Showing papers on "Mixing (process engineering) published in 1973"

Dynamic Mixing of Water and Lava

Abstract: The heat content of lava is such that if roughly equal volumes of lava and water are rapidly mixed, the resulting pressure may be enough to cause further dynamic mixing of a lava flow under the ocean leading to a catastrophic explosion. The same mechanism of self-sustained mixing may explain several foundry explosions of liquid metal and water, and others of large volumes of liquid natural gas and water where the water serves as the hot fluid. The Krakatao volcanic explosion, equivalent to 200 megatons, may have the same explanation.

Waste water treatment system

Abstract: The invention represents a new concept in liquid processing particularly in sewage treatment utilizing air, oxygen or a carrier fluid with some liquid or gas disinfectant as an attenuator or anaerobic biota, for generalized disinfection, for aeration, or for oxygenation Essentially, unique designs and/or processes are incorporated into the conventional settling tanks associated with sewage treatment, as well as in the bioprocesses, activated sludge or trickling filter operations The structural improvements in settling reduce velocity, inhibit boundary layer separation and act to suppress mixing of the sewage to greatly enhance solid and fluid separation, while the bioprocessing operations, the key is to improve efficiency of the liquid-gas exchange whereby much better oxygen contact is achieved The liquid-gas exchange feature utilizes a high momentum exchange under turbulent flow conditions in a hydraulic pressure gradient to achieve intimate mixing of the desired gas in the fluid so as to achieve the desired very reliably and efficient liquid-gas exchange

Method of spinning composite filaments

Abstract: A method for preparing composite filaments composed of a polyethylene and a polyester, which comprises mixing a polyethylene having a melt index of above 27 with a polyester having a specific inherent viscosity, the proportion of the polyethylene being 5 to 15% or 25 to 90% based on the total weight of the mixture, melt extruding the resulting mixture through a spinneret, and then withdrawing the extruded filaments at a speed of above 2,500 meters per minute.

Solid‐state structure of melt blended incompatible polymeric mixtures involving poly(vinyl chloride)

Abstract: Poly(vinyl chlorides) having different melt viscosities were melt blended with several different incompatible polymers using a two-roll mill and a Brabender Plasticorder. The properties of the mixtures can be easily reproduced from batch to batch only if the viscosity of the components does not change during the mixing process. Within this limitation, the order of addition of the components during the mixture preparation does not have a significant influence on the mixture properties. The shear storage modulus of the incompatible mixtures in the temperature range between the Tg's of the components varies with the difference in component viscosities at the temperature of mixing. The moduli of these mixtures are compared to moduli calculated using Kerner's equations. Based on this comparison it is concluded that in any incompatible mixture the component having the lower melt viscosity at the temperature of processing tends to form a continuous phase in the mixture. The greater is the viscosity difference, the greater is this tendency. The viscosity of one component relative to the other can be changed by changing the molecular weight of the components and/or the temperature of mixing.

Combustion chamber for dissimilar fluids in swirling flow relationship

Abstract: The characteristics of thermodynamically and aerodynamically dissimilar fluids in swirling flow relationship are established and/or varied to accelerate mixing and hence combustion in the combustion zone and mixing and hence cooling of the products of combustion, in the dilution zone of an annular burner.

Self-contained water treatment system

Abstract: A water treatment system comprises a mixing tank having means for drawing ambient water from a nearby lake, stream, or river for selectively introducing air or chemicals into the water and for thoroughly mixing the water and any air or chemicals so introduced, to thereby treat the water. The treated water is then returned to the ambient water where it is thoroughly mixed therewith by means of a turbine mounted at the end of a conduit.

Mixing and granulating apparatus

Abstract: Apparatus for mixing and granulating a finely divided solid material, preferably including a screening of the final granular product, said apparatus including a mixing drum or cylindrical vessel with closable feed and discharge means, a rotatably driven shaft on the drum axis carrying conveyance means for mixing, stirring and conveying the solid material being treated, and pivotal support means to adjustably tilt the drum such that the drum axis and the rotatable shaft are pivoted within a substantially vertical plane. There is preferably a tubular discharge member at one end of the drum to provide a suitable sieve or screening means at the point where the final granular product is withdrawn from the drum. The apparatus is particularly useful in the mixing and granulation steps required to form a multi-component powdery material into granules which can be directly pressed and shaped into tablets, pellets, pills or the like.

