Showing papers on "Nationalism published in 2011"

A Critical Introduction

Abstract: This chapter begins by helping the reader to grasp the comprehensive nature of Nathaniel Berman's work, and the subtle perspective that he brings to the legal world when it is confronted by the passions to which nationalism and colonialism give rise. In his work, cultural Modernism interacts with the international law of Danzig; the fantasies surrounding Jerusalem with the concrete political and legal projects for that city; internationalist dreams with the institutional programs for Bosnia and Palestine; and the most industrious international bureaucracy with the most creative and audacious legal imagination. Berman makes use of all of the notions in the course of his work on "imperial ambivalences". His goal is to show that we cannot interpret the international law of the interwar period without understanding it as a site of Modernist cultural construction and contestation - rather than as a mere adjunct to, or reflection of, cultural developments external to it. Keywords:colonialism; cultural Modernism; imperial ambivalences; international law; Nathaniel Berman; nationalism

Paths to Post-Nationalism: A Critical Ethnography of Language and Identity

Abstract: 1 Sociolinguistics as social practice 2 Critical ethnographic sociolinguistics 3 La foi, la race, la langue : Catholic ethnonationalism in francophone Canada (1926-1965, WITH AN INTERJECTION FROM 2000) 4 Brewing trouble: language, the State and modernity in industrial beer PRODUCTION (MONTREAL, 1978-1980) 5 From identity to commodity: schooling, social selection and social REPRODUCTION (TORONTO, 1983-1996) 6 Neoliberalism and la cause: modernizing nationalism at its limits (Lelac, 1997-2004) 7 Saving the nation, making the market (all over the place, 2001-present) 8 Paths to post-nationalism EPILOGUE

Presidential Popularity in a Hybrid Regime: Russia under Yeltsin and Putin

Abstract: In liberal democracies, the approval ratings of political leaders have been shown to track citizens’ perceptions of the state of the economy. By contrast, in illiberal democracies and competitive autocracies, leaders are often thought to boost their popularity by exploiting nationalism, exaggerating external threats, and manipulating the media. Using time-series data, I examine the determinants of presidential approval in Russia since 1991, a period in which leaders’ ratings swung between extremes. I find that Yeltsin's and Putin's ratings were, in fact, closely linked to public perceptions of economic performance, which, in turn, reflected objective economic indicators. Although media manipulation, wars, terrorist attacks, and other events also mattered, Putin's unprecedented popularity and the decline in Yeltsin's are well explained by the contrasting economic circumstances over which each presided.

Teacher Interpretations of Citizenship Education: National Identity, Cosmopolitan Ideals, and Political Realities.

Abstract: Citizenship education typically focuses on the nation and citizens’ supposed natural affinity to the nation‐state. In this global age, this is challenged by cosmopolitans who propose a form of education which encourages a primary commitment to fellow humanity and/or the planet Earth. However, citizenship education has been re‐emphasized by those who assert that in a globalized world and nation‐states characterized by diversity, one requires a primary commitment to the nation‐state. The latter group proposes a renewed focus on civic education which promotes national belonging and loyalty, often targeting, either explicitly or implicitly, students from minority or migration backgrounds. Within EU member‐states, this binary between education for national and global citizenship is troubled by the issue of European citizenship and belonging. This article analyses the official citizenship curriculum for England and reports on qualitative research with teachers, designed to explore their perceptions of the curri...

