Showing papers on "Object (computer science) published in 1975"

Reproduction of colored images

Abstract: In colored image reproduction, we have found that for the appearance of some self-colored objects (e.g. human flesh or plant leaves) to be satisfactory, when picture elements of the object are expressed in terms of luminance (L) and two chromaticity signals (CHR1 and CHR2), each chromaticity signal is a single-valued function of the luminance. In this specification, such objects are identified by means of a mask (24) or by a color recognition circuit or both and the corresponding area of the reproduction is made under the control of the luminance signal (L) for the picture elements of the object and two chromaticity signals generated by digital look-up tables (LUT2 and LUT3) having the luminance signal as an input and loaded with functions representing the respective functions relating chromaticity to luminance for that object.

Method and apparatus for form removal from contour compressed image data

Abstract: An apparatus for removing form (background) information from an image for data compression; and for adding the form information during reconstruction of the image. Each object in an image is compressed by contour following of the exterior and interior borders of the object, and encoded in chain link form. Each object in the image as it is compressed is correlated with the appropriate object in the form image by comparing the encoded objects with the already stored encoded objects of the form. If there is a match, the image object which matches the form is deleted from the compressed image. Since the order in which the objects are encountered is known, it is only necessary to correlate each image object with at most a single form object. The correlation includes comparing the starting points of the contour information, the perimeter of the object (the length of its border chain) and the object area. The comparisons are made within a predetermined acceptable tolerance. If the variable image data overlaps some of the form image data, the object is retained in the compressed image. During reconstruction of the image, the form and image data are combined using a technique similar to logical OR operation.

A Frame for Frames: Representing Knowledge for Recognition

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter presents the idea of frames, discusses desirable features of a representation for knowledge, and illustrates them with a specific example. A frame is a specialist in a small domain. It contains the knowledge necessary to create a description of an element of its domain from observed data. The frame for an object can have associated with it the frames for actions which commonly affect that object, so that predictions can be made about required modifications to the description. The frame is capable of predicting unobserved features, and of using previous observations to refine its predictions. These predictions can guide the recognition process, and provide answers to questions before that process is complete. An observation that is inconsistent with the expectations of the frames can suggest a better frame as a replacement. Much of the partially constructed description can be incorporated into the new frame, which continues the recognition process.

Visual Learning from Multiple Views

Abstract: An algorithm is presented in which a computer is visually shown a sequence of views of a solid planar object as the object is rotated in space. The computer automatically forms a three-dimensional description of the object. The description consists of a deterministic description of the object's surfaces and how they are interconnected to form the object, along with a measure of each surface's shape which is invariant to three-dimensional rotation. From this self-learned model of the object, the object can later be recognized from any viewing angle. The basis of the algorithm is the ability of the program to determine in a specific visual view: "What do I see now that I have seen before?" This is accomplished by generating two sets of mappings of one object description to another object description.

Apparatus for measuring a dimension of an object

Abstract: A beam of light angularly directed relative to a surface of an object having a dimension to be measured is intercepted by the object, which is moving at a known speed By knowing the beam angle, the object speed, and the time lapse between the passage of the object past a reference point and the point of beam interception, the dimension of the object is readily determined

Decision-directed recursive image enhancement

Abstract: A nonlinear method of estimating pictorial data from noisy observations is considered. The data is assumed to be composed of an object with one texture in the background. An edge detection technique using likelihood functions is used to decide if an incoming picture element is a member of the object or the background. Then, the picture element is directed to one of the two Kalman filters designed based upon the statistics of the object or the background accordingly.

Electrically controlled switching device

Abstract: The invention relates to electrically controlled switching devices in which a movable member can occupy at least two stable positions. The invention has for its object to provide a switching device in which the movable member is a dielectric body having received a persistent electric charge. This body can occupy stable positions defined on an insulating support by conductive pads. The switching is produced by a potential difference applied between the conductive pads.

An overview of AL, a programming system for automation

Abstract: AL is an high-level programming system for specification of manipulatory tasks such as assembly of an object from parts. AL includes an ALGOL-like source language, a translator for converting programs into runnable code, and a runtime system for controlling manipulators and other devices. The system includes advanced features for describing the motions of manipulators, for using sensory information, and for describing assembly algorithms in terms of common domain-specific primitives. This paper describes the design of AL, which is currently being implemented as a successor to the Stanford WAVE system.

An interactive program verification system

Abstract: This paper is an initial progress report on the development of an interactive system for verifying that computer programs meet given formal specifications. The system is based on the conventional inductive assertion method: given a program and its specifications, the object is to generate the verification conditions, simplify them, and prove what remains. The important feature of the system is that the human user has the opportunity and obligation to help actively in the simplifying and proving. The user, for example, is the primary source of problem domain facts and properties needed in the proofs. A general description is given of the overall design philosophy, structure, and functional components of the system, and a simple sorting program is used to illustrate both the behavior of major system components and the type of user interaction the system provides.