The effects of imperfect fuel-air mixing in a burner onno formation from nitrogen in the air and the fuel

Abstract: In continuous-flow combustors burning atomized liquid fuels, inhomogeneities exist withinthe flow due to imperfect fuel-air mixing. These fuel-air ratio nonuniformities affect the formation of NO, both from the nitrogen in the air and from elemental nitrogen contained in the fuel. Experiments to demonstrate these effects have been carried out in a cylindrical atmospheric-pressure burner fueled with kerosene and kerosene doped with pyridine. Mixing and kinetic models are developed to explain how the measured concentrations of NO formed via the Zel'dovich mechanism and from fuel nitrogen vary with mean fuel-air ratio and initial degree of mixedness.

Slurried solids handling for coal hydrogenation

Abstract: In the H-Coal process for coal hydrogenation, an initial step is the preparation of a coal slurry for transfer by suitable means into the pressurized reactor. This invention provides an improved method for facilitating such slurry transfer by pumping, and uses a recycled carried liquid to help provide a dilute easily pumpable coal slurry which is pressurized to above reactor pressure and then concentrated in solids content to a desired extent by centrifugal separation means before passing the concentrated slurry to the reaction zone. A clarified liquid stream withdrawn from the slurry concentration step is recirculated back to the mixing step to facilitate the pumping step.

Apparatus for reacting vaporized, gasified or atomized hydrocarbon with a gas serving as an oxygen carrier

Abstract: Improved apparatus for mixing an oxygen containing gas with a vaporized, gasified or atomized hydrocarbon within the mixing chamber of a gas reforming device in which one or more tubes having discharge openings distributed over the flow cross section of the mixing zone supply the oxygen containing gas and further have attached thereto guide baffles which gradually enlarge the unobstructed flow cross section constricted by the tube or tubes.

Water soluble sizing for glass fibers and glass fibers sized therewith

Abstract: Glass Fibers sized with water soluble polymeric compositions to maintain strand integrity during processing and to induce complete filamentization of the glass fibers from a bundle during blending and mixing of the glass fiber bundle with an aqueous medium.

Method and apparatus for combustion of oil

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the combustion of oil produced by an oil well including a self-supporting boom connected to an oil well platform, the boom having a burner for atomizing oil to be burned and for mixing it with a gaseous atomizing medium and/or water for improving combustion. Water may be mixed or atomized with the gaseous atomizing medium and oil prior to burning and/or the water may be injected into the burning oil.

Apparatus for the manufacture of emulsions

Abstract: The disclosure relates to apparatus for the manufacture of emulsions in which a first liquid is gradually introduced into a second liquid while stirring. Due of the two liquids, for example a fat or wax, may be heated, for example to melt it, and the other liquid may be relatively cold. In order to ensure good emulsifying in spite of such temperature differences, the apparatus comprises nozzle means arranged to introduce said first liquid in fine distribution into the draw in area of a rotating stirring member running in the second liquid, which stirring member is the rotor part of a mixing and homogenizing tool that also has a stator surrounding the rotor.

Palatable activated carbon

Abstract: Activated carbon is made more palatable by mixing it with nontoxic thickening agents and water. The carbon must be of small particle size. The thickening agents also lubricate the carbon.

Method of producing powdered polymers

Abstract: A method of making free-flowing powder from oil and water emulsions by mixing the oil and water emulsion into a partitioning agent containing hydrophobic silica, drying the particulate composition to obtain a powdery plastic or elastomeric composition and in a special embodiment removing at least part of the hydrophobic silica and reusing it to treat further oil and water emulsions.

Process for desulfurization of molten pig iron

Abstract: A process for desulfurization of molten pig iron, which comprises mixing calcium carbide with a gas generating substance and adding the mixture into the molten pig iron with a carrier gas.

