Showing papers on "Metropolitan area published in 1983"
01 Oct 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined management techniques used by 58 female owners of small businesses in three eastern metropolitan areas and found that financially successful women owners delegated their success to other women owners.
Abstract: This research project examines management techniques used by 58 female owners of small businesses in three eastern metropolitan areas. Data indicate that financially successful women owners delegat...
151 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of metropolitan housing price determination is presented and used to identify the sources of intermetropolitan price variation, and the model is used to determine the most important sources of variation in rental and house prices.
137 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, home range is found to be smaller in the city, in lower social classes, and in the suburbs only for girls and younger teenagers, and some findings indicate that home range may be related to use and knowledge of the environment.
Abstract: In this study of a sample of 148 teenagers from metropolitan Toronto, home range is found to be smaller in the city, in lower social classes, and-in the suburbs only-for girls and younger teenagers. Home range is the spatial manifestation of exploring the "fourth environment," which is globally defined as the environment outside the home, playground, and specifically child-oriented institutions. The significance of this fourth environment in the process of growing up is discussed, and some findings are presented that indicate that home range may be related to use and knowledge of the environment. It is suggested that the local neighbor-hood continues to be an important developmental context for young people, and common interests of other population groups are recognized as enhancing the potential for planning that is responsive to children's needs.
127 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors break with tradition and propose that satisfaction can be expressed as a unit of analysis, instead of individual satisfaction, which has traditionally been regarded as the appropriate unit.
Abstract: Students of neighborhood satisfaction have traditionally regarded the individual as the appropriate unit of analysis. In this present paper we break with tradition proposing that satisfaction can a...
118 citations
TL;DR: During the 1970s, the distance of members of the studied population from medical and surgical specialists was substantially reduced and the greatest improvement occurred for the specialties that had the largest percentage increase in their numbers.
Abstract: We used detailed information from 16 states to determine the distance that residents of outlying areas (or of towns of less than 25,000, outside metropolitan areas) must travel to receive ...
110 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of towns and small cities for developing hinterlands transforming subsistence into commercial agriculture and integrating urban and rural economies is discussed, and investment in farm-to-market roads and small scale agroprocessing establishments and health and social services will help establish rural industrialization an important element for the development of small cities.
Abstract: The strategy if Industrial growth poles initiated during the 1960s now seems to be neither appropriate nor sufficient to generate widespread development in developing countries. This paper discusses the importance of towns and small cities for developing hinterlands transforming subsistence into commercial agriculture and integrating urban and rural economies. Although cities have a strong influence on the development of their regions their areas of influence are clearly limited. Towns and small cities provide essential links of distribution and exchange between agricultural areas and urban centers. The growth of massive metropolitan areas in 3rd World countries has created serious economic and social problems. The effects of cities on villages and rural populations decline with increased distance thereby creating an uneven distribution of growth economy and improved access for the rural population to town-based services and facilities such as medical services banks and agricultural exchange. The absence of these essential services and facilities in small cities helps to create underdeveloped low-order settlements in rural regions. The linkage between towns and rural areas are therefore the primary channels through which rural populations derive their income. In addition investment in farm-to-market roads waterways small scale agroprocessing establishments and health and social services will help establish rural industrialization an important element for the development of towns and small cities.
87 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two forms of social organization exist at the local level in metropolitan Seattle: the "urban village" which rests on a foundation of close primary relations, and the urban village, which is based on a similar idea.
Abstract: Consistent with previous theorizing, two forms of social organization exist at the local level in metropolitan Seattle: the "urban village," which rests on a foundation of close primary relationshi...
72 citations
TL;DR: For several decades scholars have accepted a social stratification-government inequality thesis that municipal fragmentation in metropolitan areas is an institutional arrangement for enhancing inequality in the distribution of scarce resources.
Abstract: For several decades scholars have accepted a social stratification-government inequality thesis that municipal fragmentation in metropolitan areas is an institutional arrangement for enhancing inequality in the distribution of scarce resources. Policy recommendations to eliminate suburbs through consolidation are based on this thesis. Key propositions underlying this presumption are presented, and the lack of evidence in support of many of these propositions is examined. Scholars are urged to view public policies aimed at eliminating large numbers of municipalities in metropolitan areas with considerable skepticism.
65 citations
Journal Article•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the interdisciplinary aspects of real-world metropolitan transportation with an orientation toward problem solving, focusing on public transportation characteristics (e.g., speed, capacity), user costs, air and noise pollution, post-project evaluation, decision making and community involvement, transportation systems management, planning at strategy, policy, program, and project levels, and finance, budgeting, and related legislative and organizational concerns.
