Showing papers on "Modernization theory published in 2021"
TL;DR: In this paper, a reflective article summarizes existing worldviews on the role of farmers' social networking/learning on agrarian development, with special emphasis on India, and highlights key barriers to establish functional networks among farming communities.
Abstract: Sustainable agrarian development has emerged as a key agenda in many recent global development dialogues, owing to its intimate links with rural development. Agrarian development paradigms, however, mostly root for technocratic solutions (agro-systems’ modernization), overlooking the social dimension (social networking/learning) of agricultural innovation. In view of the above, this reflective article summarizes existing worldviews on the role of farmers’ social networking/learning on agrarian development, with special emphasis on India. Cyclic interactions between water (irrigation), food (agriculture) and energy have led to dire socioenvironmental crises (e.g., groundwater depletion, energy shortage, irrigation systems’ failures, food insecurity, livelihood loss, etc.) in India that demands focused policy interventions. Under the circumstances, participatory action via farmers’ social networks provides an effective tool to harnesses resilience. With illustrative examples from India and the world, the study demonstrates that social learning is key to adoption of new paradigms (new technology/crop/cropping methods, etc.). Dissemination of new knowledge/idea is fundamentally keyed to extent of farmer-to-farmer interaction (friendship-/peer-advising network). In the process, the study highlights key barriers to establish functional networks among farming communities. Particular emphasis is laid upon the Water Users’ Association in India, to enumerate growing concerns around farmers’ involvement in Participatory Irrigation Management schemes. Pitfalls in existing network literature are highlighted, ranging from sampling issues to unaccounted effects of “unobservable” variables. The final section attempts to outline certain strategic interventions that might be pursued at the policy level to harness social capital. Overall, the study was a plea to the concerned authorities, research bodies and stakeholders in India, to forge substantive collaborations for new knowledge creation in the theory and practice of social networking/learning and identify contextualized means to integrate them in the development matrix.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the modernization perspectives of the commodity exporting countries through the lens of development economics and adopt the Kaldorian framework to address the modernization effects, epitomized in the absorption of surplus labor.
Abstract: The present inquiry focuses on the modernization perspectives of the commodity‐exporting countries through the lens of development economics. To this end, the study adopts the Kaldorian framework to address the modernization effects, epitomized in the absorption of surplus labor. To trace the process of economic modernization, the study augments Lewis’s dualistic economy model by the extractive sector. Three different scenarios for the management of resource revenues are scrutinized. An altruistic mode, which implies a pure redistribution of the revenues among the poor swaths of the population, protracts the process of economic modernization, requires a greater amount of capital stock, and harbors a greater risk of a poverty trap. This effect is less pronounced if the modern sector is more capital‐intensive. A productive mode, which elicits full reinvestment of the commodity revenues, in contrast, accelerates the pace of economic modernization. Further, predicated on the scrutiny of a more realistic scenario, a bargaining mode, the study derives the condition for a net positive (or negative) modernization effect. The study identifies technical progress alongside capital accumulation as a further important source of economic modernization.
38 citations
22 Jul 2021
TL;DR: The authors explored how modern vocabulary was coined and shared in the Chinese Character Cultural Sphere (China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam) and showed that language modernization in this part of the world had very strong transcultural aspects, largely due to Japan's pioneering role in language modernization and to the shared Chinese writing system.
Abstract: The study of sociolinguistics, including that of language standardization, has largely been built on cases from the West. Hence, languages, societies and historical experiences in Western, industrialized and rich democracies have disproportionately contributed to the formation of models and theories. Cases outside of Europe and North America are predestined to test, challenge and expand sociolinguistic theory and methodology (Smakman & Heinrich 2015). In this chapter, I explore how modern vocabulary was coined and shared in the Chinese Character Cultural Sphere (China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam). This case shows that language modernization in this part of the world had very strong transcultural aspects, largely due to Japan’s pioneering role in language modernization in Asia and to the shared Chinese writing system. The topic discussed in this chapter has a twofold implication for our understanding of language standardization. First, standardization is not limited to linguistically separated and geographically demarcated states, but may occur across languages and states. Second, the writing system has an influence on the standardization process. With the onset of East Asian modernization in the mid-nineteenth century, Japan eclipsed for several decades China’s position as the cultural centre of the Chinese Character Cultural Sphere. Japan now coined a large number of Sino-Japanese words itself – these types of Sino-Japanese words
36 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the impact of industrialization, export diversification, technological innovation, income inequality, and resource rents on the carbon dioxide emissions in the BRICS nations from 1990 to 2018.
