Showing papers on "Methyl acrylate published in 1970"

Fluorinated oil- and water-repellent and dry soil resistant polymers

Abstract: FLUORINATED OIL-AND WATER-REPELLENT AND DRY SOIL RESISTANT AQUEOUS EMULSION POLYMERS CONTAINING UNITS DERIVED FROM ONOMERS HAVING THE STRUCTURE R1CH2CH2O2CC(CH3)=CH2 WHEREIN RF IS A PERFLUORALKYL GROUP OF ABUT 4 THROUGH 14 CARBON ATOMS, AND METHYL ACRYLATE OR ETHYL ACRYLATE, AND OPTIONALLY CONTAINING SAMLL AMOUNTS OF UNITS DERIVED FROM ONOMERS SELECTED FROM CH2=CRCONHCH2OH, CH=CRCO2CH2-CH2OH AND MIXTURES THEREOF WHEREIN R IS H OR CH3.

Continuous emulsion polymerisation of styrene and methyl acrylate

Abstract: An investigation of continuous emulsion polymerisation kinetics was carried out using a series of three continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR), and styrene and methyl acrylate as types of monomer with different solubilities in water. Steady-state conversion fluctuations reported in the literature could be suppressed by holding the feed rates constant. The results obtained are only partly in agreement with the theory proposed by Gershberg & Longfield, who combined the basic assumptions of the Smith-Ewart theory with steady-state CSTR kinetics. An explanation for the deviations from this theory is therefore suggested which takes into account the tendency of relatively water-soluble monomers to form particles from the homogeneous solution and to undergo so-called interparticle termination as a result of migration of radicals between the latex particles.

Explosive composition containing a hydroxyalkyl acrylate copolymer binder

Abstract: A readily castable explosive composition comprising (1) an explosive such RDX, HMX or perchlorate salts, (2) a readily curable elastomeric polymer such as a copolymer of 2,2-dinitropropyl acrylate, methyl acrylate and at least one member of the group 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, (3) a diluent or plasticizer such as bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)formal and/or bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal and (4) a cross-linking agent such as 2,4-toluene diisocyanate and polymethylene polyphenylisocyanate and optionally containing one or more of the following: fuels, stabilizers, antioxidants, polymerization catalysts and explosive desensitizers.

Fluorinated oil- and water-repellent and dry soil resistant polymers

Abstract: FLUORINATED OIL- AND WATER-REPELLANT AND DRY SOIL RESISTANT POLYMERS CONTAINING UNITS DERIVED FROM MONOMERS HAVING THE STRUCTURE R1CH2CH2O2CCH=CH2 WHEREIN R1 IS A PERFLUOROALKYL GROUP OF ABOUT 4 THROUGH 14 CARBON ATOMS, AND METHYL ACRYLATE OR ETHYL ACRYLATE, AND OPTIONALLY CONTAINING SMALL AMOUNTS OF UNITS DERIVED FROM MONOMERS SELECTED FRM CH2=CRCONHCH2OH, CH=CRCO2CH2CH2OH AND MIXTURES THEREOF WHEREIN R IS H OR CH3.

Polymerization of vinylcyclopropanes. V. Radical copolymerization of 1, 1‐dichloro‐2‐vinylcyclopropane with monosubstituted ethylenes

Abstract: A peculiar copolymer composition equation applicable to the radical copolymerization of 1,1-dichloro-2-vinylcyclopropane with monosubstituted ethylenes was developed. The theory was applied to such ethylenes as methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and styrene. The reactivity ratio parameters which give the best fit to the experimental data were determined.

Thermodynamic properties of polymers in bidimensional layers

Abstract: Monolayers of two samples of polypropylene containing grafted methyl acrylate branches have been studied at different temperatures. Spreading enthalpies and entropies were deduced by plotting values of surface pressure versus temperature at different values of the area. From the values of such thermodynamic properties we conclude that the macromolecules lie rigidly at the surface with considerable cohesive energy between the monomeric segments.