Abstract: This textbook provides coverage of the urban transportation planning field. Emphasis is placed on the interdisciplinary aspects of real-world metropolitan transportation with an orientation toward problem solving. Attention is given to public transportation characteristics (e.g., speed, capacity), user costs, air and noise pollution, post-project evaluation, decision making and community involvement, transportation systems management, planning at strategy, policy, program, and project levels, and finance, budgeting, and related legislative and organizational concerns.
TL;DR: This paper assessed the economic impact of tourism on the economy of metropolitan Victoria by estimating the multiplier effect of tourist spending on the generation of income, sales, employment, government revenue, and imports.
Abstract: This study assessed the economic impact of tourism on the economy of metropolitan Victoria by estimating the multiplier effect of tourist spending on the generation of income, sales, employment, government revenue, and imports. Specifically, differential tourist multipliers for nonresident and resident overnight visitors, as well as day-trippers, were calculated in order to examine the relative contributions of each group to the local economy. The study also estimated the accommodation and non-accommodation components of direct household income and direct employment and examined the effect of incremental changes in leakages and import content on the multipliers and on household income.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the apparent locational conservatism of office activities in the existing core and argue that in terms of overall systems efficiency the rationale for the decentralization strategy for Toronto was incomplete and that existing data on the frequencies of face-to-face contact indicated that a substantial increase in the difference between core and suburban rents was necessary to induce a significant removal of office activity from the central area.
Abstract: Within the context of recent attempts by Toronto to restrict office development in its downtown, the author examines, from several perspectives, the apparent locational conservatism of office activities in the existing core. He begins by arguing that in terms of overall systems efficiency the rationale for the decentralization strategy for Toronto was incomplete and that existing data on the frequencies of face-to-face contact indicated that a substantial increase in the difference between core and suburban rents was necessary to induce a significant removal of office activities from the central area. The subsequent increase in this difference beyond the theoretical level where out-migration should occur suggests the importance of other variables besides those traditionally measured by information linkage studies. Neglected among these factors is the quality of information, reflecting the ability to ‘shop’ among alternative information sources, which in a fundamental sense depends on accessibility. It is ...
TL;DR: This article analyzed patterns of black/white housing segregation through the 1980 census data for the St. Louis metropolitan area and used the index of dissimilarity as an indicator of segregati...
Abstract: Metropolitan patterns of black/white housing segregation are analyzed through the 1980 census data for the St. Louis Metropolitan area. Using the index of dissimilarity as an indicator of segregati...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined variations among cities in the income-redistributive impact of transit subsidies in 1980 and made recommendations for increasing the progressivity of transit finance.
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the middle volume of a three-part work devoted to the evolution of New York's architecture and urbanism in the Metropolitan Era, the three-quarters of a century from the Civil War's conclusion through the depression of the 1930s.
Abstract: This book is the middle volume of a three-part work devoted to the evolution of New York's architecture and urbanism in the Metropolitan Era, the three-quarters of a century from the Civil War's conclusion through the depression of the 1930s.
TL;DR: This paper examines the system design considerations of metropolitan area networks utilizing cable television networks for the delivery of a variety of services to residential customers.
Abstract: This paper examines the system design considerations of metropolitan area networks utilizing cable television networks for the delivery of a variety of services to residential customers. Specifically, this paper focuses on the technology, marketplace, and regulatory aspects of this new and expanding market.
TL;DR: The authors examined population deconcentration at one locational scale (the urban fringe) using data from a sample of households taken from the Annual Housing Survey and found that residential location behavior at the urban fringe can be characterized as economically rational and diverse in its composition.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify the characteristes and demographic-economic-social trends at spaces which conform to the characteristics of the great Concepcion connurbated area throught the study of the genesis and evolution of the urban units and integrant fluxes and relationships.
Abstract: This article attemps to identify the characteristes and demographic-economic-social trends at spaces which conform. The Great Concepcion connurbated area (it is the thirst Chilean Metropolitan area) throught the study of the genesis and evolution of the urban units (first part) and integrant fluxes and relationships (second part). In the formative and transformative process, the author distinguishes three urbanization stages, which, with their regional particularities, respond to stimulus encouraged for national development stages.1550-1830: lnitial stage, on which territorial hispanic domination purposes are setting to aregional level up through an early urban genesis, following for two longer centuries of slow economic and urban development, mainly because location at the war frontier.1830-1930: On colonial earlier cities is overimposed an urban-economic new stage meaning growing and readecuation of the system. ln this expansive context and following economic diversifications promoted by an open international exchange policy, new cities emerged with specific locational demands (wheat ports and coal settlements): the initial advantages of early settlements as Concepcion and Talcahuano are developed and renewed, readecuating their size and functions to the communication changes. At the wheat exportation decline (1910-1930), comercial ports on Concepcion shoreline equally decline.1930-1970: Since 1930 and because the import substitution policy, early cities began an industrialization stage, developing an industrial connurbation located around Concepcion (the directional focus). Since 1950 and because the concentration of the more basic and dynamic industries around Talcahuano and simultaneouslly, the decline of traditional economic basis (textile and coal), produced the weakness of peripheric satelite cities (Tome, Lota and Coronel) pushing a concentration process of the regional growth and its economic and social areal differentiation: the industrial connurbation is now attempting its transformation in urban aglomeration.
