Showing papers on "Methyl acrylate published in 1969"

Method of producing betaines, monomers and polymers containing betaine-type units and novel and useful copolymers thereby obtained

Abstract: An improved method is provided for producing polymers of organic compounds, such as ethylenically unsaturated monomers, containing a betaine-type group of the formula: ##STR1## The method involves the reaction of acrylic acid or aqueous methyl acrylate and an aminoalkyl (meth)acrylate or an N-amino-alkyl (meth)acrylamide having a basic tertiary nitrogen atom in the presence of a free radical initiator. The monomers undergo vinyl addition polymerization to form valuable polymers having a wide variety of uses, such as flocculants, retention aids in the deposition of polymers, pigments, etc. on the fibers in a paper pulp, e.g., in the formation of mineral-filled papers.

Graft copolymers of styrene acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate onto diene polymers and blends thereof with vinyl chloride resins

Abstract: A GRAFT POLYMER AND A METHOD OF PREPARING THE GRAFT POLYMER, WHICH POLYMER IS SUTIABLE FOR BLENDING WITH POLY (VINYLCHLORIDE) TO PROVIDE A TRANSPARENT COMPOSITION THAT EXHIBITS TRANSPARENCY AND AN OPTIMUM BALANCE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. THE GRAFT POLYMER IS PREPARED BY POLYMERIZING SYYRENE, ARCYLONITRILE AND METHYL ACRYLATE IN THE PRESENCE OF A DIENE RUBBER SUBSTRATE.

Thrombogenicity of some biomedical materials: Platelet-interface reactions†

Abstract: Fifty-eight polymers and other materials were evaluated for compatibility with human blood in an in vitro test system. Assays for platelet factor 3 activation, activation of the coagulation sequences, and release of hemoglobin and adenine nucleotides were performed on blood exposed to each of the 58 test materials. Of the materials tested, collagen, heparinized hydrin rubber, poly (methyl methacrylate), graphite-benzalkonium-heparin, poly (methyl acrylate), isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate), grafted poly (ethylene oxide) on poly (acrylic acid), balata rubber, L-1624 from 3M Co., and chlorinated poly (vinyl chloride) appeared most compatible with blood. Chemical affinities appeared to have little to do with blood compatibility of the materials tested. Electron microscopic examination of blood components adherent to selected test materials following exposure to blood was carried out. Each of the three polymers with “good” and the two polymers with “poor” blood compatibility characteristics which were examined by electron microscopy was coated with a thin unilaminar adsorbate from blood. Platelets and fibrin were focally deposited on this adsorbate. Of the test surfaces examined, only glass was covered by a trilaminar adsorbate. Mechanisms of formation of the adsorbates are discussed.

Styrene-methyl acrylate copolymers and acrylate homopolymers in solution

Abstract: Molecular weight determinations by light scattering and osmometry and intrinsic viscosity measurements were made in various solvents on fractions of styrene–methyl acrylate copolymers with different compositions and on acrylate homopolymers prepared by free-radical reaction. Relations between intrinsic viscosity [η] and molecular weight M thus established are compared with those reported by other authors. 2-Methylcyclohexanol was found to be a theta solvent for the copolymers and both parent homopolymers, and isoamyl acetate was a theta solvent for poly(methyl acrylate). From theta point viscosity data obtained with these solvents, unperturbed chain dimensions were estimated. The results are compared with the unperturbed dimensions estimated from the [η]–M relations obtained in good solvents. On the basis of the experimental data it was found that the unperturbed dimension depends linearly on the copolymer composition, in contrast to the case of styrene–methyl methacrylate copolymers. Composition dependences of the theta temperature and of the parameter describing the long-range interactions between nonadjacent segments in polymer chains were investigated. The result implies that long-range interactions between monomeric units never disappear even when those between the same monomeric units vanish. The Huggins constant for copolymer is discussed in terms of the excluded volume variable.

