Showing papers on "Personal computer published in 2004"

Learning to Contract: Evidence from the Personal Computer Industry

Abstract: Organizational forms involving more detailed contracts than are found in traditional spot market exchanges appear to be increasingly prevalent. There has been relatively little analysis, however, of the extent to which firms learn how to use contracts to manage their interfirm relationships over time. In this paper, we conduct a detailed case study of a time series of 11 contracts concluded during 1989-1997 between the same two partners, both of whom participate in the personal computer industry, to explore whether and how firms learn to contract. We find many changes to the structure of the contracts that cannot be fully explained by changes in the assets at risk in the relationship, and evidence that these changes are largely the result of processes in which the firms were learning how to work together, including learning how to contract with each other. The nature of this learning appears to have been quite incremental and local, that is, not very far sighted. We suggest how and when contracts might serve as repositories for knowledge about how to govern collaborations, and suggest some boundary conditions for this phenomenon. Our findings also provide implications for the debate about whether contracts have a positive or negative effect on interorganizational trust. We conclude with suggestions for future research.

Multi-interface compact personal token apparatus and methods of use

Abstract: A compact personal token apparatus, suitably resembling a conventional USB memory fob in size, shape, and form which can be plugged into a PC and interfaced with the virtual world of the Internet. The apparatus is capable of loading and storing information from the Internet, via the PC to its flash memory or EEPROM and then using the stored information or value via its wireless interface in the real world. The apparatus is capable of implementing an auto-run application, when inserted into a personal computer. The apparatus is capable of exchanging information with other devices having compatible interfaces. The apparatus can also function as a firewall when plugged between an Internet connection and a PC.

Rfid and the innovation cycle

Abstract: In this paper, several “disruptive” technologies are considered and the paths they have taken from the early innovation phase to full implementation are traced. The technologies include: refrigeration; the automobile and highway system; incandescent lighting; the television; and, the personal computer. Each technology is traced through several steps leading from the early innovation to wide adoption. Then the same steps are applied to RFID, placing it in this historical context and speculating on the possible future adoption and impact of this technology.

Fast free-form deformable registration via calculus of variations.

Abstract: In this paper, we present a fully automatic, fast and accurate deformable registration technique. This technique deals with free-form deformation. It minimizes an energy functional that combines both similarity and smoothness measures. By using calculus of variations, the minimization problem was represented as a set of nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs). A Gauss-Seidel finite difference scheme is used to iteratively solve the PDE. The registration is refined by a multi-resolution approach. The whole process is fully automatic. It takes less than 3 min to register two three-dimensional (3D) image sets of size 256 x 256 x 61 using a single 933 MHz personal computer. Extensive experiments are presented. These experiments include simulations, phantom studies and clinical image studies. Experimental results show that our model and algorithm are suited for registration of temporal images of a deformable body. The registration of inspiration and expiration phases of the lung images shows that the method is able to deal with large deformations. When applied to the daily CT images of a prostate patient, the results show that registration based on iterative refinement of displacement field is appropriate to describe the local deformations in the prostate and the rectum. Similarity measures improved significantly after the registration. The target application of this paper is for radiotherapy treatment planning and evaluation that incorporates internal organ deformation throughout the course of radiation therapy. The registration method could also be equally applied in diagnostic radiology.

Technology literature review: quantitative sensory testing.

Abstract: The development of the personal computer has simplified the process of quantitating sensory thresholds using various testing algorithms. We reviewed the technical aspects and reproducibility of different methods to determine threshold for light touch-pressure, vibration, thermal, and pain stimuli. Clinical uses and limitations of quantitative sensory testing (QST) were also reviewed. QST is a reliable psychophysical test of large- and small-fiber sensory modalities. The results of QST are highly dependent on methodology and the full cooperation of the subject. QST has been shown to be reasonably reproducible over a period of days or weeks in normal subjects. The use of QST in research and patient care should be limited to instruments and their corresponding methodologies that have been shown to be reproducible. Literature data do not allow conclusions regarding the relative merits of individual QST instruments.

The National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) Database: an Alzheimer disease database.

Abstract: The National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) is responsible for developing and maintaining a database of patient information collected from the 29 Alzheimer disease centers (ADCs) funded by the National Institute on Aging. Each of the centers collects center-determined data elements on patients enrolled into its center and transmits a minimum dataset to NACC. Data are managed differently at each center depending on that center's research needs. The centers' data systems vary from a single personal computer running spreadsheet software to a network of servers running an advanced data management system such as Oracle. The challenge for NACC is to expand and adjust previously collected data elements into an integrated database that could be used for administrative as well as research purposes. In addition, NACC sought to allow the centers to have the flexibility they needed for data submission. To accomplish this task, NACC designed a database that contained separate specific datasets each with individual data elements. NACC also designed a data management system to easily collect and manage these data. The NACC web site (www.alz.washington.edu) was created to allow access to the data.