Crafting State-Nations: India and Other Multinational Democracies

Abstract: Political wisdom holds that the political boundaries of a state necessarily coincide with a nation's perceived cultural boundaries Today, the sociocultural diversity of many polities renders this understanding obsolete This volume provides the framework for the state-nation, a new paradigm that addresses the need within democratic nations to accommodate distinct ethnic and cultural groups within a country while maintaining national political coherence First introduced briefly in 1996 by Alfred Stepan and Juan J Linz, the state-nation is a country with significant multicultural-even multinational-components that engenders strong identification and loyalty from its citizens Here, Indian political scholar Yogendra Yadav joins Stepan and Linz to outline and develop the concept further The core of the book documents how state-nation policies have helped craft multiple but complementary identities in India in contrast to nation-state policies in Sri Lanka, which contributed to polarized and warring identities The authors support their argument with the results of some of the largest and most original surveys ever designed and employed for comparative political research They include a chapter discussing why the US constitutional model, often seen as the preferred template for all the world's federations, would have been particularly inappropriate for crafting democracy in politically robust multinational countries such as India or Spain To expand the repertoire of how even unitary states can respond to territorially concentrated minorities with some secessionist desires, the authors develop a revised theory of federacy and show how such a formula helped craft the recent peace agreement in Aceh, Indonesia Empirically thorough and conceptually clear, Crafting State-Nations will have a substantial impact on the study of comparative political institutions and the conception and understanding of nationalism and democracy

Divine boundaries: How religion shapes citizens' attitudes toward immigrants

Abstract: How does religion affect one’s attitudes toward immigrants? Scholars have shown that members of minor religious groups are less anti-immigrant than members of majority affiliations and that Evangelical Protestants are particularly hostile. Other scholars have demonstrated that increased religiosity reduces immigrant animus. Here, we argue that religion affects immigration attitudes via a distinct religiously informed interpretation of America’s national identity, which we call Christian nationalism. Christian nationalists believe that America has a divinely inspired mission and link its success to God’s favor. Using social identity complexity theory, we argue that citizens who ascribe to this worldview should be least tolerant of those they perceive as symbolic threats to American national identity. We assess this claim using the 2006 Pew Immigration Attitudes Survey and the 2008 Cooperative Congressional Election Survey. Christian nationalism is a robust determinant of immigrant animus, whereas religious...

From Campus Racism to Cyber Racism: Discourse of Race and Chinese Nationalism

Abstract: As Sino-African engagement keeps developing, racial relations have emerged to concern people on both sides. The recent Chinese cyber discussions on Africans have shown a blatant racialism against Africans. Comparing this with the campus racism in the 1980s and contextualizing it in China's modern history and, more importantly, China's recent rise as a global power, the article argues that racial discourse has become an important component in Chinese nationalism without public awareness of it.

Nation branding in the era of commercial nationalism

Abstract: This article applies critical approaches to branding and marketing in the neo-liberal era to a case study of a recent trend in media studies, international relations and tourism: nation branding. We argue that the critique of brand “co-creation” – a reliance upon consumers to build and disseminate brand identity – helps illuminate the ways in which nation branding serves as a technique of neo-liberal governance in the era of global capitalism. The article first considers the recent development of nation branding as a global phenomenon and then explores the details of one such campaign in post-socialist Slovenia. The case study illustrates the ways in which nation branding seeks to mobilize the populace to “live” the national brand, to promulgate it nationally and internationally in the name of taking responsibility for the nation’s economic development, and by extension of maximizing individual prosperity. The article concludes with a consideration of the way in which nation branding functions as a revamped form of nationalism in an era characterized by what we call the rise of commercial nationalism.

Diversionary Nationalism: Economic Inequality and the Formation of National Pride

Abstract: What accounts for differences in the extent of nationalist sentiments across countries and over time? One prominent argument is that greater economic inequality prompts states to generate more nationalism as a diversion that discourages their citizens from recognizing economic inequality and mobilizing against it. Several other theories, however, propose different relationships between economic inequality and nationalism. This article provides a first empirical test of whether and how economic inequality is related to nationalism. Multilevel analyses using survey data on nationalist sentiments in countries around the world over a quarter century and data on economic inequality from the Standardized World Income Inequality Database provide powerful support for the diversionary theory of nationalism. This finding is an important contribution to our understanding of nationalism as well as of the political consequences of economic inequality.

