Showing papers on "Peduncle (anatomy) published in 1990"

Genotypic variation and classification of cowpea for reproductive responses to high temperature under long photoperiods.

Abstract: (...)Heat-tolerant accessions in Group I exhibited normal peduncle elongation, early flowering and produced many flowers and pods. Accessions in Groups II and III performed similarly but set few pods or no pods. Accessions in Groups IV through VII differed in duration to first floral bud, with Group VII being the latest and exhibiting substantial bud abortion, suppressed peduncle elongation and no flowers. Group VIII accessions produced no visible floral buds.(...)

The adaptedness of the floral phenotype in a relict endemic, hawkmoth-pollinated violet. 1. Reproductive correlates of floral variation

Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between quantitative variation in floral morphology (sizes of petals, spur and peduncle) and maternal reproductive success (seed production) in Viola cazorlensic (Violaceae), a narrowly endemic violet of south-eastern Spain pollinated by day-flying hawkmoths (Sphingidae). This plant is characterized by broad intraspecific variation in size and proportions of floral parts. Floral morphology does not influence significantly the probability of fruit set. Among flowers setting fruit, spur length and size of petals have no significant effect on seed production, but capsules from long- and short-peduncted flowers contain significantly more seeds than capsules from flowers with intermediate peduncles. Individual plants differ significantly in average floral characteristics. Plants with comparatively long and short peduncles tend to produce more seeds than those with intermediate ones, even after accounting statistically for individual differences in flower production. These findings are interpreted as evidence of disruptive selection on peduncle length during the study season. Floral variability in this species may be explained by the combined action of disruptive selection on peduncle length (the character most variable among individuals) and little, if any, stabilizing selection on spur length and size of petals.

Measurement of Phloem transport rates by an indicator-dilution technique.

Abstract: An indicator-dilution technique for the measurement of flow rates, commonly used by animal physiologists for circulation measurements, was adapted to the measurement of phloem translocation rates in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) peduncle. The approach is based on the observation that, during the transport of a given amount of solute, its mean concentration will be inversely proportional to flow rate. For phloem transport in the wheat peduncle, the necessary measurements are (a) the time course of tracer kinetics in the peduncle phloem, (b) the volume of sieve tubes and companion cells in the monitored segment of the peduncle, and (c) the amount of tracer transported past that point. The method was evaluated by in situ monitoring of 32PO4 transport in pulse-labeling experiments. Specific activities (i.e.32P concentrations) of phloem exudate were in good agreement with those calculated from in situ count rates and measured phloem areas. Mass transport rates, calculated from volume flow rates and phloem exudate dry matter content, also agreed well with expected mass transport rates based on measurements of grain growth rate and net CO2 exchange by the ear. The indicator-dilution technique appears to offer good precision and accuracy for short-term measurements of phloem transport rates in the wheast peduncle and should be useful for other systems as well. In contrast to velocities based on time-delay measurements, it is more precise, more accurate, and produces an estimate of mean, rather than maximum, velocity. Also, since only a single detector is required, it can be applied to very short transport paths.

Indirect selection for grain protein and grain yield in winter wheat.

Abstract: Increasing grain protein content is an important wheat breeding goal. Noaman & Taylor (1988b) showed the combination of protein content in the head, peduncle, and flag leaf of winter wheat at heading provided a good estimate for grain protein. The objectives of this research were to apply these results in indirect selection scheme for grain protein improvement and to study the heritability of protein content in these plant parts. Two random winter wheat populations from four parents in double crosses were used in this study. Sixty randon F2-derived F5 and F6 lines were grown in randomized complete block design with 3 replicates in two years. Significant differences for grain yield, grain protein, and vegetative protein content were detected among F5 and F6 lines in both populations. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations between grain protein and vegetative protein were significant and in agreement. Estimates of narrow sense heritability of protein content using variance components method ranged from 0.46 to 0.94 for leaf 2 and head in population 1, and from 0.63 to 0.89 for peduncle and head in population 2. Correlation coefficients (r) between predicted and observed grain protein ranged from 0.50 to 0.88 and from 0.37 to 0.84 in populations 1 and 2, respectively. The highest r was obtained from the combination of head, peduncle, and flag leaf protein at heading. Correlation between protein in plant parts and grain yield was small and not significant. The high heritability of vegetative protein at heading allows the identification of genotypes before pollination which are likely to produce high grain protein. Indirect selection for head, peduncle, and flag leaf protein should result in increased grain protein without yield reduction noted in other breeding schemes.

Vegetative protein and its relation to grain protein in high and low grain protein winter wheats

Abstract: Better understanding of the physiological and genetic basis of wheat grain protein will contribute to breeding efforts for this characteristic. This study provides information about plant protein distribution in high and low grain protein winter wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) at different growth stages and its relation to grain protein. Field experiments involved two winter wheats with high grain protein, ‘Redwin’ and ‘Lancota’, and two with low grain protein, ‘Centurk’ and ‘Brule’ in two years. Protein content in the head, the upper three leaves, the first and second leaf, and the peduncle were estimated with Near Infrared Reflectance Spectrophotometer (NIR) at five growth stages. High protein cultivars had higher leaf protein at ripe and higher protein content in the heads at most growth stages than low grain protein cultivars. High protein cultivars had lower protein content in the peduncle than low protein cultivars at ripe. Correlation coefficients between plant-part protein and grain protein ranged from 0.48 to 0.87 for the heads, from −0.45 to −0.79 for the peduncle, and from 0.55 to 0.84 for the leaves. A combination of head, peduncle, and first leaf protein at heading was significantly related to grain protein (R2=0.71). Indirect selection for head, peduncle, and first leaf (flag leaf) protein at heading should result in increased grain protein. Recurrent selection for increased grain protein, with parent selectionbefore anthesis and hybridization should be successful.

