Showing papers on "Personality published in 2000"
TL;DR: The expectancy-value theory of motivation is discussed, focusing on an expectancy- value model developed and researched by Eccles, Wigfield, and their colleagues, and its components are compared to those of related constructs, including self-efficacy, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and interest.
5,389 citations
TL;DR: Meta-analytic techniques used to test whether trait consistency maximizes and stabilizes at a specific period in the life course showed that the longitudinal time interval had a negative relation to trait consistency and that temperament dimensions were less consistent than adult personality traits.
Abstract: The present study used meta-analytic techniques to test whether trait consistency maximizes and stabilizes at a specific period in the life course. From 152 longitudinal studies, 3,217 test-retest correlation coefficients were compiled. Meta-analytic estimates of mean population test-retest correlation coefficients showed that trait consistency increased from .31 in childhood to .54 during the college years, to .64 at age 30, and then reached a plateau around .74 between ages 50 and 70 when time interval was held constant at 6.7 years. Analysis of moderators of consistency showed that the longitudinal time interval had a negative relation to trait consistency and that temperament dimensions were less consistent than adult personality traits.
2,820 citations
TL;DR: Meta-analytically summarizes the literature on training motivation, its antecedents, and its relationships with training outcomes such as declarative knowledge, skill acquisition, and transfer and shows that training motivation explained incremental variance in training outcomes beyond the effects of cognitive ability.
Abstract: This article meta-analytically summarizes the literature on training motivation, its antecedents, and its relationships with training outcomes such as declarative knowledge, skill acquisition, and transfer. Significant predictors of training motivation and outcomes included individual characteristics (e.g., locus of control, conscientiousness, anxiety, age, cognitive ability, self-efficacy, valence, job involvement) and situational characteristics (e.g., climate). Moreover, training motivation explained incremental variance in training outcomes beyond the effects of cognitive ability. Meta-analytic path analyses further showed that the effects of personality, climate, and age on training outcomes were only partially mediated by self-efficacy, valence, and job involvement. These findings are discussed in terms of their practical significance and their implications for an integrative theory of training motivation.
2,033 citations
TL;DR: A meta-analytic estimate of the criterion-related validity of explicit Big 5 measures for predicting job performance and contextual performance is provided and suggestions for future research aimed at enhancing the validity of personality predictors are provided.
Abstract: Prior meta-analyses investigating the relation between the Big 5 personality dimensions and job performance have all contained a threat to construct validity, in that much of the data included within these analyses was not derived from actual Big 5 measures. In addition, these reviews did not address the relations between the Big 5 and contextual performance. Therefore, the present study sought to provide a meta-analytic estimate of the criterion-related validity of explicit Big 5 measures for predicting job performance and contextual performance. The results for job performance closely paralleled 2 of the previous meta-analyses, whereas analyses with contextual performance showed more complex relations among the Big 5 and performance. A more critical interpretation of the Big 5-performance relationship is presented, and suggestions for future research aimed at enhancing the validity of personality predictors are provided.
1,631 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce the study of mood and temperament and propose a structural model to measure mood and personality, and present the Dispositional Basis of Affect.
Abstract: 1. An Introduction to the Study of Mood and Temperament 2. Measuring Mood: A Structural Model 3. Situational and Environmental Influences on Mood 4. The Rhythms of Everyday Experience: Patterned Cyclicity in Mood 5. The Dispositional Basis of Affect 6. Temperament and Personality 7. Understanding Individual Differences in Affect and Well-Being 8. Affect and Psychopathology 9. Affect, Personality, and Health References Index
1,395 citations
1,381 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors suggest that understanding temperament is central to understanding personality and that individual differences in temperament have implications for development in infancy and childhood, and they form the core of personality as it develops.