TL;DR: In this paper, a broad economic and spatial restructuring of metropolitan economies provide the context for formulating economic development policy in the United States and the diversity of experience among the one hundred metropolitan areas studied and the weak economic performance of many central cities reinforce the need to carefully target economic development strategies to reflect local comparative advantage.
Abstract: The broad economic and spatial restructuring of metropolitan economies provide the context for formulating economic development policy in the United States. The diversity of experience among the one hundred metropolitan areas studied and the weak economic performance of many central cities reinforce the need to carefully target economic development strategies to reflect local comparative advantage. Combined with the relative vitality of lower density locations and the almost universal strength of service oriented industries, changing economic conditions also indicate a role for relocation and retraining programs to help displaced workers relocate to places with expanding job opportunities and to attain the skills required by growing economic sectors.
TL;DR: The authors focused on two important measures of dynamic change which affect economic development policy and with which planners are generally unfamiliar: uneven business cycles of expansion and contraction and shifts in the underlying structure of metropolitan economies.
Abstract: This article is focused on two important measures of dynamic change which affect economic development policy and with which planners are generally unfamiliar: uneven business cycles of expansion and contraction and shifts in the underlying structure of metropolitan economies. The importance of these measures is traced to a series of national and international influences which appear to have permanently altered local economies. Each measure is presented within the context of its literature and in operational terms for all metropolitan economies during the 1970s. Implications for the development paths of local economies are discussed and basic policy considerations are posed for economic development planners and officials.
TL;DR: The authors describes the failure of school personnel, particularly guidance counselors, to handle the cultural diversity among their pupils, noting that teachers have yet to master the problems of educating the socioeconomically deprived native AfroAmerican and Spanish-speaking children of the inner cities.
Abstract: Teachers of minority-group children in the urban schools of the northeastern metropolitan areas of the United States are faced with an increasing number of Englishand Frenchspeaking black Caribbean immigrant pupils in the classroom. The goal of these teachers to acquire an understanding of the life experiences of their students is, therefore, made more difficult to achieve as they have yet to master the problems of educating the socioeconomically deprived native AfroAmerican and Spanish-speaking children of the inner cities. Vontress (1979: 117) describes this failure of school personnel, particularly guidance counselors, to handle the cultural diversity among their pupils, noting that
01 Nov 1983
TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual background for understanding the dynamics of metropolitan regions and urban systems in general is presented. And a distinction between constrained and structural dynamics is introduced, with reference to this distinction, various forms of urban oscillations and changes in urban structures.
Abstract: This paper outlines a conceptual background for understanding the dynamics of metropolitan regions and urban systems in general. An essential part of the paper reviews existing theoretical explanations of urban change processes with special attention being paid to long term cycles and waves as well as discontinuities and qualitative changes in the evolution of metropolitan regions. The paper introduces a distinction between constrained and structural dynamics. With reference to this distinction, the authors describe and classify various forms of urban oscillations and changes in urban structures. Relations between technological development and infrastructural change are also discussed.
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: Doing Business is a series of annual reports investigating regulations that ease doing business and those that constrain it as discussed by the authors, which are published in two volumes: DoB 2005: Removing Obstacles to Growth and DoB 2006: Creating Jobs.
Abstract: A two-volume set containing Doing Business in 2005: Removing Obstacles to Growth and Doing Business in 2006: Creating Jobs . Doing Business is a series of annual reports investigating regulations that ease doing business and those that constrain it.
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The subject of non-linear urban ecology is emerging as a distinct area of study in the field of urban and regional science and geography as mentioned in this paper, which is grounded in empirical studies and the mathematical theory of ecology and population dynamics.
Abstract: The subject of non-linear urban ecology is emerging as a distinct area of study in the field of urban and regional science and geography. Extending the previous work of the Chicago School on Urban Ecology, the new line of research is grounded in empirical studies and the mathematical theory of ecology and population dynamics. Recent work on United States cities by Berry and Kasarda (1977) drew from ecological and economic theory and made use of metropolitan data, at both the intra- and the inter-urban levels. As early as 1971, Samuelson (1971) had proposed the integration of economics and ecology, a suggestion that seems as promising today as it looked then.