Impact-resistant rubber-modified olefinic nitrile-acrylic ester polymers

Abstract: IMPACT-RESITANT POLYMERS HAVING LOW PERMEABILITY TO GASES AND VAPORS ARE PREPARED BY POLYMERIZING AN OLEFINIC NITRILE, SUCH AS ACRYLONITRILE, OPTIONALLY WITH AN OLEFINIC ESTER, SUCH AS METHYL ACRYLATE, IN AN AQUEOUS MEDIUM IN THE PRESENCE OF A RUBBERY POLYBUTADIENE OR RUBBERY COPOLYMER OF BUTADIENE AND STYRENE.

Thermoplastic polymer blends

Abstract: 1284489 Polyamide-ethylene copolymer compositions IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES Ltd 19 April 1971 [16 March 1970] 12543/70 Headings C3P and C3R Thermoplastic polymer blends comprise (1) a polyamide and (2) a copolymer of (a) 40 to 95 weight per cent of ethylene, (b) 2 to 50 weight per cent of a R 1 R 2 N-substituted aliphatic or alicyclic ester of an α,#-unsaturated acid having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, the aliphatic or alicyclic radical in said ester containing 2 to 10 carbon atom and R 1 and R 2 being hydrogen, aliphatic or alicyclic radicals containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms or together with the N atoms forming a saturated heterocyclic ring, and (c) 0 to 55 weight per cent of an olefinically unsaturated monomer copolymerizable with (a) and (b), the sum of (b) and (c) constituting 5 to 60 weight per cent of the copolymer and the blend having a melting point or softening range not substantially lower than that of the unblended polyamide. Many polyamide precursors are listed and specified polyamides which are preferably amineended are polyhexamethylene adipamide, polypyrrolidone, polycaprolactam, polyundecanolactam, polydodecanolactam, polyhexamethylene azelaiamide, polyhexamethylene sebacamide, polyhexamethylene isophthalamide, polymetaxylylene adipamide, and hexamethylene adipamide/caprolactam, hexamethylene adipamide/isophthalamide, hexamethylene adipamide/terephthalamide, trimethylhexamethylene/hexamethylene oxamide, hexamethylene adipamide/azelaiamide and hexamethylene adipamide/azelaiamide/caprolactam copolymers. The ester may be an amino substituted alkyl or cycloalkyl ester of acrylic or methacrylic acid, optionally containing hydroxy or epoxy substituents. The comonomer (c) may be an olefin, styrene, a vinyl ether, methacrylamide, acrylonitrile, N-vinyl carbazole, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, vinyl formate, vinyl propionate, vinyl benzoate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate or methylmethacrylate. The polyamide may be nucleated, e.g. with talc, calcium fluoride, graphite, sodium phenyl phosphinate, alumina, high melting polyamides and polytetrafluoroethylene; and may be crosslinked by incorporating diphenyl carbonate. The compositions may also contain polymers of ethylene, propylene, butadiene and/or styrene, fillers, pigments, stabilizers, molecular weight regulators, chain extenders and delustrants. Examples describe compositions comprising polyhexamethylene adipamide and (1) ethylene / dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) copolymer (2, 3 and 5) ethylene/ DMAEMA/vinyl acetate copolymer, (7) ethylene / t - butylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer and (8) ethylene/DMAEMA/methyl methacrylate copolymer; and comprising ethylene / DMAEMA / vinyl acetate copolymers and (4) polyhexamethylene adipamide/ isophthalamide and (6) polyhexamethylene adipamide nucleated with talc.

Coumarins and related compounds. Part IV. Aluminium chloride-catalysed reaction of phenols with methyl acrylate: a new approach to the synthesis of hydroxycoumarins

Abstract: The synthesis of 5-,6- and 7-hydroxycoumarins by dehydrogenation of the corresponding 3,4-dihydro-derivatives obtained by aluminium chloride-catalysed reaction of dihydric phenols or their derivatives with methyl acrylate is reported. The compound previously described as 5-hydroxydihydrocoumarin has been proved to be 3,4,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[1,2-b: 5,4-b′]dipyran-2,8-dione on the basis of spectral evidence and synthesis.