Abstract: This article reviews how a temperament approach emphasizing biological and developmental processes can integrate constructs from subdisciplines of psychology to further the study of personality Basic measurement strategies and findings in the investigation of temperament in infancy and childhood are reviewed These include linkage of temperament dimensions with basic affective-motivational and attentional systems, including positive affecl/approach, fear, frustration/anger, and effortful control Contributions of biological models that may support these processes are then reviewed Research indicating how a temperament approach can lead researchers of social and personality development to investigate important person-environment interactions is also discussed Lastly, adult research suggesting links between temperament dispositions and the Big Five personality factors is described Temperament arises from our genetic endowment It influences and is influenced by the experience of each individual, and one of its outcomes is the adult personality An important goal of our research has been to specify processes at the levels of biology and social development that may link a child's early endowment to its later expression as an adult In this article, we suggest that understanding temperament is central to understanding personality Individual differences in temperament have implications for development in infancy and childhood, and they form the core of personality as it develops Temperament also provides processoriented models that are often lacking in trait theories of personality, by establishing links between individual differences in behavior and their psychological and biological substrates Temperament also can be used to relate human individual differences, through evolutionary models, to individual differences in nonhuman animals The purpose of this article is to review our approach to temperament research, indicating ways in which thinking about temperament can illuminate the understanding of individual differences Many of the guiding principles of this approach are already familiar to personality researchers, because they were laid out by those who helped to develop modern conceptions of personality Other principles may be less familiar, because they derive more heavily
1,317 citations
TL;DR: Biological traits associated with both risk-taking and personality, particularly sensation seeking, such as the D4 dopamine receptor gene, the enzyme monoamine oxidase, and augmenting or reducing of the cortical evoked potential are discussed.
Abstract: The first part of this article describes a study of the relationships between personality and risk-taking in six areas: smoking, drinking, drugs, sex, driving, and gambling. The participants, 260 college students, were given self-report measures of risky behaviors in each of the six areas and the Zuckerman- Kuhlman five-factor personality questionnaire. Generalized risk-taking (across all six areas) was related to scales for impulsive sensation seeking, aggression, and sociability, but not to scales for neuroticism or activity. Gender differences on risk-taking were mediated by differences on impulsive sensation seeking. The second part discusses biological traits associated with both risk-taking and personality, particularly sensation seeking, such as the D4 dopamine receptor gene, the enzyme monoamine oxidase, and augmenting or reducing of the cortical evoked potential. Comparative studies show relationships between biological markers shared with other species and correlated behaviors similar to sensation seeking in humans. A biosocial model of the traits underlying risk-taking is presented. Many of life's decisions involve a balance between anticipated reward and risk. The wild rodent venturing into an open field balances the possibility of finding food against the chance of being devoured by a predator on the ground or from the sky. The married man or woman who
1,221 citations
TL;DR: The intrinsic maturation of personality is complemented by the culturally conditioned development of characteristic adaptations that express personality; interventions in human development are best addressed to these.
Abstract: Temperaments are often regarded as biologically based psychological tendencies with intrinsic paths of development. It is argued that this definition applies to the personality traits of the five-factor model. Evidence for the endogenous nature of traits is summarized from studies of behavior genetics, parent-child relations, personality structure, animal personality, and the longitudinal stability of individual differences. New evidence for intrinsic maturation is offered from analyses of NEO Five-Factor Inventory scores for men and women age 14 and over in German, British, Spanish, Czech, and Turkish samples (N = 5,085). These data support strong conceptual links to child temperament despite modest empirical associations. The intrinsic maturation of personality is complemented by the culturally conditioned development of characteristic adaptations that express personality; interventions in human development are best addressed to these.
1,108 citations
TL;DR: The authors evaluated the emotional intelligence (EI) construct (the ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions), as measured by the Multi-Factor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS), and found that EI was not related to IQ but was related, as expected, to specific personality measures (e.g., empathy) and to other criterion measures, including life satisfaction and relationship quality.
1,072 citations
TL;DR: These findings provide the first evidence for a structural brain deficit in APD and may underlie the low arousal, poor fear conditioning, lack of conscience, and decision-making deficits that have been found to characterize antisocial, psychopathic behavior.