Conformations of some αβ-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Part II. Infrared and Raman spectra of methyl and ethyl acrylates and trans-crotonates

Abstract: I.r. spectra of methyl and ethyl acrylates and trans-crotonates in solution and vapour states and Raman spectra in the liquid state are reported and vibrational assignments are suggested. Intensity measurements, at temperatures between –110° and 200°, of i.r. bands are interpreted in terms of conformational equilibria between high- and low-energy forms. The additional enthalpy (ΔH) of the high-energy forms are, for methyl acrylate 315 ± 45 cal. mole–1 in solution in CS2 and 400 ± 100 cal. mole–1 in the vapour, and for methyl trans-crotonate 520 ± 25 cal. mole–1 in the vapour state. Assignments of bands which show temperature-dependence in the regions 900–1000 cm.–1 and 1150–1350 cm.–1 are discussed, and the reasons for the lack of observed temperature variation of bands in the 1600–1800 cm.–1 region are explained in terms of comparisons with related compounds. It is concluded that the low-energy form is probably the s-trans conformation and the high-energy form is possibly the s-cis-conformation or a non-planar conformation.

Determination of reactivity ratios for the copolymerisation of vinyl acetate with methyl acrylate by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Abstract: Reactivity ratios for the copolymerisation of vinyl acetate with methyl acrylate have been determined in bulk at 60°C for conversions smaller than 1% using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The values (rma = 6.3 ± 0.4; rva = 0.031 ± 0.006) thus obtained were compared with the values obtained by other workers using different analytical techniques. The present method appears to be extremely simple and accurate. Die Copolymerisationsparameter des Systems Vinylacetat/Methylacrylat wurden fur die Polymerisation in Masse bei 60°C und Umsatzen unter 1% durch Protonenresonanzspektroskopie zu rma = 6,3 ± 0,4 und rva = 0,031 ± 0,006 bestimmt und mit den Werten anderer Autoren verglichen. Die Methode ist einfach und sehr genau.

Synthesis and Some Properties of Some Sulfonium Polyelectrolytes: Polymers and Copolymers Derived from Methylthioethyl Acrylate

Abstract: Methylthioethyl acrylate, prepared by ester exchange from methylthioethanol and methyl acrylate, behaves in copolymerization like a typical acrylate ester such as butyl acrylate. This monomer can be alkylated to yield corresponding sulfonium monomers. With dimethyl sulfate, (2-acryloxyethyl) dimenthylsulfonium methyl sulfate is obtained. This latter monomer has a predictable lower relative copolymerization rate with alkyl acrylates than methylthioethyl acrylate. Water-soluble sulfonium polymers are polymeric cations and can act effectively as flocculants.

Graft Polymerization of Vinyl and Acrylic Monomers in Phosphorylated Cotton Fabric

Abstract: The ion-binding capacity of cotton was readily increased by heating fabric with alkali phosphates to effect phosphoryla tion. Subsequent contact with solutions of redox polymerization initiators then bound the cationic component of the ini tiator to the cellulose. Graft polymerization of olefinic monomers in this phosphorylated, ion-exchanged fabric occurred with high speed and efficiency.The polymers formed were for the most part durable to solvents, acid, and alkali. At high weight gains, increased flex- abrasion resistance was imparted by polymerization of methyl acrylate in phosphorylated cotton.Polymerization of bifunctional monomers such as glycidyl acrylate or N-methylolacrylamide within the fibers was similarly accomplished. Delayed curing with acid catalysts then produced cross links between polymer and cellulose. Wrinkle recovery angles of 265°-285° (W+F) were observed at weight gains of 4-11%. Mixtures of monofunctional andbifunctional monomers could be used in varying ratios, permitting the pr...

High energy, low burning rate solid propellant compositions based on acrylic prepolymer binders

Abstract: High energy, low burning rate solid propellant compositions are disclosed. The disclosed compositions employ acrylic prepolymers selected from methyl acrylate/acrylic acid copolymer, ethyl acrylate/acrylic acid copolymer, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate/acrylic acid copolymer, butyl acrylat/acrylic acid copolymer, petrin acrylate/acrylic acid copolymer, or 2,2-dinitropropyl acrylate/acrylic acid copolymer in combination with plasticizers selected from the group of plasticizers consisting of triethyleneglycol dinitrate (TEGDN), trimethylolethane trinitrate (TMETN), butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN), glycerine trinitrate (NG), 1,2,3-tris 1,2-bis(difluoroamino)ethoxy propane (TVOPA), and blends of the same, curing catalyst, a mixed oxidizer comprised of ammonium perchlorate and cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX), and aluminum as fuel.