Abstract: In recent years, industrial growth has enabled the BRICS nations to increase their export earnings from both traditional and new products. However, in terms of modernization of industries, these nations can be considered as laggards, because the present production processes appear to be carbon-intensive and energy-inefficient. In this backdrop, the present study, by using the second-generation econometric procedures, is intended to examine the impact of industrialization, export diversification, technological innovation, income inequality, and resource rents on the carbon dioxide emissions in the BRICS nations from 1990 to 2018. The long-run coefficients revealed that the industrial expansion, reduction in export diversification, low concentration on traditional exports, and high concentration on new exports exacerbated the air quality in the BRICS nations. On the other hand, technological advancement contributed to restoring environmental quality during the study period. Furthermore, it is observed that the present research endeavors in the BRICS nations are insufficient in circumventing industrial pollution, as the value of the joint coefficient of technological advancement and industrialization is found insignificant but negative. Hence, based on the computed results, a multipronged policy framework is proposed, so that these nations can achieve the targeted sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the coming years.
31 citations
TL;DR: The authors distinguish between middle classes emerging autonomously during gradual capitalist development and those fabricated rapidly as part of state-led modernization, and make the case for a conceptual distinction between these groups within one national setting.
Abstract: We contribute to research on the democratic role of middle classes. Our paper distinguishes between middle classes emerging autonomously during gradual capitalist development and those fabricated rapidly as part of state-led modernization. To make the case for a conceptual distinction between these groups within one national setting, we employ author-assembled historical district data, survey, and archival materials for pre-Revolutionary Russia and its feudal estates. Our analysis reveals that the bourgeois estate of meshchane covaries with post-communist democratic competitiveness and media freedoms, our proxies of regional democratic variations. We propose two causal pathways explaining the puzzling persistence of social structure despite the Bolsheviks' leveling ideology and post-communist autocratic consolidation: (a) processes at the juncture of familial channels of human capital transmission and the revolutionaries' modernization drive and (b) entrepreneurial value transmission outside of state policy. Our findings help refine recent work on political regime orientations of public-sector-dependent societies subjected to authoritarian modernization.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the dynamic linkages of financial inclusion, modernization, and environmental sustainability in South Asia during the period 1998-2019 and found that increased economic integration and trade openness appear to have negative dynamics for carbon emissions.
Abstract: This study explores the dynamic linkages of financial inclusion, modernization, and environmental sustainability in South Asia during the period 1998-2019. Two distinct composite indexes for financial inclusion and modernization are developed by using principal component analysis (PCA) based on normalized indicators. To examine the dynamic linkages, we adopted panel regression models that are not only robust but also heteroskedasticity consistent. We find that financial inclusion, modernization, per capita GDP, and FDI appear to lead to higher CO2 emissions in the South Asian region. Meanwhile, increased economic integration and trade openness appear to have negative dynamics for carbon emissions. These empirical findings are unbiased and robust to different reasonable modifications to panel data model specifications. This study comes up with the conclusion that presently there is no policy coherence and coordination between growing financial inclusion, modernization, and carbon mitigation strategies in South Asia. Thus, the prospect of financial inclusion and modernization should be cohesive into comprehensive climate change mitigation strategies at regional, national, and global levels, specifically to mitigate the adverse dynamics of higher carbon emissions associated with modern development.
19 citations
TL;DR: Although the science of ecology is often understood in antimodernizing terms, the authors shows how ecology in China has become a means to articulate green modernization and sustainable developmen, and how ecology can be used as a metaphor for green modernization.
Abstract: Although the science of ecology is often understood in antimodernizing terms, this article shows how ecology in China has become a means to articulate green modernization and sustainable developmen...
17 citations
TL;DR: The Green Revolution is often seen as epitomising the dawn of scientific and technological advancement and modernity in the agricultural sector across developing countries, a process that unfolded from the 1940s through to the 1980s.
