Showing papers on "Perspective (graphical) published in 1997"

The discovery of spoken language

Abstract: Surveying the terrain a brief historical perspective on language acquisition research early research on speech perception how speech perception develops in the first year the role of memory and attentional processes in the development of speech perception how attention to sound properties may facilitate learning other elements of linguistic organization relating perception to production wrapping things up. Appendix - methodology used in studies of infant speech perception.

Supply Chain Management: A Strategic Perspective

Abstract: In order to respond to competitive pressures, managers need to know more about the strategic aspects of supply chain management. This paper addresses this need by critically reviewing the supply chain management literature and by suggesting a research agenda for the future. A conceptual model is provided which helps to identify certain assumptions made in the literature that must be challenged. The model also provides a tool for identifying the major contributions in the literature. Finally, a research agenda is developed.

The psychology of facial expression

Abstract: Part I Introduction: 1 What does a facial expression mean? James A Russell and Jose-Miguel Fernandez-Dols 2 Methods for the study of facial behavior Hugh Wagner Part II Three Broad Theoretical Frameworks: 3 Emotions and facial expressions: a perspective from differential emotions theory Carroll E Izard 4 Facial expressons as modes of action readiness Nico H Frijda and Anna Tcherkassof 5 The new ethology of human facial expressions Alan J Fridlund Part III With a Biological and Developmental Focus: 6 Animal sounds and human faces: do they have anything in common? Peter Marler and Cristopher Evans 7 Yawns, laughs, smiles, tickles and talking: naturalistic and laboratory studies of facial action and social communication Robert R Provine 8 A neurobehavioral approach to the recognition of facial expressions in infancy Charles A Nelson and Michelle de Haan 9 A dynamic systems approach to infant facial action Daniel S Messinger, Alan Fogel and K Laurie Dickson Part IV With a Psychological and Social Focus: 10 A componential approach to the meaning of facial expressions Craig A Smith and Heather S Scott 11 Spontaneous facial behavior during intense emotional episodes: artistic truth and optical truth Jose-Miguel Fernandez-Dols and Maria-Angeles Ruiz-Belda 12 Is the meaning perceived in facial expression independent of its context Jose-Miguel Fernandez-Dols and James M Carroll 13 Reading emotions from and into faces: resurrecting a dimensional-contextual approach James A Russell 14 Facing others: a social communicative perspective on facial displays Nicole Chovil 15 Faces in dialogue Janet Beavin and Nicole Chovil Part V Integrative Summary: 16 Faces: an epilogue and reconceptualization G P Ginsburg

Perspective—The Black Box of Organizational Demography

Abstract: Since its definition in the early 1980s, organizational demography has become an influential research area. Scholars map the relationship between demographic variables and organizational outcomes, examining such questions as whether increasing work group diversity leads to greater turnover and whether decreasing tenure similarity within a top management team leads to more numerous strategic reorientations. Asking such questions requires only a demographic predictor and an outcome, but answering them often requires additional theoretical constructs. For example, the relationship between work group diversity and turnover might be explained by communication and conflict. As work group diversity increases, communication within the group may become more difficult, resulting in greater conflict and thus increasing turnover. Despite the important, sometimes critical, role of such additional theoretical concepts, researchers often leave them loosely specified and unmeasured, creating a “black box” filled with vag...

Saying Something: Jazz Improvisation and Interaction

Abstract: In this work, Ingrid Monson juxtaposes musicians' talk and musical examples to ask how musicians go about "saying something" through music in a way that articulates identity, politics, and race. Through interviews with Jaki Byard, Richard Davis, Sir Roland Hanna, Billy Higgins, Cecil McBee, and others, she develops a perspective on jazz improvisation that has "interactiveness" at its core, in the creation of music through improvisational interaction, in the shaping of social communities and networks through music, and in the development of cultural meanings and ideologies that inform the interpretation of jazz in twentieth-century American cultural life.