1:1 alternating copolymers of carbonyl or thiocarbonyl-containing non-conjugated compounds and conjugated compounds and method of preparation

Abstract: A novel alternating copolymer is prepared by copolymerizing a compound having a polar group, such as a carbonyl or thiocarbonyl group, at a non-conjugated position and a conjugated vinyl compound in the presence of an organoaluminum halide. Alternating copolymers thus-produced are superior in thermal stability to conventional random copolymers and is resistant to coloration. Alternating copolymers obtained by copolymerizing vinyl acetate and methyl acrylate or acrylonitrile are preferred examples of these products.

Substituent effects in free radical copolymerization of substituted styrenes with acrylates and methacrylates

Abstract: Relative reactivity ratios have been determined for o-chlorostyrene with five lower acrylates and methacrylates, respectively, and for methyl acrylate with a number of substituted styrenes in free-radical copolymerization. Analysis of the data shows that: (a) acrylates are less reactive than methacrylates with o-chlorostyrene; (b) length of the side chain has little or no effect in methacrylates, but its effect is pronounced in acrylates with respect to their reactivity ratios; (c) chlorine substitution in the side chain of either acrylates or methacrylates has a significant influence on the reactivity ratio; (d) relative reactivity ratio data for methyl acrylate with substituted styrenes fail to show the expected relationship between monomer structure and resonance theory, inductive effect and, consequently, the Hammett σ values.

Direct rotating-sector studies of the systems: Styrene–methyl methacrylate and styrene–methyl acrylate

Abstract: The rotating-sector technique was applied directly in a study of two copolymerization systems: styrene–methyl methacrylate and styrene–methyl acrylate. The two coupled rate expressions which describe the change in radical concentrations for two-component polymerizations degenerate into a single expression identical in form to the radical expression for a homopolymerization when the ratio of the radical concentrations under intermittent illumination is assumed constant and equal to the ratio under steady illumination. Numerical solutions of the complete rate expression by use of constants from the literature confirm that this assumption is valid for a rotating-sector experiment. The overall lifetimes of these two-component systems were defined and measured experimentally as a function of monomer composition and then compared with lifetimes calculated by using literature rate constants. The agreement was satisfactory. The direct application of the technique to the two-component system provides an independent experiment which for some systems seems to be more sensitive to the value of the cross-termination constant than the usual steady-state method.

The thermal degradation of poly(methyl acrylate). IV. Gel formation

Abstract: It is shown that the conditions of polymerisation affect the amount of insoluble gel formed during the thermal degradation of poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) in vacuum. The gel content of the degraded polymeric residue plotted as a function of temperature of polymerisation passes through a minimum in the region of 50°C. Since the reciprocal of the second virial coefficient of the undegraded samples also goes through a minimum at the same temperature of polymerisation it is proposed that gel formation is affected by the degree of branching in the initial sample. The degree of conversion during polymerisation, and possibly the initial molecular weight, also influence the amount of gel formed on degradation of a PMA sample. Retardation of chain scission by 1.4-diamino anthraquinone is more pronounced when degradations are conducted at sub-volatilisation temperatures.

Radiation sensitive film element

Abstract: 1,231,025. Coated films. EASTMAN KO DAK CO. 29 Nov., 1968 [30 Nov., 1967], No. 56799/68. Heading B2E. [Also in Divisions C3 and G2] A film base or glass support has a coating on one or both sides of a sub-layer comprising a layer of a copolymer of from 0.01 to 2% by weight of an unsaturated carboxylic acid having not more than 10 carbon atoms, from 15 to 30% by weight of vinylidene chloride, from 25 to 70% by weight of 2- chloroethyl acrylate, 2-chloroethyl methacrylate or a haloalkyl ester of another unsaturated carboxylic acid and from 10 to 60% by weight of acrylonitrile or an alkyl acrylate or methacrylate having not more than 10 carbon atoms. The carboxylic acid may be acrylic acid, itaconic acid, alphamethyleneglutaric acid, a monoalkyl ester of itaconic acid or monoalkyl ester of alpha-methyleneglutaric acid. The alkyl acrylate may be methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate and the methylacrylate may be methyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate or methoxymethacrylate. The film base may be of polyethylene terephthalate, cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose tributyrate or cellulose tripropionate. A layer comprising gelatin containing an acid or of other copolymers may lie directly on the layer of the said copolymer. A radiation sensitive layer, such as a gelatinosilver halide emulsion layer, may be applied over the sub-layer. A thermosensitive layer which is a crystalline polymer which visibly changes from a crystalline to an amorphous structure at a specific temperature may also be applied over the sub-layer. An antihalition layer may also be applied over the sub-layer. The sub-layers may be applied as an aqueous emulsion or as a solution in an organic solvent by brushing, spraying or spreading.

