to adapt to their illness and treatment. But families, like patients, vary in their ability to cope with the impact of a cancer diagnosis in a family member and in their ability to fulfill the patient's needs. Increased understanding of the interrelationships between the family's and patient's responses to illness is of fundamental importance to the care of the patient with cancer. A heterogeneous sample of 201 cancer patients and their relatives were studied to determine compatibility of psychological status and to isolate clinical and demographic variables associated with psychological distress. Self-report tests of anxiety, mood disturbance, and mental health were applied. Despite large individual variation, the psychological status of patients and their matched relatives was closely correlated. The patient's treatment status affected both patients and their next-of-kin. Psychological well-being worsened according to whether patients were receiving follow-up care, active treatment, or palliative therapy. These data suggest a mutuality of psychological response between patients and their families. Supportive intervention for the patient or relative who manifests distress, therefore, should benefit both. Because patients and relatives involved with palliative treatment are most in need of psychological assistance, particular attention should be paid to this group, as is attempted in hospice care.
TL;DR: Thirteen of 40 patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) admitted to the wards of a large city hospital were seen by the staff of a psychiatric consultation service; recurrent psychological themes were dealing with a life-threatening illness, uncertainty about the implications of an AIDS diagnosis, social isolation, and guilt over their previous life style.
Abstract: Thirteen of 40 patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) admitted to the wards of a large city hospital were seen by the staff of a psychiatric consultation service. Eleven were gay men and two were bisexual men. "Depression" was the stated reason for referral of 10 patients; of these, two met DSM-III criteria for major depression, one had dysthymic disorder, and seven had adjustment disorder with depressed mood. Recurrent psychological themes of the 13 patients were: dealing with a life-threatening illness, uncertainty about the implications of an AIDS diagnosis, social isolation, and guilt over their previous life style. The role of the primary physician and of the mental health professional in the psychological care of AIDS patients is discussed.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the benefits of family management extend beyond the reduction in clinical and social morbidity of the index patient to beneficial effects for the family as a whole.
Abstract: Changes in the functioning of family members were assessed during a randomly controlled study of community management of schizophrenia. Eighteen families who completed two years community management based upon behavioural family therapy were compared with 18 families who received patient oriented management with family support. Families receiving family management reported less disruption of activities, reductions in physical and mental health problems, and less subjective burden than those receiving the patient oriented approach. It is concluded that the benefits of family management extend beyond the reduction in clinical and social morbidity of the index patient to beneficial effects for the family as a whole.
TL;DR: In this paper, a family-of-origin scale is proposed to measure self-perceived levels of health in one's family of origin, which can be used as an adjunct to therapy.
Abstract: While family-of-origin interventions are widely used, the theoretical assumptions upon which these techniques are based are largely without empirical validation. This paper reports on the development of a family-of-origin scale that may be used in such research as well as employed as an adjunct to therapy. The resultant scale attempts to measure self-perceived levels of health in one's family of origin. Presented are data pertaining to the scale's validity, reliability, and normative sample.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors found that marital dissolution is associated with mental health problems, and that the explanation for this association varies by gender, namely, material conditions (income and parental obligations) and dimensions of social networks (both structural and experiential) are more important in accounting for the symptomatology of separated and divorced men.
Abstract: Past research consistently finds that marital dissolution is associated with psychological distress. In this paper, we propose that the explanation for this association varies by gender. Specifically, we hypothesize that it is material conditions (income and parental obligations) that are most important in accounting for the greater symptomatology of separated and divorced women while it is dimensions of social networks (both structural and experiential) that are more important in accounting for the symptomatology of separated and divorced men. Our analyses largely support the hypotheses. Our findings suggest that marriage protects men and zwmen in very different ways. Researchers consistently find that marital dissolution is associated with psychological distress (Bachrach; Bloom et al.; Riessman and Gerstel). Compared with the married, the separated and divorced-both male and female-have higher rates of mental health symptoms as well as admission to psychiatric hospitals and outpatient clinics (Briscoe et al.; Radloff; Redick and Johnson; Somers; Warheit et al.). In this sense, marriage is protective of mental health. Various explanations have been offered for the relationship between separation and divorce and psychiatric symptoms. In general, two
TL;DR: The authors examines the various types of life stresses that members of ethnic minority groups experience and proposes a cross-cultural theory of life stress, ethnicity, and culture for counseling members of minority groups.