Abstract: The Green Revolution is often seen as epitomising the dawn of scientific and technological advancement and modernity in the agricultural sector across developing countries, a process that unfolded from the 1940s through to the 1980s. Despite the time that has elapsed, this episode of the past continues to resonate today, and still shapes the institutions and practices of agricultural science and technology. In Brazil, China, and India, narratives of science-led agricultural transformations portray that period in glorifying terms—entailing pressing national imperatives, unprecedented achievements, and heroic individuals or organizations. These “epic narratives” draw on the past to produce meaning and empower the actors that deploy them. Epic narratives are reproduced over time and perpetuate a conviction about the heroic power of science and technology in agricultural development. By crafting history and cultivating a sense of scientific nationalism, exceptionalism, and heritage, these epic narratives sustain power-knowledge relations in agricultural science and technology, which are underpinned by a hegemonic modernization paradigm. Unravelling the processes of assemblage and reproduction of epic narratives helps us make sense of how science and technology actors draw on their subjective representations of the past to assert their position in the field at present. This includes making claims about their credentials to envision and deliver sustainable solutions for agriculture into the future.
16 citations
TL;DR: The paper argues that if the current agenda to developmentalise drug policy is to make a meaningful contribution to the lives of the rural poor in drug-producing regions in Myanmar and beyond, it must confront the fact that for many households the decision to cultivate opium has been a response to the very processes of market-led rural development that policymakers claim will alleviate poverty.
26 Jul 2021
TL;DR: In this article, applied aspects of the resource provision of innovation and investment strategies for modernization of microeconomic systems in the context of digitalization are submitted, which includes efficiency, availability and clarity of the algorithm analysis formed by information base and tools; clear calculations of the cost of attracting resources to the modernization process; forecasting and assessing the risks of incomplete implementation of modernization.
Abstract: Within the presented study, applied aspects of the resource provision of innovation and investment strategies for modernization of microeconomic systems in the context of digitalization are submitted. It is substantiated that the modernization of microeconomic systems is a certain activation of the potential modernization aimed at improving the efficiency of processes, technologies, management of products, services and more. Modernization challenges of microeconomic systems are implemented through strategic management of the enterprise development provided resource provision of the potential modernization. Initial conditions of the resource provision of the microeconomic systems modernization in the conditions of digitalization are singled out, which include: efficiency; availability and clarity of the algorithm analysis formed by information base and tools; clear calculations of the cost of attracting resources to the modernization process; forecasting and assessing the risks of incomplete implementation of modernization. It is proved that in the methodological support of resource management of microeconomic systems in the design, the method of subjectivity of distributions or cost centres is used. The methodical toolkit of the resource provision optimization of modernization designing of microeconomic systems in the conditions of digitalization with application of the competitive selection model of modernization projects for the carrying the chosen strategy of the resource supply is offered. The proposed approach to the optimization of resource provision of modernization design of microeconomic systems in the context of digitalization involves: formation of a set of applications based on the preferential principle and priority of innovation and investment strategies; assessment of actual indicators of resource efficiency in modernization projects by each participant; decision-making on providing resources to the modernization project; determining the completeness and redundancy of the resource allocation between projects; distribution of residual resources.
DOI•
31 Aug 2021TL;DR: The Yale Program in Law and Modernization as mentioned in this paper was designed as a space of research on America's legal modernization projects in the global periphery, with a significant grant from USAID, in the years of its operation between 1969 and 1976.
Abstract: Often described as a period of seismic shifts in world history, the 1970s bear the definitive marks of a conflictual era. Focusing on the unraveling of the postwar liberal consensus, historians of the United States have portrayed this decade as nothing short of an “Age of Fracture,” during which larger narratives about American democracy, the relationship of the individual to the whole, and the relationship between state and society came undone. [1] International historians point to a dramatic reconfiguration of the international order during the same decade, which saw the completion of a society of nominally equal sovereign states, once aspiring to produce a New International Economic Order but eventually defeated by the 1973 oil crisis and the rise of neoliberalism. [2] The microcosm of the Yale Program in Law and Modernization illuminates the overlapping themes of protest, disruption, disillusionment and backlash that characterized the 1970s. Established with a significant grant from USAID, the Program, in the years of its operation between 1969 and 1976, was designed as a space of research on America’s legal modernization projects in the global periphery. Soon enough, a diverse cast of characters, united in their interest in the Third World but otherwise quite contrasting in terms of their backgrounds, goals, and aspirations, inhabited this space. Some had direct policy experience working for the American government, while others became interested in the Third World through oppositional politics and a deep suspicion about the possibility of improvement through legal reform. While originally presented as a vessel for designing sound policy-making under the aegis of the USAID and aiding the Third World through managerial socio-legal engineering, the Program unexpectedly transformed into the breeding ground for what would eventually become Critical Legal Studies, and was soon terminated.