Abstract: Background: Major damage to gray and white matter in the prefrontal cortex and autonomic deficits have been found to result in pseudopsychopathic personality in patients with neurological disorders, but it is not known whether people with antisocial personality disorder (APD) in the community who do not have discernable brain trauma also have subtle prefrontal deficits. Methods: Prefrontal gray and white matter volumes were assessed using structural magnetic resonance imaging in 21 community volunteers with APD (APD group) and in 2 control groups, comprising 34 healthy subjects (control group), 26 subjects with substance dependence (substancedependent group), and 21 psychiatric controls. Autonomic activity (skin conductance and heart rate) was also assessed during a social stressor in which participants gave a videotaped speech on their faults. Results: TheAPD group showed an 11.0% reduction in prefrontal gray matter volume in the absence of ostensible brain lesions and reduced autonomic activity during the stressor. These deficits predicted group membership independent of psychosocial risk factors. Conclusions: To our knowledge, these findings provide the first evidence for a structural brain deficit in APD. This prefrontal structural deficit may underlie the low arousal, poor fear conditioning, lack of conscience, and decision-making deficits that have been found to characterize antisocial, psychopathic behavior. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:119-127
TL;DR: According to social role theory, groups should have dynamic stereotypes to the extent that their typical social roles are perceived to change over time as discussed by the authors, and the female stereotype should be particularly dynamic because of greater change in the roles of women than of men.
Abstract: Dynamic stereotypes characterize social groups that are thought to have changed from the attributes they manifested in the past and even to continue to change in the future. According to social role theory’s assumption that the role behavior of group members shapes their stereotype, groups should have dynamic stereotypes to the extent that their typical social roles are perceived to change over time. Applied to men and women, this theory makes two predictions about perceived change: (a) perceivers should think that sex differences are eroding because of increasing similarity of the roles of men and women and (b) the female stereotype should be particularly dynamic because of greater change in the roles of women than of men. This theory was tested and confirmed in five experiments that examined perceptions of the roles and the personality, cognitive, and physical attributes of men and women of the past, present, and future.
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the intrinsic maturation of personality is complemented by the culturally conditioned development of characteristic adaptations that express personality; interventions in human development are best addressed to these.
Abstract: Temperaments are often regarded as biologically based psychological tendencies with intrinsic paths of development. It is argued that this definition applies to the personality traits of the five-factor model. Evidence for the endogenous nature of traits is summarized from studies of behavior genetics, parent?child relations, personality structure, animal personality, and the longitudinal stability of individual differences. New evidence for intrinsic maturation is offered from analyses of NEO Five-Factor Inventory scores for men and women age 14 and over in German, British, Spanish, Czech, and Turkish samples (N = 5,085). These data support strong conceptual links to child temperament despite modest empirical associations. The intrinsic maturation of personality is complemented by the culturally conditioned development of characteristic adaptations that express personality; interventions in human development are best addressed to these. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
TL;DR: The concept of personality and its relationship to how consumers respond has always had a lot of intuitive appeal to consumer researchers as discussed by the authors, and if we can only isolate and understand the basic driving force that predisposes consumers to act in certain ways, then our jobs, of course, could be made much easier.
Abstract: As consumer researchers we are all probably pleased about some of the recent progress in the area of understanding and researching consumers. A variety of approaches and methodologies are now available that examine the consumer from every conceivable angle. To my mind, however, no approach has been more enigmatic or has been held with such high expectations as that of personality research borrowed from the field of psychology. The whole concept of personality and its relationship to how consumers respond has always had a lot of intuitive appeal to consumer researchers. If—as this feeling goes—we can only isolate and understand the basic driving force that predisposes consumers to act in certain ways, and personality traits must be one of those driving forces, then our jobs, of course, could be made much easier.
TL;DR: In this article, the integration of intellectual ability, learning style, personality and achievement motivation as predictors of academic success in higher education in the Netherlands was investigated. But no positive association with academic success was detected for the meaning directed, reproduction directed and application directed learning style.
TL;DR: Findings about continuities in personality development that have been uncovered in the Dunedin study, an investigation of a cohort of children studied from age 3 to 21, offer clues about personality structure, interpersonal relations, psychopathology, and crime in adulthood.