TL;DR: For instance, Brazil has experienced population growth rates of more than two percent a year, a rate which peaked at nearly three percent during the 1950s. The rate of growth has since declined to about 2.2 percent as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Introduction One-third of Latin Americans, and nearly half of all South Americans, live in Brazil, a country about equal in size to the continental United States. The population of Brazil was 120 million in 1980, more than double the 1950 total of 52 million. Starting in the late 19th century, Brazil experienced population growth rates of more than two percent a year, a rate which peaked at nearly three percent during the 1950s. The rate of growth has since declined to about 2.2 percent. Recent population projections indicate that by the year 2000, Brazil will have a population of about 185 million. Overall population density in Brazil is low-14 residents per square kilometer. However, this figure is deceptive, because of the high population density of the coastal regions and the very low density of the interior. The concentration ofthe population in coastal areas has decreased in recent decades because of internal migration both to rural areas and to cities on the agricultural frontier. Of Brazil's five major regions, the most populous is the Southeast, which contains 43 percent of the total population. Although it comprises only 11 percent of Brazil's land area, this region includes the major urbanindustrial centers, including Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Belo Horizonte. It dominates Brazil economically in all sectors, including agriculture. Per capita income in the Southeast is half again as large as the national average. The second most populous region is the Northeast, with 29 percent of the total population and 18 percent of the land area. This is Brazil's poorest region, with a per capita income less than half the national average. Periodic droughts in its sertao (a semiarid, high plain) region have contributed to its persistent rural poverty. A third region, the South, holds 16 percent of Brazil's population and is comparatively prosperous. It is endowed with good agricultural land, but has less industry than the Southeast. Droughts and frosts devastated large areas of the region during the 1970s, leading to substantial outmigration of rural families that had settled there during the 1950s and 1960s. The two remaining regions, which constitute Brazil's vast interior, have experienced substantial inmigration during the last two decades. In the Central-West, with 22 percent of the land area, the share of total population increased from three to six percent from 1950 to 1980. The new national capital, Brasilia, is located there. The North, or Amazon, region comprises the largest part of Brazil's land area (42 percent) and is the least populated (five percent of the total). Although ambitious, and unrealistic, plans to resettle large numbers of poor farmers from the Northeast have been scaled down, hundreds of thousands of rural migrants from the South, Southeast and Central-West regions flooded the territory (now the state) of Rondonia during the 1970s. Despite population growth rates of almost three percent a year, per capita income in Brazil grew at an average annual rate of around five percent, to reach a level of about $1,600 by the late 1970s. This put the country near the top of the so-called middle-income developing countries of the world. However, this national average masks large inequities in the distribution of income, among regions as well as among individuals and households. In 1972, the top 10 percent of households accounted for over 50 percent of household income, while the lowest 40 percent accounted for only seven percent. These differentials are echoed in other measures of welfare, such as infant mortality, housing conditions and access to public services. While rapid population growth did not cause these problems, it surely aggravated them and made the task of solving them more difficult. The postwar period also brought rapid urbanization as well as concentration of the urban population in large cities. The urban population increased from 36 percent of the total population in 1950 to 67 percent in 1980. The rural population declined in absolute terms between 1970 and 1980. The state of Sao Paulo (with 21 percent of Brazil's total population) is now 90 percent urban; the population of metropolitan Sao Paulo was 12.7 million in 1980, with more than half of the state's population. Despite widespread economic and political problems during the past two decades, Brazil's military government has invested in ambitious programs to increase access to public services and education, with steady and sometimes impressive progress. Enrollment of the primary school population increased from 54 percent in 1955 to 85 percent in 1974, and secondary enrollment ratios rose from four percent in 1960 to 17 percent in 1976. The government has sponsored a large-scale adult literacy program as well as other types of adult education. Coverage of the urban population by social insurance (which includes basic health services) increased from 43 percent in 1960 to 79 percent in 1975. A National Housing Bank was established to finance low-income housing and urban services. Access to piped water in urban areas increased from 16 percent in 1950 to 68 percent in 1976, with much of the increase coming after 1970 under a national water and sanitation program. The cost of these programs has imposed considerable strain on the Thomas W. Merrick is Director of the Center for Population Research of the Joseph and Rose Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University. This article is based on The Determinants of Brazil's Recent Rapid Decline in Fertility, report no. 23 of the National Research Council's Committee on Population and Demography. That report, authored for the committee's Panel on Fertility Determinants by Thomas W. Merrick and Elza S. Berqu6, a senior staff member of the Population Program, Centro Brasileiro de Analise e Planejamento, and a member of the panel, was published in 1983 by the National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. For details, especially those pertaining to methodology, readers are referred to the full report, one of 12 reports prepared by the panel. The work of the committee and the panel was supported primarily by the U.S. Agency for International Development; the report summarized here also received support from The Rockefeller Foundation.