Abstract: This article examines the various types of life stresses that members of racial minority groups experience A model of the life stress process is presented, and several hypotheses are offered to describe the situation of members of ethnic minority groups with respect to life stress Propositions leading toward a cross-cultural theory of life stress, ethnicity, and culture are presented A dominant theme is that culture forms the context in which stressful life events derive their meaning Each culture has its own barometer for measuring the stressfulness of any life event There are culturally patterned ways of viewing and responding to stressor stimuli The Stress, Resistant, Delivery (SRD) model is presented as a theoretical framework for counseling members of ethnic minority groups
TL;DR: In this article, a new theoretical model is presented based upon recent concepts regarding the relationship between psychological stress and consequent physical and/or psychological illnesses, which may serve to aggravate or buffer the aversive impact of exposure to potential stressors.
Abstract: While there has been a rapid growth in mental health research which focuses on the Mexican American population, differences in theoretical formulations and consequent research methodologies have led to a host of conflicting findings. These conflicting findings are then often difficult to translate into useful clinical applications which would make clinical services more relevant and acceptable to this growing population. One suggested solution to the problem has been to develop more systematic theoretical frameworks for guiding Mexican American mental health research. In this vein a new theoretical model was presented. The model is based upon recent concepts regarding the relationship between psychological stress and consequent physical and/or psychological illnesses. This model includes some important intervening or mediating variables which may serve to aggravate or buffer the aversive impact of exposure to potential stressors. Examination of these intervening variables is of clinical importance in prom...
TL;DR: Need for care was influenced by a variety of sociodemographic and economic characteristics: it was low among the aged and high among persons living alone and the poor on Medicaid.
Abstract: This article presents measures of need for mental health services estimated from the 1981 Eastern Baltimore Mental Health Survey, one of five sites participating in the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Data were collected on the prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders, as determined b
TL;DR: Those in the service gap were potentially more influenced by barriers than the rest of the sample, as were, paradoxically, those who had utilized services within the past year.
Abstract: This study examines the system dimensions of need, barriers to receiving services, and utilization within a single mental health service area. The gap between estimates of service need and service utilization is conceptualized as due to a set of specific barriers covering the access attributes of availability, accessibility, acceptability and affordability. Data from community telephone surveys (N = 2183) of mental health need are analyzed to determine the relationship between the system dimensions of need, barriers and utilization. Respondents were able to distinguish among different types of service barriers. Those in the service gap were potentially more influenced by barriers than the rest of the sample, as were, paradoxically, those who had utilized services within the past year. The implications of these findings for service provision and system design are discussed.
TL;DR: Recent research which examines the effects of mentally handicapped children upon families is reviewed and links are drawn to parallel developments in related areas, and implications for future research are discussed.
Abstract: Recent research which examines the effects of mentally handicapped children upon families is reviewed. The studies are grouped into three categories based on the underlying conceptions which appear to guide them. The first category examines which families are most vulnerable to the presumed stress of a mentally handicapped child. The second category emphasises the material and practical problems families experience. The third category stresses the competence of families and describes the resources used to develop coping strategies. Links are drawn between these three categories and to parallel developments in related areas, and implications for future research are discussed.
TL;DR: Results are based on multifactored mental health assessment of 110 children from the original sample of 699 children assessed 2 years previously, and divorced-family children performed more poorly than intact- family children on several indices, and boys showed more adverse effects than did girls.
Abstract: This is the initial report of longitudinal findings from the National Association of School Psychologists-Kent State University, nationwide study of the impact of divorce on children. Results are based on multifactored mental health assessment of 110 children from the original sample of 699 children assessed 2 years previously. Consistent with Time-1 analyses, divorced-family children performed more poorly than intact-family children on several indices, and boys showed more adverse effects than did girls. Stability and predictive significance of Time-1 mental health scores were also greater for girls than boys across the 2-year time period. ANCOVAs controlling for family income demonstrated a reduced-number of differences between the groups, whereas controls for child's IQ did not. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry , 24, 5:531–537, 1985.
Book•
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The authors ) is a text for advanced undergraduate and graduate students preparing for teaching, social work, other human-service professions, health professions, and mental health professions that acquaints students with parenting in three major areas: concepts, challenges, and changes.
Abstract: Revised edition of a text for advanced undergraduate and graduate students preparing for teaching, social work, other human-service professions, health professions, and mental health professions. It acquaints students with parenting in three major areas: concepts, challenges, and changes; diverse fa