System for determining insulin dose using carbohydrate to insulin ratio and insulin sensitivity factor

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for determining a patient's carbohydrate to insulin ratio (CIR) and insulin sensitivity factor (ISF), and using these values, along with values for current blood glucose level and deviation from target blood glucose level, for determining insulin dose in view of carbohydrate intake during a particular time period. The apparatus and method employ algorithms that can be implemented in any of a personal computer, personal data assistant, hand held computing device, blood glucose monitor, infusion pump, medication delivery pen, meter, calculator, among other therapeutic, diagnostic or informational devices used for managing a patient's blood glucose levels.

Three-dimensional (3D) and 4D color Doppler fetal echocardiography using spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC)

Abstract: Objective Color Doppler echocardiography is used to visualize three transverse planes: the four-chamber, five-chamber, and three vessels and trachea views. Color Doppler spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) is a new three-dimensional (3D) technique allowing the acquisition of a volume of data from the fetal heart that is displayed as a cineloop of a single cardiac cycle. The aim of the study was to examine the potential of color Doppler STIC to evaluate normal and abnormal fetal hearts. Methods This prospective study included 35 normal fetuses and 27 fetuses with congenital heart defects (CHD) examined between 18 and 35 weeks of gestation. Volume acquisition was achieved by initiating the image capture sequence from the transverse four-chamber view. Volumes were stored for later offline evaluation using a personal computer-based workstation in a multiplanar mode and as spatial volume rendering. Results Successful acquisition was possible in all 62 cases. The three planes could be demonstrated in 31/35 healthy fetuses and in 24/27 fetuses with CHD. Spatial volume rendering was attempted in 18 fetuses with CHD. In the four normal fetuses with inadequate visualization using color Doppler STIC, the region of interest was perpendicular to the ultrasound beam. In two fetuses with CHD inadequate visualization was related to an enlarged heart in late gestation, in which the entire cardiac volume could not be acquired. The third case was an 18-week fetus with complex CHD and transposed great vessels in which artifacts were related to confluent color signals as a result of low resolution in the reconstructed plane. Conclusions STIC in combination with color Doppler ultrasound is a promising new tool for multiplanar and 3D/4D rendering of the fetal heart. Limitations may be found later in gestation in fetuses with large hearts and early in gestation as a result of low discrimination of signals. In addition, insonation perpendicular to the structure of interest does not image color Doppler signals and should be avoided during acquisition. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A History of Reading

Abstract: Steven Roger Fischer's fascinating book traces the complete story of reading from the time when symbol first became sign through to the electronic texts of the present day. Describing ancient forms of reading and the various modes that were necessary to read different writing systems and scripts, Fischer turns to Asia and the Americas and discusses the forms and developments of completely divergent dimensions of reading. With the Middle Ages in Europe and the Middle East, innovative re-inventions of reading emerged - silent and liturgical reading; the custom of lectors; reading's focus in general education - whereupon printing transformed society's entire attitude to reading. Fischer charts the explosion of the book trade in this era, its increased audience and radically changed subject-matter; describes the emergence of broadsheets, newspapers and public readings; and traces the effect of new font designs on general legibility. Fischer discusses society's dedication to public literacy in the sweeping educational reforms of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and notes the appearance of free libraries, gender differences in reading matter, public advertising and the 'forbidden' lists of Church, State and the unemancipated. Finally, he assesses the future, in which it is likely that read communication will soon exceed oral communication through the use of the personal computer and the internet, and looks at 'visual language' and modern theories of how reading is processed in the human brain. Asking how the New Reader can reshape reading's future, he suggests a radical new definition of what reading could be.

A portable wireless gateway for remote medical examination

Abstract: A remote monitoring system that includes a portable measuring device that can be coupled to a portable wireless gateway. The portable measuring device obtains measurements including physiological data, movement data and ambient measurements and provides these measurements to the portable wireless gateway. The portable wireless gateway can interface with a networked personal computer through an USB connector. Once interfaced to the computer, the measurement data can be loaded into the computer and delivered to a central system through the networked personal computer. The system enables the monitoring of a user's medical information to allow diagnostics of the user.