Headlines of nation, subtexts of class : working-class populism and the return of the repressed in neoliberal Europe

Abstract: Acknowledgements Introduction: Headlines of Nation, Subtexts of Class:Working Class Populism and the return of the Repressed in Neoliberal Europe Don Kalb Chapter 1. 'Nationalism is Back!' Radikali and Privatization Processes in Serbia Theodora Vetta Chapter 2. Articulating the Right to the City: Working Class Neo-Nationalism in Postsocialist Cluf, Romania Norbert Petrovici Chapter 3. Football Fandom in Cluj: Class, Ethno-nationalism and Cosmopolitanism Florin Faje Chapter 4. "Because it Can't Make Me Happy that Audi is Prospering": Working Class Nationalism in Hungary after 1989 Eszter Bartha Chapter 5. (Dis)possessed by the Spectre of Socialism. Nationalist Mobilization in "Transitional" Hungary Gabor Halmai Chapter 6. Working Class Nationalism in a Scottish Village Paul Gilfillan Chapter 7. Class without Consciousness: Regional Identity in Northern Italy in Late Modernity Jaro Stacul Chapter 8. Long March to Oblivion? The Decline of the Italian Left on Its Home Grounds and the Rise of the New Right in Their Midst Michael Blim Epilogue: From the Ashes of a Counter-Revolution George Baca Notes on Contributors

The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950

Abstract: Introduction 1. Nationalism and population politics in the late Ottoman Empire 2. Genocide of Christians, 1915-16 3. Deportations of Kurds, 1916-1934 4. Culture and education in the eastern provinces 5. The calm after the storm: the politics of memory Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index

The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance

Abstract: Introduction: The Research Question 1. Deconstructing Kurdish Identity and Nationalism in Academic Discourses 2. Understanding Kurdish Identity and Nationalism in Turkey 3. The Organic Intellectuals and the Re-emergence of Kurdish Political Activism in the 1960s 4. The Emergence of the Kurdish Socialist Movement 5. The Kurdish National Liberation Discourse 6. "Becoming a Kurd": The National Liberation War and Mass Mobilisation 7. Dislocations and the PKK's Turn to Democracy 8. Contesting Democracy and Pluralism: The Pro-Kurdish Political Parties in Turkey. Conclusion: Democracy, Pluralism and Kurdish Subjectivity in (Post)National Turkey

Contested cultural heritage: Religion, nationalism, erasure, and exclusion in a global world

Abstract: 1 Contested Cultural Heritage: A Selective Historiography, Helaine Silverman.- 2 The Stratigraphy of Forgetting: The Great Mosque of Cordoba and Its Contested Legacy, D. Fairchild Ruggles.- 3 Aestheticized Geographies of Conflict: The Politicization of Culture and the Culture of Politics in Belfast's Mural Tradition, Alexandra Hartnett.- 4 Blood of Our Ancestors: Cultural Heritage Management in the Balkans, Michael L. Galaty.- 5 Re-imagining the National Past: Negotiating the Roles of Science, Religion, and History in Contemporary British Ghost Tourism, Michele M. Hanks.- 6 Collecting and Repatriating Egypt's Past: Toward a New Nationalism, Salima Ikram.- 7 National Identity Interrupted: The Mutilation of the Parthenon Marbles and the Greek Claim for Repatriation, Vasiliki Kynourgioupoulou.- 8 Syrian National Museums: Regional Politics and the Imagined Community, Kari A. Zobler.- 9 Contestation from the Top: Fascism in the Realm of Culture and Italy's Conception of the Past, Alvaro Higueras.- 10 Touring the Slave Route: Inaccurate Authenticities in Benin, West Africa, Timothy R. Landry.- 11 Carving the Nation: Zimbabwean Sculptors and the Contested Heritage of Aesthetics, Lance L. Larkin.- Afterword, El Pilar and Maya Cultural Heritage: Reflections of a Cheerful Pessimist, Anabel Ford.

