Showing papers on "Olfaction published in 1981"
TL;DR: Olfactory cues from prior subjects in operant chambers were shown to be an effective stimulus which rodents could use to direct lever selection in a typical operant drug discrimination (DD) paradigm, indicating that inter-animal olfactorycue cues could be of considerable methodological significance in DD studies.
Abstract: Olfactory cues from prior subjects in operant chambers were shown to be an effective stimulus which rodents could use to direct lever selection in a typical operant drug discrimination (DD) paradigm. Such cues persisted for very long periods of time (16h), and were deposited after very short (5 min) operant sessions. In extinction tests inter-animal olfactory cues exerted very strong stimulus control over lever selection. Furthermore, such cues were not specific to individual rodent subjects but were generalizable between subjects. Inter-animal cues directing lever selection could be abolished by cleaning operant manipulanda with a 10% alcohol solution. Reanalysis of some DD data previously reported by one of the authors (Goudie 1977) indicated that this specific earlier study (and by implication perhaps other studies) might have been confounded by inter-animal cues. In a DD study with nicotine it was found that the drug cue was antagonized by mecamylamine for all subjects except those who had a reliable olfactory cue from prior subjects to direct lever selection (subjects who possessed both an olfactory and a drug cue to direct lever selection responded in a way suggesting that the exteroceptive olfactory cue controlled behaviour rather than the interoceptive drug cue). These findings indicate that inter-animal olfactory cues could be of considerable methodological significance in DD studies. The possible significance of such cues has not previously been reported upon in detail, and in reports of many DD studies there do not appear to be explicit indications that interanimal cues have been adequately controlled.
175 citations
TL;DR: An ontogenetic study of [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake within the olfactory bulbs was performed in 1, 4, 7- and 21 day-old guinea-pigs exposed to a pure chemical odor, ethyl acetoacetate (EAA).
72 citations
TL;DR: Results of surgical treatment of anterior communicating artery aneurysms, approached via bifrontal craniotomy, showed that 84% of the patients reporting normal olfaction did indeed have normalOlfactory, whereas 91% of these reporting no olfactory were anosmic.
Abstract: ✓ Results of surgical treatment of anterior communicating artery aneurysms, approached via bifrontal craniotomy, are reported in 110 cases. It was possible to preserve the olfactory tracts bilaterally or unilaterally in over 65% of these cases: 47% with bilateral preservation and 34% with unilateral preservation; 33% of the patients with bilateral olfactory tract damage reported subjectively normal olfaction. Objective examination of olfaction by an otolaryngologist showed that 84% of the patients reporting normal olfaction did indeed have normal olfaction, whereas 91% of these reporting no olfaction were anosmic.
67 citations
TL;DR: The high degree of differentiation of the olfactory system suggests that the piranha depends substantially on the sense of olfaction and that this species may be a good model for further studies on o aroma mechanisms.
Abstract: The connections of the olfactory bulb were studied in the piranha using the Nauta and horseradish-peroxidase methods. Three olfactory tracts project to seven terminal fields in the telencephalon and one in the diencephalon, all of them bilaterally. The contralateral olfactory bulb also receives a small input. All contralateral projections decussate in the anterior commissure and are relatively weak compared to the ipsilateral projections. HRP-containing cells were found in all of the ipsilateral telencephalic aggregates receiving an olfactory tract projection; the contralateral side was free of labeled cell bodies. Although only about one fourth of the entire telencephalon receives a direct olfactory input, the high degree of differentiation of the olfactory system suggests that the piranha depends substantially on the sense of olfaction and that this species may be a good model for further studies on olfactory mechanisms.
59 citations
TL;DR: N nasal olfaction may indeed be more of a "quantitative," distance sensing system that responds to the presence of any pungent substance by initiating further investigation via the tongue-Jacobson's organ system, as suggested by Cowles and Phelan ('58).