Studies on the polymerization of ethyl acrylate. II. Chain transfer studies

Abstract: Transfer constants for different solvents representing hydrocarbons, halogenated compounds, alcohols, ketones, acids, and esters were determined in the thermal polymerization of ethyl acrylate at 80°C and they are compared with the available data on methyl acrylate and ethyl methacrylate. It was observed from the values of transfer constants that ethyl acrylate radicals are a little more effective than methyl acrylate or ethyl methacrylate in abstracting hydrogen atom from hydrocarbons and alcohols. In acetic and n-butyric acid media, it has been found, by the aid of endgroup analysis, that the derived solvent radicals from transfer reactions are not too efficient to start a new chain.

Preparation of unsaturated esters

Abstract: METHYL ACRYLATE IS PREPARED BY REACTING METHANOL WITH METHYL ACETATE AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN AND A CATALYST COMPRISING SILVER OR COPPER CARRIED ON AN ALUMINO-SILICATE SUPPORT WHICH HAS BEEN TREATED WITH A BASE BEFORE THE SILVER OR COPPER IS DEPOSITED.

The Reactivities of α -Substituted Acrylonitriles and Acrylic Esters in Radical Copolymerizations

Abstract: In order to clarify the effect of the substituents in a-substituted acrylonitriles and acrylic esters on their relative reactivities toward a polystyryl radical, the radical copolymerizations of diethyl methylenemalonate, ethyl a-chloroacrylate, ethyl a-bromoacrylate, a-chloroacrylonitrile, methyl a-methoxyacrylate, and a-methoxyacrylonitrile with styrene (M2) were investigated at 60°C. From the copolymerization parameters obtained in this study and those reported in the literature, it was confirmed that the a substituents additively contributed to the values of log Q and e of the monomers. Hence, the reactivities of a-substituted acrylonitriles and acrylic esters relative to unsubstituted acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate toward polystyryl radical, respectively, were expressed by the following equation: log (rel. react.) = δlog QX + 0.83 σp where δ log Qx and σp are the resonance and polar substituent constants of α substituents, respectively. The values of δ log Qx were determined for CH30, CH3...

Cycloadditions. Part I. Steric effects in the addition of diazoalkanes to αβ-unsaturated esters

Abstract: The addition of 2-diazopropane to methyl acrylate and its methyl-substituted analogues normally (i.e., when electronic effects are dominant) gives methyl 1-pyrazoline-3-carboxylates, of which those bearing a hydrogen atom at C(3) tautomerise readily to the Δ2-isomers. The orientation of addition is reversed in the reactions of methyl 3-methylbut-2-enoate with 2-diazopropane and diazoethane. Methyl 4,4-dimethylpent-2-enoate undergoes reverse addition with 2-diazopropane, but not with diazoethane or diazomethane. The reversals are attributed to the presence of unfavourable eclipsing interactions in the transition state for normal addition.

Photodegradation of copolymers of methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate at elevated temperatures

Abstract: Four methyl methacrylate—methyl acrylate copolymers with molar ratios, MMA/MA, of 112/1, 26/1, 7·7/1, and 2/1 have been photodegraded at 170°C by 2537 A radiation. The changes which occur in the molecular weight of the copolymers are typical of a random scission process and from these and volatilization data the extent of chain scission during the course of the reaction has been calculated. The pattern of volatile products is the same as that previously obtained in the thermal reaction at 300°C although there are a number of differences in detail. For example, only one in ten of the methyl acrylate units is liberated as monomer compared with one in four in the thermal reaction and the ratio CO2/chain scissions is considerably greater than the strict 1/1 ratio observed in the thermal reaction. Zip lengths are also very much greater in the photo reaction. These minor differences between the two reactions have been accounted for in terms of the mechanism previously presented to account for the thermal reaction, bearing in mind the differences in the temperature (170 and 300°C) at which the two investigations were carried out.

A Hammett correlation for the rates of Diels–Alder reactions of 2-substituted butadienes

Abstract: A comparison of two sets of data on the relative rates and isomer ratios of Diels–Alder reactions of 2-substituted butadienes with methyl acrylate and with the methyl acrylate–aluminium chloride complex reveals an excellent Hammett correlation with σ+.

Introduction of organic groups into ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbons using a group viii metal salt

Abstract: The process involves the introduction of an organic group into an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or nitrile or ester thereof. As an example, a mixture of phenylmercuric chloride, lithium palladium chloride and methyl acrylate is formed in acetonitrile as solvent. This results in the formation of an unstable adduct between the methyl acrylate and phenylpalladium chloride. Decomposition of the adduct by maintaining it above its decomposition temperature provides methyl cinnamate as the product.