Storage stable binders

Abstract: Stable binders for paints are prepared by mixing 60 to 120 parts of an C1-3 alkylsilicate or polysilicate, 3 to 25 parts of a C3-8 alkyltitanate or polytitanate, 10-2,000 parts of an organic, organosilicon or mixed organic-organosilicon film-forming resin and 20-1,500 parts of an organic solvent.

Spray-type pan release and method of making the same

Abstract: A spray type pan release material and a method for making the same including heating a vegetable shortening to melt the same, mixing the melted liquid shortening with commercial grades wheat and soybean flour, and thereafter mixing a liquid vegetable salad oil and lecithin with the flour-shortening mixture to obtain a homogeneous paste mixture that can be dispensed from an aerosol container to form a superior release coating on a desired article.

Coal to reactor feeder for coal liquidification

Abstract: A solid material feeding system for having controlled feeding of a granulated solid material from a hopper to a reactor and mixing with the solid material a gas which reacts with the solid in the reactor, the gas also cleaning the feeder, promoting a continuous flow without material plugging and hangup; the feeder atmosphere being high pressure hydrogen, the feeder drive shaft being sealed from the atmosphere by a sealing system of high pressure hydrogen over liquid via a low pressure seal, the high pressure liquid over atmosphere via a high pressure seal, the liquid being cooled as required.

Method and apparatus for generating a gas mixture to be formed through catalytic conversion of fuel and a gas serving as an oxygen carrier

Abstract: An improved gas reformer for generating a gas mixture through the catalytic conversion of a vaporized, gasified or atomized liquid fuel which has been mixed with an oxygen containing gas, in which a plurality of successive reaction stages are provided so that fuel not converted in a first reaction stage is converted in a further, succeeding reaction stage. The oxygen containing gas is mixed with the output of each reaction stage which is to be converted in a further reaction stage and the amount of oxygen in the oxygen containing gas in the mixture provided to each reaction stage is controlled in that reaction stage such that the amount of oxygen in the gas mixture is increased with decreasing temperature.

Collection chamber for making mats of inorganic fibers

Abstract: A collection chamber located between a source of gas entrained inorganic fibers and a collection surface upon which mats of the fibers are formed. The side walls of the chamber in various configurations enhance the mixing of cooling gas, binder and the entrained fibers while reducing turbulence and enhancing control of fiber deposition. Divergent side walls above the collection surface diffuse the binder coated fiber and reduce its velocity so that it is deposited in a blanket of uniform density and thickness across the collection surface. Convergent side walls from a region adjacent the fiber source reduce turbulence and back flow in this region while facilitating the mixing of cooling air with the hot fiber entraining, high velocity blast, and the distribution of binder in the mixed fiber-gas stream. A collection chamber having walls of the general form of a hyperbola is disclosed with given height, width of collection surface, throat dimensions and throat location relationships for superior results. Compromise collection chamber forms to accommodate plant and equipment restrictions are discussed.

Flocculation device for waste fluid treatment

Abstract: An apparatus for causing coagulation or flocculation of a waste fluid discharge from a vibrational treatment device is disclosed. The apparatus is attached to said treatment device and vibrates therewith mixing a flocculating agent into the waste fluid. The fluid and newly formed floccules are then discharged from the apparatus for subsequent filtering. The apparatus employs a siphon-like arrangement to obtain greater efficiency under a continuous flow mode of operation.

Controlling Emissions from Gas Turbines—the Importance of Chemical Kinetics and Turbulent Mixing

Abstract: An ideal combustor composed of a fuel-air mixing zone followed by a perfectly stirred reactor (PSR) and a series of plug-flow reactors is studied to determine emission levels of NOx CO, unburned hydrocarbons and soot. It is concluded that these emissions can be reduced to negligible levels provided the stirred reactor is operated at high mass loading rates (Q = [mdot]/P2V) and mixing is perfectly controlled. Fuel and air must be premixed before entering the PSR and local φ must be less than 1.2. Perfect stirring in the PSR is necessary. A controlled amount of dilution air is instantaneously added at the PSR exit to quench NO formation but not CO and hydrocarbon oxidation. The turbulent mixing process required to obtain this ideal is discussed. Mixing times are related to the time scale for large scale eddy breakup (τ1, ∼ l/u) which in turn can be related to the rate of viscous energy dissipation (∊∼u3/l). It is shown that to obtain PSR conditions, l must approach LC , the characteristic chamber d...