Abstract: The capacity of naturally breeding western fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus) to discriminate and respond to conspecific and control chemical cues was examined. Lizards were presented with markings and exudates of male and female donors, as well as cologne (a pungency control) and water, in a successive discrimination procedure. Behavioral actions quantified after exposure to the different chemical cue types included lingual extrusions (tongue flicks and substrate licks), rapid nasal inhalations, and the performance of push-up visual displays. Initial latencies to lingual investigation of the different extracts and markings also were recorded as a measure of the extent to which nasal olfaction would switch on the tongue-Jacobson's organ (vomeronasal olfactory) system. Although no sex differences in total levels of response were noted, males and females exhibited significant lingual discriminations equally to exudates collected from male or female conspecifics. Push-up visual displays also were noted in response to conspecific markings. Cologne-marked surfaced, however, elicited nonsignificant levels of lingual investigation and push-up displaying. Latencies to initial tongue flicks, but not substrate licks, were significantly shorter when any material other than water was present. Therefore, as suggested by Cowles and Phelan ('58), nasal olfaction may indeed be more of a "quantitative," distance sensing system that responds to the presence of any pungent substance by initiating further investigation via the tongue-Jacobson's organ system. The latter appears to be more "qualitative," or discriminating, as indexed by relatively greater levels of lingual investigation of conspecific markings than cologne. No differences were noted in rapid nasal inhalation activity. The results suggest that pheromone markings, along the ground or other surfaces, may be important to spacing and territorial maintenance in nature. This could occur through direct pheromone effects on signal recipients, or indirectly, through the stimulation of increased push-up activity, which could make lizards more visible to one another.
46 citations
TL;DR: The patterns of labelling within the direct olfactory bulb projections are comparable to those observed in 21-day-old rats and in adult, and these data are correlated with the postnatal development of the discriminating ability of the rat.
40 citations
TL;DR: Treatment of frog olfactory epithelium with 8 mM N-ethylmaleimide for 2 min results in extensive dissociation of the epithelia, and the resulting cell suspension contains single olfaction receptor neurons, sustentacular cells, respiratory epithelial cells, and cells of Bowman's glands.
32 citations
TL;DR: Olfactory bulbectomy markedly reduced the number of days required before maternally inexperienced female and male animals retrieved pups and suggested that differences in functioning of the olfactory system may play a role in gender dimorphic behaviors.
28 citations
TL;DR: Channel catfishes' behavioral sensitivity to amino acids was determined by monitoring their heart rate during the presentation of shock-paired amino acid solutions, and fish trained to respond to a particular amino acid tended to generalize their response to novel amino acids.
23 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that olfactory cues may play a role in parental care in ring doves, and support to the notion that o aroma cues can influence avian behavior is added.
TL;DR: It was shown that strong separation could be effected between the three groups, solely on the basis of the olfactory recognition and recall tests, which included the Campbell-Gregson (1972) procedure.
Abstract: Samples of 12 hospitalized Korsakoffs, 12 hospitalized non-Korsakoff alcoholics, and 12 controls, all groups being of comparable age range, were tested using a set of seven visual and olfactory measures which involved memory. By stepwise multiple discriminant analysis it was shown that strong separation could be effected between the three groups, solely on the basis of the olfactory recognition and recall tests, which included the Campbell-Gregson (1972) procedure. The use of of anosmia as a diagnostic indicator for Korsakoff's syndrome is discussed.
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this article, anisole and benzaldehyde binding proteins were identified from extracts of dog olfactory epithelium by affinity chromatography and tested for their ability to alter responses to mouse olfactual epithelial response to odorant stimulation.
Abstract: : Prior to beginning this project we had developed two hypothesis: (1) that receptor protein in olfactory receptor cells comprise a class of molecules of related structure with a region common to all and a region specific for a particular odorant class; (2) that interaction with receptor proteins is only one of several mechanisms by which olfactory neurons are stimulated by odorants. This project was basically an attempt to test these hypothesis. Proteins with affinity for compounds related to the odorants, anisole and benzaldehyde, were isolated from extracts of dog olfactory epithelium by affinity chromatography. Sera from rabbits immunized with each were general inhibitors of mouse olfactory tissue to odorant stimulation. Monoclonal antibodies were prepared against each protein and tested for ability to alter responses to mouse olfactory epithelium to odorant stimulation. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that olfactory receptor proteins are members of a structurally related class of which the anisole and benzaldehyde binding proteins are members. None of the antibodies reduced the magnitude of the response must be mediated by some pathway other than initiation by binding of the odorant to the receptor protein. This is consistent with the hypothesis that there are multiple mechanisms by which odorants stimulate olfactory neurons, interaction with receptor proteins being one of them.