The formation in wool of copolymers of butadiene with acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate by iron salt-hydrogen peroxide initiation

Abstract: The formation in wool of graft copolymers of butadiene with acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate has been studied, using the ferrous ion–hydrogen peroxide system as initiator and a heterogeneous liquid phase consisting of a dilute hydrogen peroxide solution and a monomer mixture. The effects of time and temperature, and the pH and concentrations of the ferrous ion and peroxide solutions, on the polymer add-on are discussed. The dependence of the composition of the graft copolymer on that of the monomer mixture has been determined. Certain features of the kinetics of the reaction are discussed.

Polycondensation of ω-aminoalkylamino acid esters

Abstract: ω-Aminoalkylamino acid esters of the following formula were synthesized from diamines and methyl acrylate. Polycondensation at room temperature gave a highly crystalline oligo(amide amine), whereas an amorphous polymer was obtained by heating the monomer at elevated temperatures. The higher molecular weight polymer was obtained by thermal polycondensation of the crystalline oligomer. It was concluded that β-fission of the chain partially occured by reversible MICHAEL reaction in the thermal polymerization. Kinetics of the polycondensation were also studied. ω-Aminoalkylaminosaureester der folgenden Formel wurden durch Addition von Diaminen an Acrylsauremethylester hergestellt. Die Polykondensation bei Raumtemperatur liefert hochkristallisierte Oligo(amid-amine), wahrend amorphe Poly(amid-amine) durch die Schmelzpolykondensation entstanden. Hohermolekulare Poly(amid-amine) erhielt man aus den kristallenen Oligomeren durch Schmelzkondensation. Es wird angenommen, das zum Teil β-Eliminierung durch Retro-MICHAEL-Reaktion in den Polymerketten stattfindet. Es wurde auch die Kinetik der Polykondensation untersucht.

Process for the Manufacture of Polyacrylonitrile Fibre of Increased Hydrophilic Property

Abstract: 1,198,753 Production of polyacrylonitrile fibres INSTYTUT WLOKIEN SZTUCKZNYCH I SYNTETYCZNYCH 4 April, 1968, No 16223/68 Heading C3P Fibres of acrylonitrile polymers having increased hydrophilic properties are obtained by subjecting a solution of an acrylonitrile polymer in a concentrated aqueous inorganic salt solution to hydrolysis with an inorganic base, and spinning the resultant solution The acrylonitrile polymer may be a homopolymer or a copolymer with up to 20% by weight of other monomer component(s) such as methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, vinyl pyridine, itaconic acid or sodium allylsulphonate The salt used in the concentrated aqueous solution may be sodium, thiocyanate, zinc chloride or calcium chloride, and the inorganic base may be a hydroxide of Na, K, Ca or Ba The polymer can, if desired, be cross linked by including in the solution divalent metal ions, eg Ca or Ba ions, during or after hydrolysis In examples, an acrylonitrilemethyl acrylate-itaconic acid copolymer is used

Polymerization of complexed monomers. I. Alternating copolymers from cyclopentene and complexed polar monomers

Abstract: Alternating equimolar copolymers of cyclopentene with acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate were prepared in the presence of ethylaluminum sesquichloride. Varying conditions of monomer ratio, temperature, light, and reaction time were studied. The structures of the polymers and mechanistic implications are discussed.