Sequence comparison by dynamic programming

Abstract: Gordon (1973) considered the comparison of two ordered sequences of objects. Quite often, objects in one sequence cannot be identified with objects in the other sequence, but resemble them to a greater or lesser degree. Assuming that a measure of similarity between all pairs of objects can be defined, we consider that the insertion of an object in one sequence between a pair of objects in the other sequence is more or less satisfactory according to its similarity with both of them. We then seek to slot the sequences together, as shown for example in Table 1 (Gordon, 1973), in order to maximize the sum of local similarities subject to the constraints imposed by the orderings.

Inspection method and apparatus

Abstract: Method and apparatus for inspection similar articles by first passing an ideal sample article through the field of view of a scanning array, generating a train of pulses corresponding to the image falling on the scanning array by sequentially interrogating each sensor in the array in response to a clock frequency, selecting discrete pulses from the train of pulses which are indicative of the characteristics of the sample article, and preferably pulses indicating perturbations, storing data identifying the selected pulses in a sample memory, sequentially passing other articles to be inspected past the scanning array and similarly generating and storing the identification data for selected characteristics pulses in an object memory, and comparing the stored data in the sample and object memories for correspondence between the data within preselected tolerances to determine correlation, or the absence of correlation, between the same article and each article to be inspected.

Recognition of an object in a stack of industrial parts

Abstract: This paper describes a method for analyzing an input scene of a stack of industrial parts in order to recognize an object which is not obscured by others. Detecting a simple familiar pattern such as an ellipse in a set of strong feature points, an analyzer selects models of the machine parts from the attributes of other feature points around the pattern under the constraints of the proposed models. Finally one of the models is verified through processes of matching the detailed structures of the models to the less obvious feature points.

Extension pull through device to allow for easier passage of flexible fiber endoscope

Abstract: A flexible endoscope having a fiber bundle for transmitting optical images from a distal end where an object to be viewed is located to a proximal end where an image of the object can be viewed by an operator. The endoscope incorporates a mechanism for advancing the endoscope toward the object to be viewed.

Method of measuring the velocity of an object relative to a reference and a device for effecting said method

Abstract: Method and apparatus for measuring the velocity of an object relative to a reference by means of signals that are transmitted and received by transmitters and receivers fixed to the object at a certain geometric distance from each other in the direction of measurement, signals being transmitted by the object and being reflected by the reference. The receivers set up signals which correspond to the auto-correlation and cross-correlation of the received signals, the correlation signals being functions of the transmitter-receiver system geometry and being substantially independent of the reflection properties of the reference. The auto-correlation and cross-correlation signals are operated on to determine a time shift therebetween which is a function of the displacement of the object over a given period of time, the velocity of the object relative to the reference location being determined from said time shift.

Structured descriptions of complex curved objects for recognition and visual memory.

Abstract: : Description and recognition of three-dimensional objects from range data obtained by a laser triangulation technique are described. A complex object is described by decomposition into sub-parts and relations of these sub-parts. The individual parts are described by generalized cones, which are defined by a space curve known as the axis, and arbitrary shaped normal cross-sections along this axis. Techniques for segmenting an object into sub-parts and generating structured, symbolic, graph like descriptions are described. These symbolic descriptions are matched with stored descriptions and the best match is picked for recognition. A limited amount of indexing capability exists to efficiently retrieve a sub-class of similar objects from the models stored in the memory. Indexing is a necessity if a large number of visual models is to be used.

Method and apparatus for acoustic and optical scanning of an object

Abstract: A microscope for scanning an object with light and acoustic waves and producing both acoustic and optical images thereof. The microscope includes optical and acoustic lenses that focus both the light and acoustic waves on substantially the same point on the object. In one portion of the microscope the acoustic waves and light propagate coextensively through the same medium. The apparatus generates a simultaneous presentation of both acoustic and optical images formed by the microscope.