System for and method of finger initiated actions

Abstract: A device for and method of performing a task associated with fingerprint data is disclosed. The method comprises reading fingerprint data, matching the read fingerprint data to stored fingerprint data, the stored fingerprint data having an associated task, and performing the task. The associated task is part of a chain of tasks that are automatically executed when the read fingerprint data is matched to the stored fingerprint data. Preferably, at least one task has associated user profile data that is used to perform the task. An electronic device that can be controlled in accordance with the present invention includes, but is not limited to, a telephone, a personal computer, a personal digital assistant, and a remote controlled device.

Method and system for golf swing analysis and training

Abstract: Provided is a sport learning system directed to improving an individual's swing by monitoring a club, bat or racket during a swing. During the course of a swing, the system alerts the individual when the club position varies outside of a predetermined range. The system includes a device inserted into the distal end of a shaft of the club. A second device is attached to a personal computer to provide wireless data transmission with the device mounted in the club. A personal computer application enables swing data analysis and display. The inserted device employs a microprocessor, accelerometers, gyroscopes, memory and a system of buffering and filtering to provide real-time feedback during the swing. It is an additional feature of the inserted device to capture and store data required to reconstruct, display, and analyze swings and to share the data with other applications to facilitate remote instruction.

Nutrient intakes of infants and toddlers

Abstract: Objectives To assess the nutrient adequacy of the diets of US infants and toddlers 4 to 24 months of age. Design Descriptive analysis of the usual nutrient intakes of infants and toddlers using 24-hour recall data from the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study. Subjects A national random sample of 3,022 infants and toddlers, with 2 days of recall available for 703 sample members. Sample sizes by age were: infants 4 to 6 months (n=862), infants 7 to 11 months (n=1,162), and toddlers 12 to 24 months (n=998). Statistical analyses performed Using the personal computer version of the Software for Intake Distribution Estimation, we estimated (where applicable) the percentage of infants and toddlers with usual intakes below the estimated average requirement, compared the means of usual nutrient intake distributions with adequate intake levels, and compared the 99th percentile of usual intake distributions with tolerable upper intake levels. Results For infants under 12 months of age, mean usual intakes exceeded the adequate intake for all nutrients. For toddlers 12 to 24 months of age, the estimated prevalence of inadequacy was low for most nutrients; however, 58% of toddlers had usual vitamin E intakes less than the estimated average requirement. Mean energy intake exceeded the estimated energy requirement by 10% for infants 4 to 6 months, 23% for infants 7 to 12 months, and 31% for toddlers 12 to 24 months of age. The discrepancy between mean energy intake and the estimated energy requirement for infants 4 to 6 months of age was larger for infants fed solids than for infants consuming only breast milk or formula. Fiber intakes of toddlers were below the adequate intake. Applications Studies should examine whether parents overreport foods consumed by infants and toddlers, and whether infants and toddlers are consuming more energy than required. Additional research is indicated to substantiate some of the new Dietary Reference Intakes for infants and children 1 to 3 years of age.

Computation of Minimum-Volume Covering Ellipsoids

Abstract: We present a practical algorithm for computing the minimum-volume n-dimensional ellipsoid that must contain m given points a1,',am ∈ ℝn. This convex constrained problem arises in a variety of applied computational settings, particularly in data mining and robust statistics. Its structure makes it particularly amenable to solution by interior-point methods, and it has been the subject of much theoretical complexity analysis. Here we focus on computation. We present a combined interior-point and active-set method for solving this problem. Our computational results demonstrate that our method solves very large problem instances (m = 30,000 and n = 30) to a high degree of accuracy in under 30 seconds on a personal computer.

Method for quickly booting a computer system

Abstract: A method for quickly booting a personal computer system using boot configuration information on memory and the attached devices that was created and saved in a hard disk at the preceding boot process. The method for a quick boot process includes the steps of performing a power-on self test POST) operation when a personal computer system is powered on or a reset button is pressed; performing a normal boot process after the POST operation; saving the contents of memory and the status of the attached devices to a hard disk; checking if a reboot is requested; restoring the saved boot configuration information from the hard disk, after POST is completed during the reboot process; checking whether or not an initial device configuration file and/or an automatic batch file were changed; and executing commands in the two files and saving a newly created boot configuration information to the hard disk for future boot. The personal computer system, may reboot quickly because of omission of execution of the initial device configuration filed and the automatic batch file.