Democratization and Ethnic Politics in Indonesia: Nine Theses

Abstract: After the downfall of President Suharto in 1998, communal violence occurred in several Indonesian provinces, producing an image of the country as one characterized by strong ethnic politics. In this article, I propose that this image is mistaken. The political salience of ethnicity has subsided greatly as a new democratic system has settled into place. Overall, Indonesia is a weakly ethnicized polity. Ethnicity still counts in arenas such as local elections, but what prevails is a soft form of ethnic politics, with few of the deep disputes about ethnohistory or cultural policy that occur in more ethnicized polities. Moreover, rather than producing ethnic polarization, democratization has created powerful new norms of compromise. I present this overarching argument by advancing nine general theses on Indonesian ethnic politics and by pointing to explanations concerning institutional crafting, historical legacies, and the deep architecture of politics, notably the prevalence of patronage. Rather than positing definitive answers, I propose new questions and frameworks for investigating the weakness of ethnic politics in contemporary Indonesia.

Patriotism, Nationalism and China's US Policy: Structures and consequences of Chinese National Identity

Abstract: What is the nature of Chinese patriotism and nationalism, how does it differ from American patriotism and nationalism, and what impact do they have on Chinese foreign policy attitudes? To explore the structure and consequences of Chinese national identity, three surveys were conducted in China and the US in the spring and summer of 2009. While patriotism and nationalism were empirically similar in the US, they were highly distinct in China, with patriotism aligning with a benign inter- nationalism and nationalism with a more malign blind patriotism. Chinese patriotism/internationalism, furthermore, had no impact on perceived US threats or US policy preferences, while nationalism did. The role of nation- alist historical beliefs in structures of Chinese national identity was also explored, as well as the consequences of historical beliefs for the perception of US military and humiliation threats.

Arab Minority Nationalism in Israel : The Politics of Indigeneity

Abstract: Introduction: Understanding the Politics of Indigenous National Minority 1. The Theory and Epistemology of Indigeneity 2. Politicizing Arab Indigeneity in Israel 3. The Changing Modes of Patriotism and Longing for the Homeland 4. Internally Displaced Palestinians and the Dialectics of Presence and Absence 5. Arab-Palestinian Leadership in Israel and the Politics of Contention 6. Reframing the Future through Presencing the Past: Visionary Documents and Political Mobilization 7. Civil Society and the Challenges of Empowerment Development and Democratization 8. Reframing Arab Political Thought in Israel: Azmi Bishara and Beyond. Epilogue: Future Visions and Horizons of Expectations in State-Minority Relations in Israel

War of Words, War of Stones: Racial Thought and Violence in Colonial Zanzibar

Abstract: Preface and Acknowledgments Note on Usage Part 1 Introduction 1 Rethinking Race in the Colonial World 2 The Creation of a Racial State Part 2 War of Words 3 A Secular Intelligentsia and the Origins of Exclusionary Ethnic Nationalism 4 Subaltern Intellectuals and the Rise of Racial Nationalism 5 Politics and Civil Society during the Newspaper Wars Part 3 War of Stones 6 Rumor, Race, and Crime 7 Violence as Racial Discourse 8 "June" as Chosen Trauma Conclusion and Epilogue: Remaking Race Glossary Notes List of References Index

Law and Identity: Transnational Arranged Marriages and the Boundaries of Danishness

Abstract: In Denmark, the practice of transnational arranged marriages among immigrants has stirred debate on several levels of society. One effect of the debate is a tightened regulation of family formation migration, seen as an effective means both of limiting the number of immigrants and of furthering processes of social integration. Within media-based and political debates, transnational marriages are frequently described as practices destructive both to individual freedom and to Danish national identity. Nonetheless, it is a practice in which both minority and majority citizens engage, one that frames both their family lives and their lives as citizens. This article analyses the dynamic relationship between public discourse and practices of transnational marriage. The first part describes how political and legislative perceptions of transnational (arranged) marriages are situated within a discussion of ‘Danishness’. The second part describes how second-generation immigrants from Turkey and Pakistan, all of who...