Abstract: This article presents findings about continuities in personality development that have been uncovered in the Dunedin study, an investigation of a cohort of children studied from age 3 to 21. At age 3, children were classified into temperament groups on the basis of observations of their behavior. In young adulthood, data were collected from study members themselves, from people who knew them well, and from official records. Undercontrolled 3-year-olds grew up to be impulsive, unreliable, and antisocial, and had more conflict with members of their social networks and in their work. Inhibited 3-year-olds were more likely to be unassertive and depressed and had fewer sources of social support. Early appearing temperamental differences have a pervasive influence on life-course development and offer clues about personality structure, interpersonal relations, psychopathology, and crime in adulthood.
TL;DR: Two meta-analyses find that Americans have shifted toward substantially higher levels of anxiety and neuroticism during recent decades, and Birth cohort, as a proxy for broad social trends, may be an important influence on personality development, especially during childhood.
Abstract: Two meta-analyses find that Americans have shifted toward substantially higher levels of anxiety and neuroticism during recent decades. Both college student (adult) and child samples increased almost a full standard deviation in anxiety between 1952 and 1993 (explaining about 20% of the variance in the trait). The average American child in the 1980s reported more anxiety than child psychiatric patients in the 1950s. Correlations with social indices (e.g., divorce rates, crime rates) suggest that decreases in social connectedness and increases in environmental dangers may be responsible for the rise in anxiety. Economic factors, however, seem to play little role. Birth cohort, as a proxy for broad social trends, may be an important influence on personality development, especially during childhood.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider the relation of these themes to the broader domain of personality and map individual differences in the responsivity of the approach system onto the personality dimension of extraversion, while mapping individual differences of the withdrawal system on the dimension of neuroticism.
Abstract: Several literatures converge on the idea that approach and positive affect related to goal pursuit are managed by one self-regulatory system and that avoidance (or withdrawal) and negative affect related to threats are managed by a second self-regulatory system. After briefly reviewing these literatures, the authors consider the relation of these themes to the broader domain of personality. In particular, they map individual differences in the responsivity of the approach system onto the personality dimension of extraversion and map individual differences in the responsivity of the withdrawal system onto the dimension of neuroticism. This mapping requires a slight refocusing of current conceptions of extraversion and neuroticism. However, such a refocusing brings a gain as well as a cost: In particular, it would embed these dimensions more explicitly in a process-oriented conceptualization of action control.
TL;DR: In this paper, the evolutionary theory of personality was applied to evaluate whether expatriate employees desire to prematurely terminate their assignments and their supervisor's performance on the expat assignment, and the results from correlation and regression analyses suggest that Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Emotional Stability are negatively related to expatriates desire to terminate their assignment.
Abstract: Applying the evolutionary theory of personality, this study proposed and tested the hypotheses that each of the Big Five personality characteristics (Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness or Intellect) predict two criteria of expatriate success: (a) desire to prematurely terminate the expatriate assignment, and (b) supervisor-rated performance on the expatriate assignment. The participants were 143 expatriate employees (and 94 supervisors) from a U.S.-based information technology company. Results from correlation and regression analyses suggest that Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Emotional Stability are negatively related to whether expatriates desire to terminate their assignment. Conscientiousness is positively related to the supervisor-rated performance on the expatriate assignment. Practical implications for expatriate management (e.g., self-selection) are given.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a self-report scale for the use of Internet services and examined its relationship to extraversion and neuroticism, with different patterns of association for men and women.
TL;DR: A review of the literature on the subject of "emotional intelligence" (EQ) and attempts to pin-down and define this nebulous construct, using competency-based and personality factor scales is presented in this article.
Abstract: This article reviews the literature on the subject of “emotional intelligence” (EQ) and attempts to pin‐down and define this nebulous construct, using competency‐based and personality factor scales. In an exploratory study, the reliability and construct and predictive validity of three scales were investigated. An EQ scale based on 16 relevant competencies showed highly promising reliability and validity. The results also showed the relevance of two other competency‐based scales – intellectual intelligence (IQ) and managerial intelligence (MQ) – which both predicted organisational advancement. Taken together, however, the three scales had even higher validity. The overall results supported the view that EQ constructs can be measured more effectively by “performance analysis” than “classic paper and pencil tests”. In addition they provide support for the proposition that the combination of EQ and IQ is a more powerful predictor of “success” than either measure alone.