The Diels-Alder Reactions of Polychloro-2,4-cyclohexadienones

Abstract: 2,3,4,5,6,6-Hexachloro-, 2,3,4,6,6-pentachloro-, and 2,4,6,6-tetrachloro-2,4-cyclohexadienones were found to undergo Diels-Alder reactions when the compounds were heated with such dienophiles as acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, methyl vinyl ketone, acrylonitrile, and ethyl vinyl ether. It was concluded, chiefly through analysis of these NMR spectra, that the reactions proceed stereospecifically to give a series of 7-substituted and polychlorinated bicyclo-[2.2.2] oct-5-en-2-ones, which is in agreement with the endo rule. The stereospecificity of these adducts does not, however, agree with the results of calculations by means of the perturbation method.

Foamed blend of propane-precipitated asphalt ethylene-acrylate/methacrylate copolymer and polyol crosslinked in-situ

Abstract: A TOUGH, COHESIVE, NON-TACKY BLEND RESULTS WHEN PROPANE-PRECIPITATED ASPHALT IS MIXED WITH A COPOLYMER OF ETHYLENE WITH A LOWER ALKYL ACRYLATEOR METHACRYLATE, SUCH AS METHYL ACRYLATE, AND OPTIONALLY, A POLYOL, SUCH AS GLYCERINE, WHICH IS CROSS-LINKED INSITU TO INCREASE TENSILE STRENGTH. THIS BLEND IS THEN FOAMED WITH CONVENTIONAL BLOWING AGENTS.

Polymers from diesters of n-acrylyliminodiacetic acids

Abstract: POLYMERS AND COPOLYMERS OF DIESTERS OF N-ARCYLYLIMINODIACETIC ACIDS ARE PREPARED BY IRRADIATING SUCH DIESTERS OR MIXTURES THEREOF WITH METHYL ACRYLATE, METHYL METHACRYLATE, A VINYLPYRIDINE, N-VINYLPYRROLIDONE, STYRENE, ACRYLONITRILE, OR VINYL ACETATE. THESE POLYMERS AND COPOLYMERS ARE ALSO PREPARED BY TREATING SUCH DIESTERS OR MIXTURES THEREOF WITH METHYL ACRYLATE, METHYL METHACRYLATE, A VINYLPYRIDINE, N-VINYLPYRROLIDONE, STYRENE, ACRYLONITRILE, OR VINYL ACETATE WITH A FREE RADICAL INITIATOR. THESE POLYMERS CAN BE HYDROLYZED (OR SAPONIFIED AND ACIDIFIED) TO CONVERT THEM FROM THE ESTER FORM TO THE CARBOXYLIC FORM.

Pyridyl acrylates and methacrylates and dyeable acrylonitrile copolymers prepared therefrom

Abstract: PYRIDYL ACRYLATES OR METHACRYLATES ARE PREPARED BY REACTING THE SODIUM SALT OF A HYDROXY SUBSTITUTED PYRIDINE WITH ACRYLYL OR METHACRYLYL CHLORIDE. COPOLYMERIZATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF THE RESULTING MONOMER (E.G. 1-10%) WITH A MAJOR PROPORTIN (E.G. 85-99%) OF ACRYLONITRILE, OPTIONALLY CONTAINING UP TO ABOUT 10% OF ANOTHER COPOLYMERIZABLE MONOMER (E.B. METHYL ACRYLATE) AND SPINNING, RESULTS IN FIBERS HAVING EXCELLENT DYEABILITY AND HEAT STABILITY.