Disrupted Lives: How People Create Meaning in a Chaotic World

Abstract: Our lives are full of disruptions, from the minor - a flat tire, an unexpected phone call - to the fateful - a diagnosis of infertility, an illness, the death of a loved one. In the first book to examine disruption in American life from a cultural rather than a psychological perspective, Gay Becker follows hundreds of people to find out what they do after something unexpected occurs. Starting with bodily distress, she shows how individuals recount experiences of disruption metaphorically, drawing on important cultural themes to help them reestablish order and continuity in their lives. Through vivid and poignant stories of people from different walks of life who experience different types of disruptions, Becker examines how people rework their ideas about themselves and their worlds, from the meaning of disruption to the meaning of life itself. Becker maintains that to understand disruption, we must also understand cultural definitions of normalcy. She questions what is normal for a family, for health, for womanhood and manhood, and for growing older. In the United States, where life is expected to be orderly and predictable, disruptions are particularly unsettling, she contends. And, while continuity in life is an illusion, it is an effective one because it organizes people's plans and expectations. Becker's phenomenological approach yields a rich, compelling, and entirely original narrative. "Disrupted Lives" acknowledges the central place of discontinuity in our existence at the same time as it breaks new ground in understanding the cultural dynamics that underpin life in the United States. From the book: 'The doctor was blunt. He does not mince words. He did a [semen] analysis and he came back and said, 'This is devastatingly poor.' I didn't expect to hear that. It had never occurred to me. It was such a shock to my sense of self and to all these preconceptions of my manliness and virility and all of that. That was a very, very devastating moment and I was dumbfounded...In that moment it totally changed the way that I thought of myself'.

Book Review: Enabling Occupation: An Occupational Therapy Perspective:

Abstract: by disclosing that she lectured to occupational therapy students, the respondents may have partially shaped their accounts to legitimise her interests and role. Regarding recommended further work, interviews would allow more detailed inquiry into these women's life histories, particularly to explore their initial motivation to try a craft activity following illness or diagnosis, because this could be of value to occupational therapists conceptualising treatment options. Many studies have examined how individuals with a common illness (such as multiple sclerosis) cope. This study has, instead, taken a shared coping activity and examined its role in the life of individuals with a variety of chronic conditions. Although comprising many adaptable and varied elements, some common benefits emerge, particularly restoring selfesteem and relief from negative emotions. The activity seems potent on several psychological levels. Many of the respondents described discovering (or re-discovering) needlecraft in their adult years, which suggests that adults can be open to innovations in their leisure pursuits. This may provide occupational therapists with further confidence that craftwork introduced to clients may have longterm therapeutic value. These accounts also indicate that the potential of leisure counselling to help those newly diagnosed with a chronic illness should be further investigated.

A Cross-cultural Perspective

Abstract: Julie Mennella shares Avanelle Kirksey's interest in infant feeding practices around the world. Dr. Mennella approaches human infant feeding through an understanding of the environment, the infant, and especially, its cultural diversity. Her belief that an infant's development of flavor appreciation begins in the womb is afresh perspective on human feeding.

Homo geographicus : a framework for action, awareness, and moral concern

Abstract: "This brilliant book, reflecting an original mind and years of preparatory research, is a major work of contemporary geographical scholarship. It is perhaps the most important theoretical work in human geography of the past thirty years. 'Homo Geographicus' provides a powerful intellectual broadside on behalf of reason as a faculty of mind that all humans share. This will be a controversial book that will stimulate much-needed debate about geographical agency, spatiality, and postmodernist claims. An exemplary book."--John Agnew, Syracuse University "Robert Sack is one of the most original theoreticians in geography today. In 'Homo Geographicus' he continues his project of identifying the geographical sources of social life, and takes an important step toward giving the geographic perspective an essential and central role in modern social theory."--J. Nicholas Entrikin, University of California at Los Angeles "Written in straightforward and unpretentious language, 'Homo Geographicus' refocuses thinking about the nature of the geographic and provides a framework for why and how the various domains of study within the discipline of geography are intimately linked." --Billie Lee Turner II, George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University In 'Homo Geographicus' Sack offers nothing less than a philosophy and theory of geography. He maps out how nature, culture, self, and such geographical factors as space, place, home, and world fit together, enabling us to see more clearly how we transform the world and how we are affected by that transformation. He also provides possible moral directions for us to pursue so that we can be more responsible for our actions and make better our places, our home, and the earth itself.