High intake of added sugar among Norwegian children and adolescents

Abstract: Objective: It is debated whether the intake of added sugar displaces micronutrientrich foods and dilutes the nutrient density of the diet, and whether there is a link between sugar and the increased rate of obesity. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of added sugar on the intakes of energy, micronutrients, fruit and vegetables, and to examine the association between intake of added sugar and age, sex, body mass index, physical activity, inactivity and parents’ education. Design: Participants recorded their food intake in pre-coded food diaries for 4 days and filled in a questionnaire about physical activity, watching television (TV)/using a personal computer (PC) and parents’ education. Subjects: Three hundred and ninety-one 4-year-olds, 810 students in the 4th grade (9 years old) and 1005 in the 8th grade (13 years old) were included in the study. Results: The intakes of all nutrients, except a-tocopherol among 4-year-olds and vitamin C among 4-year-olds and 4th graders, decreased with increasing content of added sugar in the diet. Moreover, high consumers of added sugar had a 30–40% lower intake of fruit and vegetables than did low consumers. A negative association was observed between consumption of added sugar and body mass index among girls in the 8th grade (P ¼ 0.013), whereas a positive association was observed among 4-year-old boys (P ¼ 0.055). Associations between physical activity, hours spent watching TV/using a PC, parents’ education and the energy intake from added sugar varied in the different age groups. Conclusions: This study showed a negative association between the intake of added sugar and intakes of micronutrients, fruit and vegetables. The negative association between sugar intake and intake of fruit and vegetables is important from a public health perspective, since one of the main health messages today is to increase current intake of fruit and vegetables.

Within‐business diversification in technology‐intensive industries

Abstract: This study extends diversification research to a new level of analysis, examining how within-business diversification, which occurs when firms extend existing product lines or expand into new ones, affects organizational survival. While prior research suggests that corporate-level diversification accounts for relatively little variation in performance, within-business diversification matters a great deal, by influencing which start-ups survive and which firms better cope with rapid environmental change. Specifically, we find that the relationship between within-business diversity and survival is contingent on the amount of environmental change wrought by a firm's competitors as they simultaneously diversify their own product portfolios and innovate technologically. Analysis of the population of U.S. personal computer manufacturers from the industry's founding in 1975 through 1994 supports our premise: Regardless of its effects across businesses, diversification matters a great deal within them. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Method and apparatus for sample analysis

Abstract: Methods and systems for analyzing samples, such as gas samples, are described. One method comprises providing a gas sample, increasing pressure applied to the gas sample to compress the sample to a smaller volume and provide a pneumatically focused gas sample, and analyzing the pneumatically focused gas sample using any of a variety of analytical techniques. Also disclosed are systems for gas analysis, including systems for analysis of pneumatically focused, and thereby concentrated, gas samples and for analysis of particulate matter in gas samples. Analytical systems constructed within personal computer cases also are disclosed.

Voice changes after thyroidectomy without recurrent laryngeal nerve injury

Abstract: Background Injury of the inferior laryngeal nerve is not the only cause of voice alteration after thyroidectomy; many patients notice minimal changes immediately after operation, without evidence of inferior laryngeal nerve damage. We hypothesized that there may be other causes for voice modification, such as injuries of the superior laryngeal nerve, prethyroid strap muscles, and cricothyroid muscles. We describe voice changes after total thyroidectomy, without inferior laryngeal nerve injury, using a computer program to objectively compare different patterns of voice. Study design Forty-six consecutive patients who underwent total thyroidectomy were studied between March 1997 and December 1999. Acoustic voice analysis was performed preoperatively and at the second, fourth, and sixth postoperative months using a microphone adapted to a personal computer. Parameters measured were intensity of the voice (Shimmer) and fundamental frequency (Fo). Results No complications occurred during operation or in the postoperative period. Voice fatigue during phonation was the most common symptom after thyroidectomy. Forty patients (87%) stated that their voices had changed since the operation, and common complaints were voice alteration while speaking loudly, changes in voice pitch, and voice disorder while singing. Changes in the Fo and Shimmer values in smokers versus nonsmokers were similar (Fo overall, p=0.56; Shimmer overall, p=0.66), as were the same parameters in benign and malignant pathologies (Fo overall, p=0.66; Shimmer overall, p=0.67). Conclusions Voice changes after uncomplicated thyroidectomy occur and can be objectively measured. This is important in the preoperative counseling of patients before thyroidectomy, for ethical and legal purposes.

Appliance communication system and method

Abstract: A method for communicating with and controlling an intelligent appliance by a user from a remote device. The intelligent appliance includes an integrated controller, such as a single board computer, user-interface and integrated networking capabilities. Typically, the remote device is a personal data assistant, a tablet, a personal computer or a web-enabled cellular phone. The remote device establishes a connection with the intelligent appliance over a computer network, using wired or wireless connection techniques. The intelligent appliance verifies the identity of the user and provides the user with status updates. The remote device transmits a set of cooking instructions to the appliance. The intelligent appliance then cooks or refrigerates in accordance with the set of cooking instructions transmitted from the remote device and communicates this back to the remote device.