Alternating copolymers of unsaturated halogenated hydrocarbons and acrylonitrile or acrylic compound

Abstract: ALTERNATING COPOLYMERS OF ACRYLONITRILE OR AN ACRYLIC COMPOUND AND TERMINALLY ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED HALOGENATED HYDROCARBON ARE PRODUCED BY REACTING AN UNSATURATED HALOGENATED HYDROCARBON MONOMER, SUCH AS VINYL CHLORIDE, VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE, ALYL CHLORIDE OR P-IODOSTYRENE, WITH A CONJUGATED VINYL COMPOUND, SUCH AS METHYL ACRYLATE, N-BUTYL ACRYLATE, N-ETHYL ACRYLAMIDE, METHYL THIOLACRYLATE AND ACRYLONITRILE, IN THE PRESENCE OF AN ORGANOALUMINUM COMPOUND, SUCH AS ETHYLALUMINUM, SESQUICHLORIDE, ETHYLALUMINUM DICHLORIDE, METHYLALUMINIUM SESQUIBROMIDE AND TRIALKYLALUMINUM. THE REACTION MAY BE CARRIED OUT OVER A WIDE RANGE OF TEMPERAUTES (-150*C. TO + 100*C.) BUT LOWER TEMPERATURES ARE PREFERRED. THE PRODUCTS IN GENERAL ARE CHARACTERIZED BY A SUBSTANTIALLY 1:1 MOLAR RATIO OF THE STARTIN POLYMERS, A HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND AN INTRINSIC VISCOSITY WITHIN THE RANGE OF FROM 0.1 TO 10.

Sodium hydride-initiated polymerizations of vinyl monomers in aprotic solvents

Abstract: Polymerizations of several vinyl monomers at 25°C in aprotic solvents (dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, and hexamethylphosphoric triamide) using sodium hydride dispersion as initiator yield low to intermediate molecular weight polymers. The molecular weight of the resulting polymer as well as the mode of initiation depends on the monomer and aprotic solvent used. Initiation of polymerization of monomers with available α hydrogens (methyl acrylate, acrylonitrile) involves monomer anion, while initiation of a monomer with no α hydrogen (methyl methacrylate) proceeds by a more complex mechanism. In contrast, initiation of styrene and α-methylstyrene proceeds by dimsyl anion addition to monomer in dimethylsulfoxide. Although the triad tacticities and number-average molecular weights of poly(methyl methacrylate) samples obtained from all three aprotic solvents are nearly the same, poly(methyl methacrylates) prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide and N,N-dimethylacetamide give polymers having polydispersities of ∼3, while a very polydisperse polymer is obtained in hexamethylphosphoric triamide.

Preparation of α-cyanoacrylate from Methylacrylate

Abstract: Methyl acrylate is cony erted quantitatively to methyl α, β-dichloropropionate by chlorination at room temperature in the presence of 4 mol-% DMF as the catalyst.Methyl α, β-dichloropropionate is then methoxylated by reaction with an equimolar amount of Na-methylate in one hour without a catalyst at -20 to -35°C in mately 90% yield.Methyl α-chloro-β-methoxypropionate is let to react with an equimolar amount of potassiumcyanide at 30°C in a homogeneous solution. The yield is about 95%, but part of the produced α-cyano-β-methoxy propionate changes into poly-α-cyanoacrylate. Therefore, the true cyanation yield appears to be between 60 to 70%.Then crude methyl α-cyano-β-methoxypropionate is converted to methyl α-cyanoacrylate at rather high temperature, since the reaction involves the degradation of poly-α-cyanoacrylate. The reaction is carried out at 170250°C/39mmHg in a SO2 stream in the presence of 3 mole-% sulfuric acid and 100 g of DOP. Approximately 80% yield is attained.