TL;DR: Preliminary empirical indications of possible links between female honor killing frequency and social factors such as low economic status and rapid modernization are provided.
Abstract: Female honor killing is a particular form of femicide, where the killing of a woman is perpetrated by a member or members of her family who do not approve of her social behavior in general and her sexual behavior in particular. The study of female honor killing tends to focus on a cultural examination of honor cultures yet lacks exploration of possible social factors that may influence such gendered killing. Possible links between female honor killing incidence and various social factors, among them poverty, low social status, and rapid modernization, were recently postulated, however empirical validation of these hypotheses has yet to be thoroughly explored. This article offers empirical observations of an explorative nature of social factors that may play a role in the frequency of female honor killing. The research's methodological design distinguishes between the various Arab subgroups in Israel along their correlated ingrained social characteristics and offers a comparative empirical analysis obtained from nation-based data on female honor killings among the various Arab subgroups (excluding the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem) during a 6-year period (2010-2015). The research is based on a secondary analysis of data extrapolated from media surveillance. A total of 58 eligible cases were found and comprised the research sample. Frequency analysis of femicide events and victims was performed for each Arab subgroup. Despite the small number of cases and the research's explorative and tentative nature, it provides preliminary empirical indications of possible links between female honor killing frequency and social factors such as low economic status and rapid modernization. The article's novel empirical indications may be of great relevance to societies currently facing the challenge of assimilating a growing number of Arab and Muslim social groups.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the influence that the educational ideas proposed by UNESCO had on the development of the General Education Act (LGE) of 1970, and demonstrate that the LGE can be better understood as a reform born under the recommendations of UNESCO regarding the educational context originated within the Cold War and the Modernization Theory.
Abstract: This article analyzes the influence that the educational ideas proposed
by UNESCO had on the development of the General Education Act (LGE) of
1970. More specifically, it attempts to establish the impact that this international organization had on the origin and development of the LGE during
the Franco regime. To do so, the first part of the article studies the beginnings of UNESCO in Spain and how the educational conception that would
give rise to one of the most important educational reforms of contemporary
Spain was developed. In the second part, we examine the recommendations
given by the «International Advisory Committee for the Reform of Education in Spain» regarding the debate generated by the Libro Blanco (White
Paper). In the third part of the article we look at the Committe’s direct impact and the way its assessments guided the development of the LGE in its
first years. This work aims to demonstrate that the LGE can be better understood as a reform born under the recommendations of UNESCO regarding
the educational context originated within the framework of the Cold War
and the Modernization Theory
TL;DR: In this article, a review analyzes current roadblocks faced by the Chilean copper smelters and potential solutions according to environmental, economic and strategic factors, and the government must play a fundamental role to incentivise the investments necessary to develop new smelter operations and upgrade existing infrastructure.
Abstract: Chile is the world's leading copper producer (28.3%) and maintains approximately 23.0% of current global reserves. Chile is faced with a significant risk posed by its collection of the most unsustainable and antiquated smelter operations among major copper producers worldwide. Moreover, forecasts also indicate a trend toward higher proportions of copper sulphide ores that carry high impurities, especially arsenic. To achieve the planned production increases, improve competitiveness in the global market, and reduce reliance on international smelting capacities, Chile must make significant and justifiable investment into new and/or existing smelting operations through equipment modernization. The required investment for upgrades may be on the order of billions of dollars. This review analyzes current roadblocks faced by the Chilean copper smelters and potential solutions according to environmental, economic and strategic factors. Recent advances in smelting technologies have focused on flash and bath smelting; despite a general trend toward flash furnace systems, recent bath furnace methods (e.g. China's SKS-BBS) are equally promising, particularly for varying and complex feeds. Strategic policies should focus on regionalized, non-integrated custom smelters, which can handle ores from a variety of sources while reducing overall operating costs. The government must play a fundamental role to incentivise the investments necessary to develop new smelter operations and upgrade existing infrastructure. With a large portion of copper concentrate exports coming from privately owned mines, synergistic efforts with industry partners will be crucial to increase overall smelting capacity and position Chile as a global leader in the smelting of copper concentrates.