TL;DR: Using T & T Olfactometer which had been developed and standardized for clinical use in Japan recently, measurements of olfactory thresholds of odor detection and of odor recognition were carried out on 33 subjects, who had worked in a chromate producing factory, and found that chromates impairOlfactory sense for all kinds of odors, which means the impairment of Olfactory epithelium itself.
Abstract: Using T & T Olfactometer which had been developed and standardized for clinical use in Japan recently, measurements of olfactory thresholds of odor detection and of odor recognition were carried out on 33 subjects (26 males and 7 females), who had worked in a chromate producing factory. The subjects had left the factory before 7 years or more. Five kinds of test odors were used; beta-phenyl ethyl alcohol, methyl cyclopentenolone, iso-valeric acid, gamma-undecalactone, and scatol. The degree of olfaction loss was expressed with the number of powers of 10 in series of multiple concentrations by 10 of each test odor with reference to the concentration of the detection threshold of young normal people. Seventeen of 33 subjects (51.4%) had a perforation of the nasal septum. Middle and high grade decrease of odor recognition faculty were found in 18 (54.5%) including 2 anosmia, one of whom complained also of the disorder of taste. Any specific pattern of olfactogram characterizing them were not found, namely, chromates impair olfactory sense for all kinds of odors, which means the impairment of olfactory epithelium itself. The degree of olfaction loss was related to the duration of employment in the chromate producing factory. The existence of septal perforation had no direct relation to the degree of olfaction loss.
TL;DR: The piriform cortex has been examined in rats following neonatal deafferentation produced by olfactory bulb removal and the denervated molecular layer of the Piriform cortex grows to nearly its full adult thickness and the removal olfaction bulb axons are replaced by intracortical axons.
TL;DR: The data indicate that olfaction is the primary cue for detecting even nonsocial novelty in this species, and it is suggested that Olfactory lesions decrease the ability to discriminate between external stimuli and therefore impair responsiveness toward novelty.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Olfactory capacities appear to constitute an additional criterion on which to base a diagnosis of dementia and could be used to help establish the neuro-biological bases of certain types of demential behaviour and to observe the progress of tentative therapies.
Abstract: Various reports concerning the oro-alimentary ducts of dements and increasing arguments in favour of a new etiopathogenic hypothesis for Pick's disease, involving impaired zinc metabolism and histological lesions partly linked with the hodology of the olfactory system, lie at the origin of our present clinical interest in olfaction. In a first stage, using a technique based on dilution with N-propanol, we observed certain conditions permitting an evaluation of the olfactory capacities of patients with Pick's disease, senile plaque dementia and neurofibrillary degenerescense. There does not seem to be a decline in olfaction with age. Olfactory capacities in the two forms of dementia studied were distinctly inferior to those of non-dements. Olfactory habituation was more marked, especially in Pick's disease where there were also paradoxical responses which seemed to form part of a more general change in reaction to stimulus. In senile plaque dementia and neurofibrillary degenerescence the response to olfactory stimulus declines with dilution of N-propanol and lesional extension. Observation of recorded parameters (EEG, psycho-galvanic reflex, ocular movement, breathing) is useful in Pick's disease and may be difficult in senile plaque dementia and neurofibrillary degenerescence. Olfactory capacities appear to constitute an additional criterion on which to base a diagnosis of dementia. They could be used to help establish the neuro-biological bases of certain types of demential behaviour and to observe the progress of tentative therapies.
TL;DR: An Olfactory Sensitivity Score for the Campbell-Gregson olfactory assessment procedure is presented, as an index of the effectiveness of olfaction functioning, and its usefulness is demonstrated in differentiating patients with Kallman's syndrome from a group having similar endocrinological disorders.
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: The olfactory nerve, together with the smell-brain, is an important factor in the history of the development of the vertebrale animals and its section in the course of operation is even justified if it is done only to gain a better survey of the operating field or access to it.
