Showing papers on "Perspective (graphical) published in 1984"

Relationships as regulators: a psychobiologic perspective on bereavement.

Abstract: In the spirit of adventure that has been characteristic of our Society, I am going to ask you to join me in a mental journey. The purpose is to try to look at something familiar in a new way. We are going to be looking at bereavement—something you all know a lot about—and I am going to try to get a different perspective on it by using information gathered in very different contexts and by trying to imagine what it is that experiments on infant separation in animals might be telling us about adult human bereavement. First, I would like to persuade you that there is still a mystery concerning bereavement. Actually it puzzles us on many accounts: is it a disease or a natural function, a temporary insanity or a mobilization of creative energy? The mystery I would like to examine, however, is its place in natural history, its biologic basis, particularly how the experience comes to produce biologic changes in bereaved people. George Engel asked us, in his presidential address more than 20 years ago (lj, is grief a disease? However, medicine at large

MEDIA AND THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY Toward an Integration of Theory and Research

Abstract: A theoretical framework common to studies of the role of the mass media in the process of the social construction of reality from both European and American communication research traditions is developed in this article. The framework is derived from the theories of Schutz (1967) and Berger and Luckmann (1967) on the process of reality construction. A model composed of two dimensions—type of reality and distance of social elements from direct experience—is developed. Studies of the media and the social construction of reality are classified and discussed according to the model. The authors suggest that a holistic approach, as defined in this article, is the best suited perspective for a more complete understanding of the role of the mass media in the process of the social construction of reality, and for the integration of the two schools of communication research.

Strategic Management: An Integrative Perspective

Abstract: Strategic management: an integrative perspective , Strategic management: an integrative perspective , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Eating and Its Disorders

Abstract: This latest contribution (Volume 62) in the series of research monographs of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease covers mechanisms and disorders of eating. The 19 chapters are organized in three major sections: The first deals with basic neuroanatomic and chemical concepts, the second describes current physiologic concepts that underlie the regulation of body weight, and the final section reviews treatment of obesity, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia. Beginning with Stellar's model of hypothalamic control, proposed 30 years ago, the complexities of neuroanatomic mechanisms that underlie hunger and satiety, the role of neurotransmitters, and the interaction of peripheral with central mechanisms that regulate eating are updated in light of research advances. The recent hypothesis of the relationship of postprandial satiety to cholecystokinin and also the regulating effects of dietary amino acids are reviewed by Smith and the Wurtmans. A section on the regulation of body weight deals particularly with the set-point theory of body weight maintenance. The roles of adipose tissue, lean body mass, and physical activity in the metabolic defense of weight are thoroughly reviewed. Herman and Polivy suggest a novel "boundary model" for the regulation of eating, which begins to consider the interactional complexities of biologic and psychosocial forces in different persons. The final section considers the treatment of obesity in adults, in children, and in adolescents, the treatment of anorexia nervosa, and the treatment of bulimia. Stunkard provides a reasoned account of the current status of treatment of excessive weight which is based on classifying obesity by its severity. The Wooleys provocatively challenge whether obesity should be treated at all, but their thesis has a polemic ring. Agras and Kraemer provide the beginnings of a much needed evaluation of the treatment of anorexia nervosa but maintain a surprisingly limited view of what constitutes recovery. An essay on the psychopathologic features of anorexia nervosa by Crisp furnishes a much broader perspective on treatment complexities. Two diverse approaches to the treatment of bulimia—cognitive behavior therapy and antidepressant medication—reflect the current limited understanding of this condition.

Visual self-recognition in autistic children: Developmental relationships.