Thickened aqueous liquids

Abstract: 1,205,748. Aqueous liquids containing an amide copolymer. M. R. CLARKE, E. J. FREWEN, and I. H. McEWAN. 5 Dec., 1967 [21 Nov., 1966], No. 52026/66. Headings C3G and C3P. A thickened aqueous liquid with a shear thinning ratio of not greater than 4 contains a soluble thickener comprising a non-ionic copolymer of from 80-95% by weight of an alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated watersoluble carboxylic acid amide copolymerized by dispersion polymerization with from 5-20% of an alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated comonomer. The non-ionic copolymer is prepared by polymerization in an inert organic liquid containing a stabilizer for the disperse polymer particles comprising an anchoring compound which becomes associated with the particles and a pendent chain-like component which is solvated by the organic liquid and provides a stabilizing sheath round the said particles. The copolymer recovered from the dispersion is dissolved in the aqueous liquid, i.e. water or water together with up to 50% of a water-soluble organic liquid. Said aqueous liquid may be the continuous phase of an aqueous latex. In the examples copolymers of acrylamide with (1) 2 - ethoxyethyl methacrylate, (4) 2 - hydroxypropyl methacrylate, (5) acrylic acid, (6) di - n - butyl maleate, (7) diethyl itaconate, or (8) acrylic acid and styrene are prepared in dispersion in ethanol in the presence of a preformed 2 - hydroxyethyl methacrylate/methyl methacrylate/polyethylene glycol acrylate stabilizer. An acrylamide/styrene copolymer is prepared in Example 2 in dispersion concurrently with the in situ preparation of an acrylamide/styrene/polyethylene glycolacrylate stabilizer. Similarly, in Example 3 in acrylamide/ methyl acrylate copolymer is prepared concurrently with an acrylamide/methyl acrylate/ polyethylene glycol acrylate stabilizer. The copolymers produced are dissolved in water or water/propylene glycol mixtures. In Example 9, a latex paint is prepared comprising a methyl methacrylate/2-ethylhexyl acrylate copolymer latex, the copolymer thickener produced in Example 1 and a mill base containing TiO 2 , propylene glycol and a poly(ethylene oxide)/ coconut fatty acids tertiary amine salt of hexametaphosphoric acid.

Light sensitive compositions

Abstract: 1,205,566 Photographic materials KODAK Ltd Sept29, 1967 [Sept29, 1966], No43580/66 Heading G2C A photographic material contains an azide which does not have acid groups, a polymer with amide groups and an acid which is an aromatic or unsaturated aliphatic or alicyclic carboxylic or sulphonic acid eg phthalic acid, 5 -norbonene 2, 3-dicarboxylic acid and hexachloro-5 [2: 2: 1]- bicycloheptene 2-3-di carboxylic acid In the examples, a solution of methoxymethyl nylon, an azide, an acid such as ethyl-N-acryloyl glycine or cis-4-cyclohexane-1, 2-dicarboxylic acid and optionally a thiapyrylium sensitizer is coated on a support and imagewise exposed If the material is developed with alkali, the exposed areas are removed to produce a positive plate whereas development with an organic solvent for the nylon produces a negative plate A copolymer of methyl acrylate and N-acrylryl-N'-butyl-glycinamide may be used instead of methoxymethyl nylon If a positive image is produced, the remaining photo-sensitive areas may be imagewise exposed and developed with ethanol to produce a second negative image

Stabilized olefin polymers

Abstract: 1,260,705. Stabilizing polyolefins. STAUFFER CHEMICAL CO. 28 April, 1969 [10 May, 1968], No. 21493/69. Heading C3P. [Also in Division C2] High molecular weight C 2-6 olefin polymers are heat stabilized with compounds of formula (RCO.S) n X where R is a C 3-21 "hydrocarbyl" group, n is 1 or 2 and X is hydrogen, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, zinc, cadmium or ammonium, or a "hydrocarbyl" acyl moiety containing 1 to 17 carbon atoms, wherein the hydrocarbyl groups may be substituted with occasional groups, e.g. hydroxyl, nitro and amino, which do not affect the substantially hydrocarbon character. Specified polymers are of ethylene and/or propylene, optionally together with vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, acrylic acid, styrene, acrylonitrile, acrolein, α-methylstyrene, chlorostyrene, butene-1 or non-conjugated diene. In an example polyethylene, polypropylene, and copolymers of ethylene with propylene, acrylic acid and vinyl acetate are stabilized with thiollauric, thiololeic and thiolbenzoic anhydrides and with thiollauric, thiololeic and thiolstearic acids. Many other thiol acids, anhydrides and salts are specified.