Abstract: The olfactory nerve, together with the smell-brain, is an important factor in the history of the development of the vertebrale animals. The human brain has evolved at the expense of the smell-brain, which for the human being is of almost no importance. Also, in neurosurgery the olfactory nerve is of no vital importance. It gains significance only because it is the first of the cranial nerves, and also quite vulnerable. But apart from those cases where one has to operate because of the olfactory nerve (meningioma of the olfactory region or rhinoliquorrhea through the lamina cribriformis) it rather hinders the surgeon who operates transfrontally. This is the reason why many surgeons think that if the local situation during surgery makes it necessary, the first cranial nerve may be easily sectioned. In fact, nowadays a perfect sense of smell is not as important for the human being as it had been for his vertebrates, where it was vital. In many cases of one-sided anosmia the patients had not even been aware of it and in those cases where it was known, it was not perceived as a major disadvantage. Reduced ability of the sense of smell usually is not experienced as a serious handicap. Accordingly, section of the olfactory nerve in the course of operation is even justified if it is done only to gain a better survey of the operating field or access to it.
TL;DR: A procedure for the surgical induction of anosmia in the wolf is described, and anatomical verification in the dog showed that the olfactory peduncle (corresponds to the human Olfactory tract) was completely sectioned.
TL;DR: The secretory or edematous type tended to give a positive reaction to the intravenous olfaction test and showed a scale out on the standarded olfactory acuity test as compared with other types, and there was no apparent statistical correlation between the latent time and the duration time.
Abstract: The relationship between the standard olfactory acuity test, intravenous olfaction test and the endoscopic observation of olfactory cleft was studied in 533 cases of olfactory disturbance who visited the olfactory clinic.The results obtained are as follows.1) On the standard olfactory acuity test, 60 percent showed a scale out, while the intravenous olfaction test was negative in 40 percent.2) Even in cases who showed a scale out on the standard olfactory acuity test, about half of them gave a positive reaction to the intravenous olfaction test.3) Only 18 (8.5%) out of 213 cases showed no scale out on the standard olfactory acuity test and gave a negative reaction to the intravenous olfaction test.4) According to the results of the standard olfactory acuity test in cases with negative response to the intravenous olfaction test, about 90 percent of the cases showed a scale out.5) According to the results of the standard olfactory acuity test in cases with positive response to the intravenous olfaction test, the longer the latent time or the shorter the duration time became, the higher the ratio of scale out tended to become.6) However, there was no apparent statistical correlation between the latent time and the duration time.7) On the endoscopic observation of olfactory cleft, the secretory or edematous type was most frequently noted. The secretory or edematous type tended to give a positive reaction to the intravenous olfaction test and showed a scale out on the standarded olfactory acuity test as compared with other types.
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: The chapter discusses the information that might show some relations between taste and olfaction and the closely related sensations of hunger and thirst and the importance of mutual information processing between the sensory centre and its association area.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter lists the principle relay points of external and internal stimuli as they follow their respective paths to the eating and drinking association cortex. The first principal relay for the taste sensation is the nucleus tractus solitarii. Taste sensations go to the pontine parabrachial nucleus from where a branch goes to the lateral hypothalamic area. However, the main path continues through the ventro-post-eromedial nucleus of the thalamus on its way to the cortical taste area and the taste association area. From the cortical taste area, the connections go to the prefrontal cortex or orbito-frontal cortex (OBF). The chapter discusses the information that might show some relations between taste and olfaction and the closely related sensations of hunger and thirst. Olfaction follows two collateral paths from the olfactory bulb. One is through the dorso-medial nucleus of the thalamus to the posterior OBF. The other pathway is through the prepyriform cortex and the amygdala, through the hypothalamus where some branches terminate, and on to the more lateral regions of the posterior OBF where olfactory discrimination takes place. Each of the sensations has its own association area; even minor damage in any association area will seriously affect the related sensation, while a minor damage in the intermediate regions may often be less disrupting. This indicates the importance of mutual information processing between the sensory centre and its association area. The analysis of the neuronal activity indicates broadening of perception while retaining sensory specificity.
TL;DR: The activity of single olfactory receptor cells previously reported was reexamined using Guttman-Lingoes multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis and factor analysis.