TL;DR: The main purpose of as discussed by the authors is to assess the energy efficiency in Russia on its path towards the modernization of its energy systems, which can be seen as an effective means for promoting decarbonization and energy saving initiatives.
Abstract: The main purpose of this research is to assess the energy efficiency in Russia on its path towards the modernization of its energy systems. This modernization can be seen as an effective means for promoting decarbonization and energy-saving initiatives. Our methods include a comprehensive overview of the development of the energy sector in Russia, which is distinguished by the high concentration of state-owned enterprises, the absence of clear market mechanisms, as well as the domination of the fossil fuels represented by natural gas and oil. Furthermore, we present the perspectives of developing the renewable energy technologies in Russia. Our results enable us to create an in-depth analysis of the perspectives of modernization of the Russian energy sector and to draw the key connotations for its further development. Moreover, the outcomes of this paper can provide useful policy implications and guidelines for modernizing energy efficiency and energy systems for Russian stakeholders and policy makers, supporting their efforts to reduce the dependency on carbon fuels and to embark on the path towards the sustainable economic growth and development.
TL;DR: In this article, an algorithm for making managerial decisions based on the model of ''preferences in the implementation of investment and innovation strategies'' (PIIIS) is built, which allows the efficiency and resource conservation of individual innovation and investment strategies in modernization potential of the enterprise.
Abstract: Since modernization challenges of microeconomic systems are implemented through strategic management of the modernization potential development of enterprises, the rationale for choosing an exclusive innovation and investment strategy is proposed. An algorithm for making managerial decisions based on the model of \"preferences in the implementation of investment and innovation strategies\" (\"PIIIS\") is built. The model is based on the concept of strategic management, economic and mathematical hierarchy of potential levels of cognitive judgment, optimization of resources on demand and the structure of innovation and investment strategies. This allows to ensure the efficiency and resource conservation of individual innovation and investment strategies in modernization potential of the enterprise. The sequence of establishing preferences of innovation and investment strategies for activating modernization potential of microeconomic systems is proposed. To model the process of granting preferences to innovation and investment strategies, a system of coefficients based on the potential profile level using cognitive judgments is substantiated. Resource-providing, accumulating, implementation and resulting levels of the modernization potential development are singled out. According to the profile levers, target tasks and alternatives of preferences of innovation and investment strategies for the modernization potential development are identified. Decomposition of tasks of granting preferences to innovation and investment strategies to intensify modernization potential of microeconomic systems is substantiated. It is proposed to use mathematical tools for the analysis of hierarchies, based on mathematical and cognitive judgments based on the T. Saaty model. Application of the Pareto model for the distribution of the coefficients influence in the effectiveness of the components analysis of the potential profile is presented. The choice of innovation and investment strategies for the modernization potential development for enterprises in the infrastructure sector of Ukraine is analyzed and determined.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored how Christian clergy in Ireland have framed their adoption of online ministries during the COVID-19 pandemic as opportunities for the churches to retain some significance, even in secularizing societies.
TL;DR: The experience and challenges of the implementation of intelligent transportation systems in Qatar, a developing country in the Middle East, are presented and lessons learned can benefit other developing countries going through the same transition.
Abstract: The increasing need for improving mobility and road safety has led developing countries to make significant changes in their infrastructure, especially when it comes to the modernization of the transport infrastructure. The purpose of this paper is to present the experience and challenges of the implementation of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in Qatar, a developing country in the Middle East. ITS has been developed in the country and currently in the implementation stage. A detailed review of existing and proposed ITS technologies is provided. Many challenges were identified to achieve a fully functional, practical, and integratable ITS network. Some of these challenges include coordination with different stakeholders, adopting different countries’ ITS systems, keeping up with the technology, integration with existing systems, and budget constraints. The paper provides lessons learned that can benefit other developing countries going through the same transition.