TL;DR: Results revealed strong support for the motivational model, indicating that broad traits related to neuroticism and extraversion promote involvement in alcohol use and risky sex via distinct pathways and provides a highly general though not complete account of risky behaviors.
Abstract: The present study tested a motivational model in which personality influences on risky behaviors were hypothesized to be primarily indirectly mediated, by shaping the nature and quality of emotional experience as well as characteristic styles of coping with these emotions. This model was tested in a representative community sample of 1,666 young adults, aged 18 to 25 years old. Results revealed strong support for the model, indicating that broad traits related to neuroticism and extraversion promote involvement in alcohol use and risky sex via distinct pathways. Neurotic individuals were prone to engage in risky behaviors as a way to cope with aversive mood states, whereas extraverted individuals were more likely to engage in risky behaviors as a way to enhance positive affective experience. In contrast, impulsivity directly predicted some forms of risk taking, and interacted with extraversion and neuroticism to predict motives for risky behaviors. The model provides a highly general though not complete account of risky behaviors.
TL;DR: The authors demonstrated that variability in the amplitude of the error-related negativity (ERN) is dependent on mood and personality variables and revealed that affective distress and associated behavioral patterns are closely related with frontal lobe executive functions.
Abstract: A fundamental question in frontal lobe function is how motivational and emotional parameters of behavior apply to executive processes. Recent advances in mood and personality research and the technology and methodology of brain research provide opportunities to address this question empirically. Using event-related-potentials to track error monitoring in real time, the authors demonstrated that variability in the amplitude of the error-related negativity (ERN) is dependent on mood and personality variables. College students who are high on negative affect (NA) and negative emotionality (NEM) displayed larger ERN amplitudes early in the experiment than participants who are low on these dimensions. As the high-NA and -NEM participants disengaged from the task, the amplitude of the ERN decreased. These results reveal that affective distress and associated behavioral patterns are closely related with frontal lobe executive functions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the characteristics of the entrepreneurial personality and the effects of changes in the entrepreneur's personal relationships and found that the change in the relationship between an entrepreneur and others had an effect on his or her personality.
Abstract: Examines the characteristics of the entrepreneurial personality and the effects of changes in the entrepreneur’s personal relationships. According to the empirical findings, becoming an entrepreneur and acting as an entrepreneur are both aspects of the entrepreneur’s learning process, which in turn has an effect on the personality characteristics of the entrepreneur. The entrepreneur’s drive to solve problems (= mastery) had increased, and control by powerful others decreased since the start‐up phase. Changes in the entrepreneur’s relations with others were also observed to have an effect on the entrepreneur’s personality characteristics. The empirical findings also show that as the number of co‐operative partners decreased, control by powerful others also decreased, and that, since the start‐up phase, entrepreneurs whose personal relations had increased also showed a clear increase in mastery.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relation between parent and peer attachment and adolescent adjustment and found that peer attachment may be relatively more influential on adolescent adjustment than parent attachment, and that adolescents high on both peer and parent attachment were the best adjusted (i.e., least aggressive and depressed, most sympathetic) and those low on both were the least well adjusted.
Abstract: Whether or not close emotional relationships with parents and peers serve similar functions for adolescent adjustment is an issue of increasing interest. The present study was designed to examine the relations between parent and peer attachment and adolescent adjustment. Eighty-nine adolescents (M age = 16.1 years, SD = 1.8 years) completed self-report measures of parent and peer attachment, sympathy, academic efficacy, aggression, anxiety, and depression. Adolescents were divided into four groups on the basis of their parent and peer attachment scores: those high on both, those low on both, those high on peer but low on parent attachment, and those high on parent but low on peer attachment. Discriminant function analyses revealed that the groups differed only along one dimension, suggesting that parent and peer attachment served similar functions in terms of the adjustment indices measured. Adolescents high on both peer and parent attachment were the best adjusted (i.e., least aggressive and depressed, most sympathetic) and those low on both were the least well adjusted. Furthermore, those high on peer but low on parent attachment were better adjusted than those high on parent but low on peer attachment, suggesting that peer attachment may be relatively more influential on adolescent adjustment than parent attachment.