Digital interactive delivery system for TV/multimedia/internet

Abstract: A computer software application for end-to-end management of the delivery of IP-configured integrated multimedia signals (e.g., TV, video, Website, etc.), on an interactive basis, to a subscriber device (being a personal computer (PC) and monitor coupled thereto or television/set-top box combination). The system manager comprises an interactive program guide (IPG) component configured for providing to the subscriber an interactive program guide (IPG) permitting selection of the multimedia signals by the subscriber and a subscriber device component associated with the subscriber device and configured for receiving instructions from the subscriber. The subscriber device includes a decoder configured for converting the selected IP multicast format signals into a format for display on PC monitor or television. A PC component is configured for displaying the converted multimedia signals on the PC monitor in the form of a player window and for displaying a remote controller GUI on the monitor, the remote controller GUI being a model of a hand-held remote controller and controllable by the subscriber for controlling the selection of signals from the IPG. The interactive program guide provides drop down box selection and scroll bar GUI features.

Method and system for order optimization

Abstract: An order optimization system and method is disclosed. According to the system and method, a device, such as a personal digital assistant or personal computer is in communication with an establishment computer. The system includes software and hardware capable of placing, transmitting, and receiving an order, tracking the location of the device, determining and predicting the availability of limiting resources, optimally assigning resources to the order, determining whether a triggering condition is satisfied, commanding the preparation of the order, commanding notification messages, tracking limiting resource usage, tracking implements used to prepare the order, and displaying order fulfillment status.

System and Methodology for Distributed Delivery of Online Content in Response to Client Selections from an Online Catalog

Abstract: A system and methodology for distributed delivery of online content in response to client selections from an online catalog is described. In one embodiment, for example, a system of the present invention is described for receiving and playing movies, the system comprises: a personal computer with Internet connectivity and having a browser for selecting movies from an online catalog; a set-top box with Internet connectivity, the set-top box having a hard disk for storing encrypted copies of the selected movies that the set-top box receives in response to user selections from the online catalog; and a television device, connected to the set-top box, for playing back decrypted copies of the selected movies that have been purchased for playback.

In pursuit of desktop evolution: User problems and practices with modern desktop systems

Abstract: This study deals with the problems users encounter in their daily work with computers and the typical practices that they employ. Sixteen daily computer users were interviewed about their habits and problems that they encountered during document classification and retrieval. For both these areas, we provide an overview of identified user practices and a citation-based analysis of the problems users encountered, including those related to the use of the screen real estate (the actual desktop). Two types of problems were identified: (1) Problems that concern the actual use of the system installed on the computer. (2) Problems that arise when people realise that they are using a system that does not allow for the desired work or organizational functions sought. We were able to show that skill continues to be an important factor with respect to the ease of using today's systems. We suggest the following necessary improvements for the evolution of personal information systems: A storage facility that represents the user's view of information; replacing pure technical file metadata with more user-friendly attributes; and introduction of annotations as a new information type.

Service transaction monitoring system, method and device

Abstract: A system, method, and device for monitoring the dispensing of liquids, in particular, beverages dispensed at a bar or restaurant is disclosed. The device attaches to the exterior of a container and detects dispensing events by sensing tilt or motion of the container, which could include a bottle or a handle. The system includes an electronic sensor device, data receiver, personal computer, bottle opener/camera system, bar code scanner, point of sale, bar camera, network, Web server, and paging system. The method automatically detects and monitors dispensing events, including detecting the type and amount of liquid, reconciling dispensing events with register ring-ups, recording information, saving video specific to the dispensing event, and sending a page indicating anomalies.

Image-based interactive exploration of real-world environments

Abstract: Interactive scene walkthroughs have long been an important computer graphics application area. More recently, researchers have developed techniques for constructing photorealistic 3D architectural models from real-world images. We present an image-based rendering system that brings us a step closer to a compelling sense of being there. Whereas many previous systems have used still photography and 3D scene modeling, we avoid explicit 3D reconstruction because it tends to be brittle. Our system is not the first to propose interactive video-based tours. We believe, however, that our system is the first to deliver fully interactive, photorealistic image-based tours on a personal computer at or above broadcast video resolutions and frame rates. Moreover, to our knowledge, no other tour provides the same rich set of interactions or visually complex environments.