TL;DR: In this article, through the lens of modernization theories, the process of European integration can be perceived as Poland's second modernization, following the systemic transformation in the nineties, and it can be seen as the second coming of the Second World War.
Abstract: Through the lens of modernization theories, the process of European integration can be perceived as Poland’s second modernization, following the systemic transformation in the nineties. In this art...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors deal with social and economic consequences of COVID-19 in the context of long-term trends of economic development, comparing the current crisis with economic and war cataclysms of 20th-21st centuries.
Abstract: The paper deals with social and economic consequences of COVID-19 in the context of long-term trends of economic development. The current crisis is compared with economic and war cataclysms of 20th—21st centuries. Special attention is paid to types of anti-crisis policies as well as to relations between anti-crisis (short-term) and modernization (medium-term) challenges. The paper discusses the influence of pandemic on budget and monetary policies, trends of globalization, and new approaches to government regulation of economic development.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the RADAR-Hospital Facilities methodology (RADAR-HF) developed for the situational assessment of the physical environment of hospital facilities, which provides the decision-makers with an overview of the main aspects for modernization (safety, functionality, sustainability, adaptability, comfort) and substantial information for planning interventions, considering hospital facilities as interconnected systems.
Abstract: Modernization of hospital facilities is one of the objectives of administrators and decision-makers of healthcare systems. Hospital facilities are both complex and critical infrastructures, because they are characterized by high level of interconnections, dynamism, technological innovation, and because they offer health and social essential services. Decision-makers have to implement modernization strategies of hospital facilities in order to guarantee a high standard of care and a resilient response during disasters and emergencies. The critical role played by hospital facilities is acknowledge by the international action programs, including the 2030 Agenda of United Nations for Sustainable Development, and it has been emphasized by the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper illustrates the RADAR-Hospital Facilities methodology (RADAR-HF) developed for the situational assessment of the physical environment of hospital facilities. RADAR-HF provides the decision-makers with an overview of the main aspects for modernization (safety, functionality, sustainability, adaptability, comfort) and substantial information for planning interventions, considering hospital facilities as interconnected systems. The outcomes are represented by ad-hoc designed graphical indicators and overview-tools, that summarize the status-conditions of one or a set of existing hospital facilities, the upgrading needs, and the best occupancy of facilities. Decision-makers could use RADAR-HF to define integrated modernization strategies with resilience improvement, monitor the situation of the facilities, and understand the effectiveness of interventions. The paper ends showing the results obtained in a research project, in which RADAR-HF has been applied to assess the existing hospital facilities of the Friuli Venezia Giulia region (North-East of Italy).
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the results of studies on the possible environmental benefits of thermal modernization of single-family houses for the area of Southern Poland, which is characterized by many features that influence poor air quality.
Abstract: Air pollution is one of the important environmental problems in Poland. The main cause of its occurrence is emissions associated with individual heating of buildings. The reduction of the primary energy demand in a building is influenced by its proper thermal modernization, including in particular insulating. In view of the above, this article presents the results of studies on the possible environmental benefits of thermal modernization of single-family houses for the area of Southern Poland. The analysis was limited to determining the impact of measures to reduce air pollution emissions by insulating the building envelope of single-family houses. The research was conducted for two voivodeships: Śląskie and Malopolskie. Its aim is to identify the financial costs and achievable ecological effects of the thermal modernization of single-family buildings. The geographical selection of the research area was based on the fact that it covers the most polluted region in Poland. This region is characterized by many features that influence poor air quality. Among these features, the most important are: diversified building structure, a diverse topography, and very high population density. To limit multiple variables, we have selected a scenario method that has already been used in similar research. Four scenarios were established to show the relationship between the value of emission reductions and the level of funding for thermal modernization. The analysis allows a comparison of the effectiveness of individual variants and the transposition of their results into the possibilities of action in the region. This research will help to supplement the knowledge of the impact of insulating building envelopes on reducing pollutant emissions by reducing the energy demand of a building. They also identify a possible link between the level of this reduction and the grant amount for thermal modernization. As a result, it was found that a high share of external funding—stimulating the tendency of the inhabitants of the analyzed voivodeships to effective thermal modernization, and thus reducing the buildings’ energy consumption—has a significant impact on the improvement of air quality.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify modernization with territorial integration and functional differentiation, but within territorially-bounded states, and propose a globalization theory at the end of the Cold War to deal with this problem.