Abstract: Employing a mirror procedure, 52 autistic children (CA = 3-7 to 12-8, means = 7-7) were tested for visual self-recognition. Substantial behavioral and psychometric data were collected from school records, teacher interviews, and classroom observations. Of the 52 children, 36 (69%) showed evidence of mirror self-recognition, while 16 (31%) failed to give clear indications of recognizing their mirror images. The 2 groups did not differ on CA. Severity of language impairment appeared to be a major factor differentiating the 2 groups: those who failed to show evidence of visual self-recognition were more likely than those who did show evidence of visual recognition to be mute or lacking in communicative speech (p less than .001). Other indices of impairment indicated that the children who showed the capacity for visual self-recognition had higher levels of functioning. The results are discussed in terms of an organizational perspective. This perspective argues that the study of atypical populations may elucidate the process of development by describing the coordination or sequential organization of different behavioral systems.

Historical Perspective: Using the Past to Study the Present

Abstract: Historical perspective refers to understanding a subject in light of its earliest phases and subsequent evolution. This perspective differs from history because its object is to sharpen one's vision of the present, not the past. When historical perspective is overlooked in social research, researchers may draw misleading conclusions. Historical perspective expands research horizons by encouraging study of the relative stability of phenomena, providing alternative explanations for phenomena, and aiding problem formulation and research design.

The role of video game playing in adolescent life: Is there reason to be concerned?

Abstract: One hundred fifty-one subjects from 10 to 20 years old were surveyed to determine their attitudes toward video game playing and its role in their lives. Concerns have been expressed in the public media that video game playing is addictive for youngsters and leads to excessive expenditures of time and money, poorer school performance, reduced involvement in sports, and less opportunity to develop social skills. The survey data did not support these contentions. Although approximately 10% of the subjects appeared to show some compulsive aspects in their play, no identifiable problems were correlated with the amount of time spent playing. For the great majority, video game playing was an enjoyable activity held in perspective with other aspects of their lives.

Broadening the Research Perspective in Special Education

Abstract: For most of the 20th century, quantitative research has been the predominant methodology used to expand the knowledge base in special education. However, there is growing recognition of the limitations of quantitative research (Campbell, 1979; Rist, 1980). Thus, the purpose of this article is to examine a different methodology, i.e., qualitative research, as a way to broaden the research perspective in special education. Qualitative research is defined and compared to quantitative research. Subsequently, areas in which qualitative methodology could make a contribution to research in special education are discussed.

Programming pearls: perspective on performance

Abstract: There are many ways to make a program run faster. Previous columns have discussed such techniques as problem definition, algorithms, data structures, and code tuning. In this column we'll see how those parts fit together into a whole: each technique is applicable to one of several design levels at which computer systems are built. There are at least two good reasons for programmers to study run-time efficiency. The first is pragmatic: while a program's performance is often unimportant, every now and then it matters a great deal. The second reason for studying performance is educational. While many qualities of software are as important as efficiency (if not more so), they are harder to discuss. Anybody can measure that a program is five times faster than another or uses half as much space, but I have to resort to more subjective terms to describe functionality, maintainability, or robustness. Because performance can be quantified and is intellectually challenging, it's a fine training ground for software engineers. This column is about the opportunities for efficiency at various design levels of a computer system. We'll first study one particular program, and then turn to a more systematic view of design levels.

Listeriosis research: Present situation and perspective

Abstract: In what case do you like reading so much? What about the type of the listeriosis research present situation and perspective book? The needs to read? Well, everybody has their own reason why should read some books. Mostly, it will relate to their necessity to get knowledge from the book and want to read just to get entertainment. Novels, story book, and other entertaining books become so popular this day. Besides, the scientific books will also be the best reason to choose, especially for the students, teachers, doctors, businessman, and other professions who are fond of reading.

A role theoretical perspective on transitional processes

Abstract: All of us enact a variety of social roles: age roles, occupational roles, family roles, and the like. Over the course of life we will, cocoon-like, slough off one role and take on another many times. Such changes are ubiquitous throughout life and across cultures over the world. Consider, as examples from this book, the following cases: a woman is divorced; a worker loses his job; a couple retires; a person becomes leader of a group; a man changes his job; a person goes into or out of prison; a family emigrates to a new country; a couple become parents, etc. As diverse as these events appear at first glance, we suggest that our understanding will be enhanced by concentrating on the psychological processes they have in common rather than stressing features that distinguish among them.