Thrust of an Air-Augmented Waterjet

Abstract: This investigation is concerned with the possibility of augmenting the thrust of a conventional waterjet by utilizing the energy of an expanding gas to impart additional momentum to the water stream. The device under study is one in which compressed air is injected into the high-pressure water stream leaving the water pump. A mixture of water and finely dispersed air bubbles is generated in a constant-area mixing chamber, which joins the water-pump outlet. The two-phase bubbly mixture enters the exhaust nozzle and expands under the action of a negative pressure gradient. Internal thrust is analytically determined under the restrictions of certain simplifying assumptions. The mixing process is analyzed through the use of a control volume encompassing the entire mixing chamber. The two-phase nozzle flow is analyzed through application of the conservation laws for a single air bubble and an incremental control volume over a nozzle section. Results indicate that thrust augmentation is possible and most effective for low pump-outlet pressures and/or high mass flow ratios in the range permitting bubbly flow. Thrust augmentation is found to be only weakly dependent on air-injection temperature.

Method and apparatus for plasticizing and mixing materials under high pressure

Abstract: Method of conveying positively uniformly and free of pulsation pulverulent or granular thermoplastic or thermosetting material while simultaneously plasticizing, mixing and homogenizing the material, which comprises initially feeding the material to a rotary conveying device, and simultaneously conveying the material through a selectively coolable and heatable tube having at least one passageway therein of alternately wider and narrower sections for the mixed material; and apparatus for carrying out the method.

Machine for producing foams, homogeneous or structural materials from at least two liquid reaction components

Abstract: In the mixing head of a foaming machine, the delivery pipes open into slides displaceable in the mixing head and provided with injection openings, the wall of the mixing chamber having a cutout for each slide valve in which part of the wall surface of the slide valve forms the wall of the mixing chamber.

Instantaneous dry to liquid sugar unit

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the automatic, continuous supply on demand, of solutions of precise quantities of liquid and dry materials, for example, particularly liquid sugar from initial constituents of dry sugar and water, in which a storage supply of solution, such as liquid sugar is available for withdrawal and use, such supply being adapted to be maintained from a mixing station with the bulk materials being supplied in predetermined quantities from a supply station and converted, for example, into liquid sugar by the application of heat, the supply being suitably monitored and replenished and the materials measured and mixed on demand, automatically as required. Other materials may be simultaneously included to form blends, etc.

Apparatus for solidifying and improving fragile ground

Abstract: An apparatus for solidifying and improving moist, soft, clayey and/or industrially polluted soils to make them available for land construction works. The apparatus is divided into groundtype equipment and underground-type equipment, each type of equipment comprises a sucking unit for absorbing the soils, a mixing unit for mixing the soils with stabilizer, and a pressure feeding unit for pressure feeding the mixture of soils and stabilizer to the desired location. The apparatus is characterized by the incorporation of a non-motorized pipeline mixer into the mixing unit and a powerful pump capable of transferring highly viscous material or clay with a high water content.

Air/fuel mixing system controlled by temperature activated mechanism for internal combustion engines

Abstract: An improvement in air/fuel mixing systems controlled by temperature activated mechanism for internal combustion engines, embodied in air/fuel mixing means which permit the carburetor to be initially adjusted for efficient economical performance to maintain a variable nearly perfect air/fuel mixture for combustion under a wide range of operating conditions by varying the pressure in the float bowl of the carburetor, achieved by connecting a vacuum source to the carburetor float bowl by a vacuum conduit whereby the difference between the pressure in the fuel bowl and the pressure in the Venturi throat of the carburetor is reduced. The temperature activated mechanism is incorporated into the mixing system and provides an automatic over-temperature safety cutout device which is a thermal vacuum valve that simultaneously disables the main air/fuel mixing system and enables the distributor advance upon sensing an overtemperature condition.