Abstract: Social science long identified modernization with territorial integration and functional differentiation, but within territorially-bounded states. Globalization theories at the end of the Cold War ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the relation between estate transformations produced during the governments of the Citizen Revolution (CR) in Ecuador (2007-2017) and welfare regime transformations and conclude that the transformation of the development model with a comprehensive state reform emphasized both the modernization of the state and the productive structure, and the creation of the basic pillars of a welfare state.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the relation between estate transformations produced during the governments of the Citizen Revolution (CR) in Ecuador (2007-2017) and welfare regime transformations.,The CR’s project registers an array of specificities that make it a relevant case study to understand it. Among them, it articulated the transformation of the development model with a comprehensive state reform: emphasized both the modernization of the state and the productive structure, and the creation of the basic pillars of a welfare state. The ambitious project materialized in an ambivalent manner, revealing accomplishments and limitations.,The recovery of resources for the state, the efficient organization of resources, decentralization and deconcentration processes, public administration transformations and policy de-corporatization processes accompanied and even propelled important achievements in the social sphere in terms of decommodification, stratification, commodification and defamiliarization. Ecuador’s starting point, as a small and impoverished country with pubic and communal goods and services dismantled through neoliberal reforms, was quite precarious. But, progress was made. Beyond the identified limitations, its accomplishments must be highlighted because they are novel in comparison to other progressive government experiences, especially in the context of Central Andean countries.,This article vindicates the need to link state transformation processes to welfare regime transformations, as well as the academic literature that informs both fields. The description of what took place in Ecuador in the field of social welfare during the ten years of the CR continues to confirm the theoretical potential of the concept of welfare regime with the necessary translations and appropriations that allow for the analysis of countries in the region. It enables an approach to a more theoretically and methodologically elusive object that is at the same time tremendously potent in analytical terms and in its contributions to social transformations. An object that alludes to areas gravely affected during neoliberal hegemony, linked to public institutionality, state capacity and state autonomy. This is why everything that affects the state and the management of public goods and services must be incorporated into the analysis.
TL;DR: In this paper, the main issues and development factors of innovation processes in Kazakhstan are analyzed and assessed, and an analysis of the situation shows that in the real sector of the economy, the possibilities of increasing production at the expense of extensive factors are largely exhausted.
Abstract: The paper analyzes and assesses the main issues and development factors of innovation processes in Kazakhstan. It is known that in modern conditions of dynamically developing competitive processes and scientific and technological progress, innovations serve as the basis of the national economy and a key factor in ensuring the competitiveness of enterprises. Moreover, today, the economy of the country can successfully compete in the market on the basis of the continuous improvement of goods and services produced as well as the development of new directions. It is also obvious that the development of new products, implementation of innovations and new measures are key performance indicators at both the macro and microeconomic levels. In this sense, an innovative way of socio-economic development of the country is becoming an urgent problem for Kazakhstan. An analysis of the situation shows that in the real sector of the economy, the possibilities of increasing production at the expense of extensive factors are largely exhausted. It is necessary to ensure the modernization of the economy through the introduction of modern technologies and the maximum use of the country’s intellectual potential. The realization of the economic strategy determines the implementation of the main directions of social policy in line with the innovative development of Kazakh society as a whole.
22 Feb 2021
TL;DR: The Green Revolution exemplifies the capital-intensive modernization model of resource plunder and labor exploitation, which has provoked small-scale producers and civil society groups to counterpositions.
Abstract: The Green Revolution exemplifies the capital-intensive modernization model of resource plunder and labor exploitation. This has provoked small-scale producers and civil society groups to counterpos...
TL;DR: In this article, the paradoxical finding that socio-economically vulnerable groups express more economic, moral and social criticism of the welfare state is explained, as these groups generally bene...
Abstract: This article aims to explain the paradoxical finding that socio-economically vulnerable groups express more economic, moral and social criticism of the welfare state. As these groups generally bene...