Language and Thought

Abstract: Language and Thought Lera Boroditsky (lera@psychstanfordedu) Department of Psychology, Stanford University Jordan Hall, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA John Lucy (j-lucy@uchicagoedu) Department of Psychology, University of Chicago 5848 S University Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 Jill DeVilliers (jdevil@sciencesmithedu) Department of Psychology, Smith College Northampton, MA 01063 USA Phil Wolff (pwolff@emoryedu) Emory University Department of Psychology 532 N Kilgo Cir, Atlanta, GA 30322 sentences, but that this does not rule out other potential facilitatory effects of language Motivation After decades of neglect, the language and thought hypothesis—that the language we speak may influence the way we think—has recently enjoyed a resurgence of interest This new wave of language and thought research capitalizes on gains in our linguistic knowledge of cross- linguistic semantic patterns and in the range and subtlety of psychological techniques now available This new research has tackled a wide range of content areas, including space, time, motion, causality, the nature of the object concept, and theory of mind This symposium presents methods and recent findings in this arena John Lucy Researchers in language and thought must constantly deal with the problem of devising truly matched instruction procedures This paper discusses the efforts of Lucy and his colleagues to develop a nonverbal triads procedure: that is, a procedure that avoids using words like “same,” “similar,” “(more) like’” etc The resulting procedure then does not depend on using translation equivalents in other languages, and offers a useful alternative for working with children and with deaf subjects Some preliminary empirical results from new work will be described Lera Boroditsky Phil Wolff Different languages divide the color spectrum in different ways Does this lead speakers of different languages to perceive colors differently? Results of several experiments suggest that color language can influence people's color judgments even in conditions when all color stimuli are present at the same time and need not be stored in memory Language appears to be involved online during simple color-discrimination tasks such that effects of language can be selectively disrupted by verbal interference (but not spatial interference) Further, color discrimination performance across a boundary that exists in one language but not another can be altered by linguistic interference only for the language group that codes that linguistic distinction Finally, as the color discrimination tasks become simpler and faster, effects of linguistic interference disappear These results suggest that language is involved online in a large number of low-level perceptual discriminations, but also that not all color discrimination is affected by language This research is on causal verbs and reasoning across languages The concept of CAUSE has frequently been treated as a conceptual primitive in the linguistic, philosophical and psychological literatures Given this assumption, one might expect that the meaning of words encoding the concept of CAUSE should be relatively consistent across languages In contrast to this assumption, This research shows how the meaning of the verb “cause” and related verbs may differ significantly across languages, eg, English, Russian, and German In addition, it suggests that these differences in meaning might reflect underlying differences in the way causal events are categorized non- linguistically Discussant TBA Jill DeVilliers This paper will address the issue of possible connections between language development and thought using the case of Theory of Mind There are multiple ways to construe connections between language and false belief reasoning, only some of them causal The argument will be that the data are compatible with a causal connection for a specific aspect of language knowledge linked to recursion of

A task-based model of manual lifting performance

Abstract: SUMMARY Despite the numerous studies on human lifting ability no Berious attempt has been made to devise an empirical prediction model based on a large number of task factors rather than individual factors. This paper first demonstrates that the effect of one variable (age) is similar in a study of 45 subjects using a non-compact object to that found in previous studies using compact objects. A model is proposed to predict lifting performance from a large number of task-related variables. A test of the model using the effects of five variables estimated from the literature was conducted. Twenty-six lifting conditions were tested and the model predictions matched the actual weights lifted with a correlation coefficient of 0-936. The implications for future extension of the model are discussed.

Apparatus for automatically detecting and eliminating flaws on slabs or billets

Abstract: Apparatus for automatically detecting and eliminating flaws on slabs or billets which comprises a single flaw detector for successively scanning the surfaces of objects to be examined to produce detection signals corresponding to the flaws detected on the objects; a plurality of storage units each of which separately stores the detection signals obtained from scanning of one of said objects; and a plurality of flaw eliminators to each of which one of said objects that have been scanned by said detector is transferred so that each of said eliminators scans the surface of said transferred object to eliminate the flaws thereon in accordance with the detection signals stored in the corresponding one of said storage units.

Luminous marking in an indentation of an object

Abstract: A luminous mark on an object is provided by a phosphor and a source of nuclear radiation in an indentation of the object, the materials being held in place by a transparent cover closing said indentation.

Data processing system including a plurality of programmed machines and particularly including a supervisor machine and an object machine

Abstract: A data processing system in which a programmed supervisor data processing machine and a programmed object data processing machine are interconnected. The object machine is typically a controller which receives input signals from and delivers output signals to interface vector buffer stores under control of an object machine program. The buffer stores connect to and from user devices. The supervisor machine operates to execute a supervisor machine program. The supervisor machine halts and starts the object machine, causes supervisor instructions to be executed in the object machine, extracts information from the object machine and restores the object machine to its prehalt status allowing the object machine to continue processing the object machine program.

Lamp inserting and extracting tool

Abstract: A tool for inserting and extracting small objects such as lamp bulbs from relatively inaccessible areas. The tool comprises a single molded plastic member having cup-like portions at opposite ends. One cup is resilient and frictionally grips the object for removal, whereas the opposed cup is relieved by means of a radial slot to permit temporary retention of the object while it is being inserted and to freely release the object after it has been inserted.

Method of inspecting appearance of objects

Abstract: PURPOSE:Appearance of an object, such as photomask, is inspected with the pattern information which is the basis for preparation of master patterns as a refere reference, whereby the degree of reliability of the inspection is enhanced and the speed of inspection is increased.