TL;DR: Among the substantive findings were effects for sensation seeking, impulsivity, and agreeableness on all sexual risk-taking behaviors considered, and there were effects on specific behaviors for neuroticism and conscientiousness.
Abstract: Findings from a quantitative review of the empirical research literature on normal personality and sexual risk taking are reported. The review focuses on domains identified in major models of normal personality representing the psychobiological and taxonomic perspectives. Focal sexual risk-taking behaviors were number of partners, unprotected sex, and high-risk sexual encounters (e.g., sex with a stranger). A comprehensive search produced 53 studies relevant to the review. A striking feature of the results is the paucity of research on domains of normal personality and sexual risk taking for all domains other than sensation seeking, which accounted for 64% of the effect sizes. The preponderance of studies (81%) took the psychobiological perspective and were published since 1990 (75%). Among the substantive findings were effects for sensation seeking, impulsivity, and agreeableness on all sexual risk-taking behaviors considered. Additionally, there were effects on specific behaviors for neuroticism and conscientiousness. The implications of these findings for future research on normal personality and sexual risk taking are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the process by which interactions with host nationals help facilitate expatriates' cross-cultural adjustment, based on two related theories, (1) the contact hypothesis and (2) social learning theory.
Abstract: • This study examines the process by which interactions with host nationals help facilitate expatriates' cross-cultural adjustment. The hypotheses are based on two related theories, (1) the contact hypothesis and (2) social learning theory. • Personality characteristics (openness and sociability) are hypothesized to moderate the relationship between contact with host nationals and cross-cultural adjustment. The hypotheses are tested on a sample of expatriates from a US-based information technology company.
TL;DR: There was some consistency for mothers and fathers in the variables that predict their postpartum adjustment, these being antenatal mood and partner relationship, but there was also evidence that adjustment to parenthood was related to different variables at different times.
TL;DR: An association between circadian rhythm temperature phase and amplitude was found, in that subjects with more delayed phases had larger amplitudes and the greater amplitude was due to lower nocturnal temperature.
Abstract: We studied the relationship between the phase and the amplitude of the circadian temperature rhythm using questionnaires that measure individual differences in personality variables, variables that relate to circadian rhythms, age and sex. The ambulatory core body temperature of 101 young men and 71 young women was recorded continuously over 6 days. The temperature minimum (Tmin) and amplitude (Tamp) were derived by fitting a complex cosine curve to each day's data for each subject. Participants completed the Horne-Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), the Circadian Type Inventory (CTI) and the MMPI-2, scored for the Psychopathology-5 (PSY-5) personality variables. We found that the average Tmin occurred at 03.50 h for morning-types (M-types), 05.02 h for the neither-types and 06.01 h for evening-types (E-types). Figures were presented that could provide an estimate of Tmin given an individual's morningness-eveningness score or weekend wake time. The Tmin occurred at approximately the middle of the 8-h sleep period, but it occurred closer to wake in subjects with later Tmin values and increasing eveningness. In other words, E-types slept on an earlier part of their temperature cycle than M-types. This difference in the phase-relationship between temperature and sleep may explain why E-types are more alert at bedtime and sleepier after waking than M-types. The Tmin occurred about a half-hour later for men than women. Another interesting finding included an association between circadian rhythm temperature phase and amplitude, in that subjects with more delayed phases had larger amplitudes. The greater amplitude was due to lower nocturnal temperature.
TL;DR: Two personality variables, extraversion and openness to experience, were associated with higher levels of proactive socialization behavior and highlighted the importance of 2 control variables in the experience of socialization into a new job.
Abstract: This 3-wave longitudinal study aimed to extend current understanding of the predictors and outcomes of employee proactivity (involving information seeking, feedback seeking, relationship building, and positive framing) in the socialization process. Two personality variables, extraversion and openness to experience, were associated with higher levels of proactive socialization behavior. Of the proactive behaviors studied, feedback seeking and relationship building were highlighted in their importance because of their various relationships with the work-related outcomes assessed in this study (e.g., social integration, role clarity, job satisfaction, intention to turnover, and actual turnover). The results also highlighted the importance of 2 control variables (opportunity to interact with others on the job and skill level of the new job) in the experience of socialization into a new job.