Cellular expression of panicle exsertion and peduncle elongation in semidwarf oat

Abstract: (...)The Dw6 gene and the panicle exsertion genes have an effect on both cell number and cell elongation. The GA3 application elongated the peduncles by enhancing both cell number and elongation as do exsertion genes; however, GA 3 application and exsertion genes did not produce peduncles with identical cellular characteristics. Effects of GA3 application on peduncle elongation were more pronounced in OT207 and non-exserted semidwarfs than in respective longer peduncle lines. Results implicate the involvement of GA metabolism in the action of Dw6 and the exsertion genes

Estudo micro-mesoscópico das granulações aracnóides humanas

Abstract: The functional anatomy of the arachnoid granulations of the upper sagittal sinus was studied by means of micromesoscopic techniques in order to contribute to elucidating aspects of drainage pathways of the cerebrospinal fluid through their fibrous components. The arrangement of fibrous elements was analysed at the base of the peduncle, peduncle, middle and apex of granulation. The analysis of seriate sections shows collagen bundles at the base of the peduncle with a predominantly circular morphology, longitudinally directed towards the peduncle's longest axis. These bundles arise in the middle of the granulation, them branch off towards its apex and periphery. The elastic bundles present an arrangement similar to that described for collagen bundles, delimiting with such bundles intercommunication channels from the base of the peduncle up to the apex of the granulation. Bundles of reticular fibers arranged in between the collagen meshes were found at the base of the peduncle. The fibrous capsule of granulation is ccmposed of collagen bundles and a small number of elastic fibers.

Changes in Cellular and Water Soluble Sugar Contents during Grain Filling Period in Three Parts of Main Culm of Spring Wheats

Abstract: Changes in culm contents, cell wall constituents, net cellular matter and water soluble sugar content (WSC) were determined from anthesis to maturity in three parts of the main culm, peduncle, second and lower internodes, for three spring wheat varieties, tall Haruhikari, semi-dwarf Haruyutaka and tall late Selpek. After anthesis cell wall constituent and net cellular matter increased in peduncle and the second internode, associated with the elongation, but a little in the lower internodes, of which elongation has almost ceased at anthesis (Fig. 2). Contrary to this, WSC as a storage material increased in each part until milk ripening, decreasing to almost zero at maturity, presumably due to translocation to the ear. WSC has been rapidly accumulated before anthesis in the lower internode, but started to store at about anthesis in peduncle and the second internode, and attained the maximum at about a week before milk ripening in the lower internodes, just at the milk ripe stage in the second internode and several days after milk ripening in peduncle. For all varieties the percent WSC was higher in the second internode and the amount of WSC in the lower internodes was more than in peduncle and the second internode at milk ripe stage, suggesting that the second and lower internodes were main storage organs. In addition the percent and amount of WSC were larger for semi-dwarf Haruyutaka than for tall Haruhikari and Selpek.

The Relation of Polyphenols and Polyphenol Oxidase to the Food Quality of Banana Bud

Abstract: Polyphenols in banana buds were found to consist of flavanan tannin (condensed tannin) as the major component; catechin, its oligomers, dopamine and dopa as minor components. Total phenol and vanillin-positive phenol were higher in the buds of cultivars Bungulan, Lacatan and Latundan and lower in the buds of cv. Saba. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in cv. Saba was localized in the male flower; 3 times less in the peduncle and bract; and about 30 and 300 times less in the peel and pulp of the fruit respectively. PPO activity in the male flower, peduncle and bract was inhibited by 0.13M NaCl about 20 to 30%, while that in the peel and pulp was inhibited about 40 to 50%. Buds of the other cultivars had similar levels of PPO which were inhibited about 20% by 0.13M NaCl. The Ki value for NaCl of PPO in the peel was estimated to be 0.28M. The astringency, bitterness and color of banana buds were monitored before and after heating, NaCl treatment and squeezing. These are discussed with reference to the polyphenols and PPO focussing on food quality.

Harvester for fruit vegetables

Abstract: PURPOSE:To prevent a hand from retreating in a state of hooking fruit vegetables in a capturing part by moving and operating the hand in the direction opposite to that on the basal side of a peduncle before starting return guide after harvesting operation through the set travel. CONSTITUTION:A hand (H) for harvesting fruit vegetables is guided to fruit vegetables which are objects for harvesting and a capturing part (T) thereof is projected forward to capture the fruit vegetables. The capturing part (T) is then moved from the fruit vegetable capturing position to the direction of the peduncular basal side it the fruit vegetables through the set travel. The peduncle of the fruit vegetables are subsequently cut by a cutter (S) to move the hand (H) once to a fruit vegetable capturing position. The capturing part (T) is then retreated back to facilitate slipping of the fruit vegetables from an opening 26 of the hand in failure of cutting the peduncle of the fruit vegetables.

The Photoresponses of the Trout Pineal Cells

Abstract: The pineal body of the trout is a strongly vascularized rounded structure (about 1 mm diameter), lying upon the dorso- lateral portion of the diencephalon and attached to it by means of a peduncle about 2 mm long. The pineal body is essentially a photoneuroendocrine organ since several lines of evidences indicate its light regulated influence on locomotion, gonadotropic activity as well as on the production of melatonin, an hormon involved in body pigmentation (Oksche, 1986).