Radical and Anionic Polymerization of α-Cyanoacrylates

Abstract: Radical and anionic polymerization of alkyl α-cyanoacrylates have been studied using BPO and DMF as an initiator.1. Radical polymerization.Solution polymerization in nitromethane was 1/2 order in concentration of BPO and 1st order in concentration of the monomer.The activation energies of the polymerization were calculated to be as follows : for methyl ester, 22.9 ; ethyl ester, 20.1; isopropyl ester, 18.8 ; n-butyl ester, 20.6 ; isobutyl ester, 20.1; and 2-ethylhexyl ester, 20.9 kcal/mol. On the other hand, the activation energies in bulk polymerization were found to be as follows : for methyl ester, 22.2; and ethyl ester, 20.4 kcal/mol.The interrelationships among Rp, monomer concentration, and initiator concentration at 67°C were shown as follows : Rp 2.21 × 10-4 (BPO) 1/2 (CNM) Rp=2.44×10-4 (BPO) 1/2. (CNE) where(BPO) : the initial concentration of BPO (mol/l) (CNM) : the initial concentration of methyl α-cyanoacrylate (mol/l) (CNE) : the initial concentration of ethyl α-cyanoacrylate (mol/l) Copolymers with methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, or styrene were characterized by the alternating and azeotropic nature.2. Anionic polymerization.Solution polymerization in nitromethane was 2 nd order in concentration of DMF and 1st order in concentration of the monomer. The activation energies of the polymerization were calculated to be as follows : for methyl ester, 9.9; ethyl ester, 8.6; isopropyl ester, 7.4; n-butyl ester, 7.6; isobutyl ester, 7.9; and 2-ethylhexyl ester, 8.0 kcal/mol.The interrelationships among Rp, monomer concentration, and initiator concentration at 50°C were shown as follows : Rp =2.94 × 10-5 (DMF) 2. (CNE) where(DMF) : the initial concentration of DMF (mol/l) (CNE) : the initial concentration of ethyl α-cyanoacrylate (mol/l)

Oriented thermoplastic films coating with a composition of a heat-sealable polymer and a metal or ammonium salt

Abstract: Compositions for coating synthetic, organic thermoplastic films to provide heat-sealable layers having good antistatic properties comprise aqueous dispersions of a heat-sealable polymer containing 0 to 0.5% of an ionic surface-active agent and 0.05 to 5% of a salt selected from an ammonium halide, a salt of a mineral acid and a metal classified in Groups I and II and as Transition Elements in the Periodic Table and a nitrate or sulphate of a metal classified in Group IIIa of the Periodic Table which is stable at above 50 DEG C. and at least 25% soluble in water. The heat-sealable polymer may be copolymers of vinylidene chloride with another monoethylenically unsaturated compound copolymerizable therewith such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, methacrylamide, methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, methyl vinyl ketone and acrylonitrile, e.g. tercopolymers of vinylidene chloride with the above monomers with additionally, say, 0.5 to 5% of the copolymer of an ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic or polycarboxylic acid such as acrylic and methacrylic maleic fumaric, itaconic, aconitic, citraconic and mesaconic acid or a partial ester of a monoethylenically unsaturated polycarboxylic acid; polyvinyl acetate, partially hydrolysed polyvinyl acetate; copolymers of butadiene with acrylonitrile, styrene, methyl methacrylate, and butadiene/methyl methacrylate/styrene copolymers; methyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid copolymers; copolyesters of terephthalic acid and another dicarboxylic acid such as sebacic acid with a glycol; copolymers of vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride, or with methyl or ethyl acrylate; copolymers of vinyl acetate with ethylene or vinyl propionate; and copolymers of vinyl chloride with ethylene or vinyl acetate. A list of suitable salts is given. A non-ionic surface-active agent may be present in the dispersion, e.g. condensation products of ethylene oxide with fatty acids, or with fatty acid amides, ethylene oxide propylene oxide copolymers, polyoxyethylated nonyl phenol, polyoxyethylated octyl cresol, polyoxyethylated alkyl alcohols such as the oleyl and cetyl alcohols and hydrolysed polyvinyl acetate. The coating dispersion may also contain: an inorganic salt of a water-soluble cellulose ether such as methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose; slip agent, e.g. starch, talc, zinc oxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, diatomaceous earths, silica, kaolin, titanium dioxide, triferric tetroxide, inorganic oxides, carbonates, silicates, aluminates, aluminosilicates, finely dispersed polymers such as polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride; anti-blocking agents such as natural waxes, paraffin wax, microcrystalline waxes, beeswax, carnauba wax, montan wax and synthetic waxes such as hydrogenated castor oil, chlorinated hydrocarbon waxes, long-chain fatty acid amides; antioxidants; dyes; pigments; lubricants; and U.V. light stabilizers.ALSO:Synthetic, organic thermoplastic films or