Symbols of Nations and Nationalism: Celebrating Nationhood

Abstract: Preface and Acknowledgements Introduction The Symbolic Construction and Authentication of Boundaries National Flags: Religion, Revolution and Rivalry National Flags and the Flagging of Nations National Days, Celebrations and Commemorations National Days Design: Towards a Typology of Successful National Days Symbolic Regimes and Nation-building Bibliography Index

Between Nationalism and Women’s Rights: the Kurdish Women’s Movement in Iraq

Abstract: This article explores an aspect of the micro-politics of the 'new Iraq' by examining the understudied topic of the Iraqi-Kurdish women's movement. Drawing on interviews with women activists in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah, we describe and analyze their activities, strategies and objectives in relation to Kurdish nationalism and feminism, focusing on the period since 2003. Rather than conceptualizing nationalism and feminism as either contradictory or compatible frames of reference for these activists, we understand debates among women activists as attempts to 'narrate' the Kurdish nation, particularly in response to the realities of the 'new Iraq'. We contend that nationalism per se is not an obstacle to women's rights in Iraqi Kurdistan. Rather, it is the failure, until now, of women activists to engage with the disjuncture between nation and state that could limit the achievements of their struggle.

Global Citizenship and Human Rights: A Longitudinal Analysis of Social Studies and Ethics Textbooks in the Republic of Korea

Abstract: What happens to traditional civic notions of nation, national identity, and constitutional rights when national curricula incorporate ideas of global citizenship, other national identities, diversity, and human rights? Using a longitudinal, mixed-methods approach, we address this issue by analyzing the nature of changes in South Korean civic education textbooks. Findings indicate that national citizenship themes remain core elements but that their emphases have weakened, while global citizenship themes have dramatically increased, especially in the 1990s and 2000s. In addition, the content and presentation of textbooks have become increasingly learner-centered, encouraging students to become self-directed, empowered individuals in a global society. Interviews with academics, practitioners, and policy makers indicate that both global and local factors contributed to these developments.

Ordinary Egyptians: Creating the Modern Nation through Popular Culture

Abstract: The popular culture of pre-revolution Egypt did more than entertain - it created a nation. Songs, jokes, and satire, comedic sketches, plays, and poetry, all provided an opportunity for discussion and debate about national identity and an outlet for resistance to British and elite authority. This book examines how, from the 1870s until the eve of the 1919 revolution, popular media and culture provided ordinary Egyptians with a framework to construct and negotiate a modern national identity. Ordinary Egyptians shifts the typical focus of study away from the intellectual elite to understand the rapid politicization of the growing literate middle classes and brings the semi-literate and illiterate urban masses more fully into the historical narrative. It introduces the concept of "media-capitalism," which expands the analysis of nationalism beyond print alone to incorporate audiovisual and performance media. It was through these various media that a collective camaraderie crossing class lines was formed and, as this book uncovers, an Egyptian national identity emerged.

The sociolinguistics of nationalism in the Sudan: the politicisation of Arabic and the Arabicisation of politics

Abstract: This monograph describes the historiography of language ideologies that led to the politicisation of Arabic and the Arabicisation of politics in the Sudan, starting from British colonial rule until the Comprehensive Peace Agreement that was a precursor to the separation of the South as an independent state. The monograph shows that the politicisation of Arabic in the Sudan is largely a product of British colonial language planning practices that essentially amalgamated Arabic, Islam and a pigmented, spatialised identity, constituting in the process ‘northern Sudan’ vis-a-vis its southern counterpart. The widely celebrated South–North multilingualism is largely a product of colonial linguistic intervention, which has been sustained by postcolonial rules. The postcolonial sociolinguistic order, which is a result of power holders' competing agendas, has reproduced this colonial narrative as the legitimate base of its official (northern) language policy, leading to the Arabicisation of politics. The monograph...

Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond

Abstract: Introduction Part I. Theory and Empirics: 1. The ephemeral gain: intimations of the politically finite 2. Mortality salience: intimations of the corporeally finite 3. Cases Part II. The Secular 'Isms': 4. Fascism 5. Communism Part III. An Ostensibly Sacred 'Ism': 6. Radical Islamism: foundations 7. Contemporary radical Islamist movements 8. Muslims in India Part IV. Extreme Nationalism: 9. Sri Lankan Tamils 10. Poland 11. The Balkans 12. The rampaging military 13. Variations in genocidal behavior Part V. Conclusion: 14. Pathways to extremism 15. Ethics and morality: the rejection of traditional moral restraints 16. War, peace, and the decline of extremism.

‘Love your China’ and evangelise: religion, nationalism, racism and immigrant settlement in Canada

Abstract: This paper explores how race, religion and national origin intersect in one transnational context. In an educational ethnography, I encountered a discourse that called for overseas Chinese to convert and evangelise other Chinese (in China), which won many followers in Canada. Using Critical Race Theory and the notion of intersectionality, I analyse the shared understandings of race and national identity, and the shared experience of institutionalised discrimination in everyday life in this community. I suggest that sanctioned and enabled by Canadian banal nationalism and racism, structural discrimination against racialised minority immigrants contributes to difficulties they experience in settlement. Intersecting with racism and banal nationalism, Christian evangelism offers many Chinese immigrants an alternative frame to understand the meaning and purpose of immigration and of living as racialised immigrants. Implications for immigrant settlement and for education in general are discussed.

Cosmopolitan nationalism: ordinary people making sense of diversity†

Abstract: . This article challenges the theoretical opposition between nationalism and cosmopolitanism with empirical research on the ways in which a group of ordinary Australians talked about multiculturalism in the 1980s and again in the 2000s. It shifts attention from identity work to the understanding of day-to-day social relations: it finds that they are strongly nationalist and yet also display a cosmopolitan embrace of the benefits of cultural diversity. They draw on the inclusionary resources of Australian nationalism and its history to strengthen their cosmopolitanism and calm their anxieties about living with diversity. Their commonsense conceptualising of Australia's contemporary multicultural society in terms of a mix of individuals rather than an ensemble of groups is crucial to understanding why cultural diversity has been embraced within the framework of the nation.

Citation and Censorship: The Politics of Talking About the Sexual Politics of Israel

Abstract: In response to critics’ claims that a discussion of sexuality and nationalism vis-a-vis the Israeli-Palestinian conflict bears no relation to the author’s previous work, or to such discussions within the US or European contexts, this paper details the complex interconnections between Israeli gay and lesbian rights and the continued oppression of Palestinians. The first section examines existing discourses of what the author has previously called “homonationalism,” or the process by which certain forms of gay and lesbian sexuality are folded into the national body as the Muslim/Arab Other is cast as perversely queer, within Israel and the diasporas. The operations of homonationalism ensure that no discussion of gay and lesbian rights in Israel is independent from the state’s actions toward Palestine/Palestinians. The second section contains a critique of Israel’s practices of “pinkwashing” in the US and Europe. In order to redirect focus away from critiques of its repressive actions toward Palestine, Israel has attempted to utilize its relative “gay-friendliness” as an example of its commitment to Western “democratic” ideals. Massive public relations campaigns such as “Brand Israel” work to establish Israel’s reputation within the US and Europe as cosmopolitan, progressive, Westernized and democratic as compared with the backward, repressive, homophobic Islamic nations, which, in turn, serves to solidify Israel’s aggression as a position of the “defense” of democracy and freedom. The final section looks at the ways in which accusations of “anti-Semitism” function in academic and activist contexts to suppress critiques of the implicit nationalism within Israeli sexual politics.