coated with heat-sealable layers having good antistatic properties by coating the surface with an aqueous dispersion of a heat sealable polymer, said dispersion containing 0 to 0.5% of an ionic surface active agent and 0.05 to 5% of a salt selected from an ammonium halide, a salt of a mineral acid and a metal classified in Groups I and II and as Transition elements in the Periodic Table and a nitrate or sulphate of a metal classified in Group III A of the Periodic Table which is stable at above 50 DEG C. and at least 25% soluble in water and thereafter drying the coated film to deposit a continuous layer. The films may be unoriented or oriented in one or both directions in the plane of the film and there may be a higher degree of orientation in a preferred direction. The oriented films may be heat set before or after the coating. The films may be of polyolefins such as polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate and similar polyesters. The surface of the film may be activated prior to coating by carona discharge treatment, or treatment with ozone or chemical oxidizing agents. The heat sealable polymer may be copolymers of vinylidene chloride with another monoethyl enically unsaturated compound copolymerisable therewith such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, methacrylamide, methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, methyl vinyl ketone and acrylonitrile, e.g. tercopolymers of vinylidene chloride with the above monomers with additionally say 0.5 to 5% of the copolymer of an ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic or polycarboxylic acid such as acrylic and methacrylic maleic fumaric, itaconic, aconitic, citraconic and mesaconic acid or a partial ester of a monoethylenically unsaturated polycarboxylic acid; polyvinyl acetate, partially hydrolysed polvinyl acetate; copolymers of butadiene with acrylonitrile, styrene, methyl methacrylate, and butadiene/methyl methacrylate/styrene copolymers; methyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid copolymers; copolyesters of terephthalic acid and another dicarboxylic acid such as sebacic acid with a glycol; copolymers of vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride, or with methyl or ethyl acrylate; copolymers of vinyl acetate with ethylene or vinyl propionate; and copolymers of vinyl chloride with ethylene or vinyl acetate. A list of suitable salts is given. A non-ionic surface active agent may be present in the dispersion e.g. condensation products of ethylene oxide with fatty acids, or with fatty acid amides, ethylene oxide propylene oxide copolymers, polyoxyethylated nonyl phenol, polyoxyethylated octyl cresol, polyoxyethylated alkyl alcohols such as the oleyl and eetyl alcohols and hydrolysed polyvinyl acetate. The coating dispersion may also contain: an inorganic salt of a water soluble cellulose ether such as methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose; slip agent e.g. starch, talc, zinc oxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, diatomaceous earths, silica, kaolin, titanium dioxide, triferric tetroxide, inorganic oxides, carbonates, silicates, aluminates, aluminosilicates, finely dispersed polymers such as polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride; anti-blocking agents such as natural waxes, paraffin wax, micocrystalline waxes, beeswax, carnauba wax, montan wax and synthetic waxes such as hydrogerated castor oil, chlorinated hydrocarbon waxes, long chain fatty acid amides; antioxidants; dyes; pigments; lubricants; and u.v. light stabilizers. The coating may be applied by roller-coating, spraying, doctor-knife coating, air-knife coating.

Vinylidene Chloride Copolymers

Abstract: 1,171,245 Vinylidene chloride copolymer composition IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES Ltd 10 May, 1968 [18 May, 1967], No 23216/67 Heading C3P A vinylidene chloride copolymer composition is prepared by polymerizing a monomeric mixture consisting of (i) vinylidene chloride and from 7 to 12% by weight of a comonomer selected from alkyl acrylates in which the alkyl group contains up to 4 carbon atoms and acrylonitrile, based on the weight of the monomeric mixture, or (ii) vinylidene chloride and 15 to 25% by weight of vinyl chloride based on the weight of the monomeric mixture, in an aqueous medium using a monomer-soluble, free radical yielding catalyst and thereafter separating the copolymer thereby formed from the aqueous medium, up to 5% by weight, based on the weight of the vinylidene chloride copolymer, of polytetrafluoroethylene in the form of an aqueous dispersion being added to the aqueous medium before the copolymer is separated therefrom Preferably the polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion is added after the pressure in the polymerization vessel has started to fall In the example vinylidene chloride is polymerized with methyl acrylate in the presence of distilled water, partially hydrolysed polyvinyl acetate and lauroyl peroxide Shaped articles, eg bottles, may be made by melt extrusion