Viewpoint Dependence in Scene Recognition

Abstract: Two experiments investigated the viewpoint dependence of spatial memories In Experiment 1, participants learned the locations of objects on a desktop from a single perspective and then took part in a recognition test, test scenes included familiar and novel views of the layout Recognition latency was a linear function of the angular distance between a test view and the study view In Experiment 2, participants studied a layout from a single view and then learned to recognize the layout from three additional training views A final recognition test showed that the study view and the training views were represented in memory, and that latency was a linear function of the angular distance to the nearest study or training view These results indicate that interobject spatial relations are encoded in a viewpoint-dependent manner, and that recognition of novel views requires normalization to the most similar representation in memory These findings parallel recent results in visual object recognition.

Inclusion and School Reform: Transforming America's Classrooms

Abstract: From the distinguished authors of Beyond Separate Education comes this panoramic view of inclusive education -- past, present, and future. Grounded in historical perspective and fueled by contemporary accomplishments, the insightful discussions in this volume cover a wide range of issues, from program implementation to court decisions. Emphasizing the need for the concurrent development of inclusion and school restructuring, the authors share with policy makers, administrators, school board members, teachers, and parents their solid understanding of school reform, as well as a vision for the 21st century.

Any Sound You Can Imagine: Making Music/Consuming Technology

Abstract: From the Publisher: Theberge places recent technological developments within a broad social and historical perspective to illuminate the changing relationships between musical concepts, styles, and technology.

In defence of history

Abstract: Written at a time of scepticism about our ability to learn from the past, this work reveals why history is possible and necessary. Quashing the claims of postmodern historians who deny the possibility of any realistic grasp of history, Evans explains the dangers of losing a historical perspective.

Vividness Effects: A Resource-Matching Perspective

Abstract: The authors present a resource-matching perspective to explain the relationship between vividness and persuasion. Three experiments confirm the predicted inverted-U relationship between resource allocation and persuasion for vivid information, and a positive linear relationship between resource allocation and persuasion for nonvivid information when vivid information is less resource demanding than nonvivid information. This persuasion pattern is reversed in experiment 4, where nonvivid information is less resource demanding than vivid information; that is, there is an inverted-U relationship for nonvivid information, and a positive linear relationship for vivid information. The contrasting persuasion functions for vivid and nonvivid information can predict when vivid information will be more versus less persuasive than nonvivid information.

Too close for comfort? Distance and engagement in interpretive information systems research

Abstract: In this paper, we seek to explore the implications of the assumptions underlying interpretivism for the preferred relationship between the researcher and the research phenomenon. The growing interest in interpretive information systems research has drawn attention to the need to gain access to the interpretations of social actors. Various data-gathering methods are available to the researcher to achieve such access. These may be seen as located on a spectrum in terms of the degree of engagement between the researcher and the research subject. While engagement is not without its drawbacks from a research perspective, it may be argued that it enables good access to the sorts of data that interpretive researchers are seeking. Most of the research reported in the information systems (IS) field, however, has adopted relatively distant methods by which the researcher avoids intervention in the research context. Some of the characteristics of more engaged forms of research are illustrated through a discussion of a participant observation study of executive information systems development. This research has highlighted a number of issues that can be seen to be common to other data-gathering methods. Reasons for the neglect of engaged data-gathering methods are explored, and it is suggested that consideration of the issues it raises may contribute to more reflexive interpretive IS research practice.

Aligned Instructional Policy and Ambitious Pedagogy: Exploring Instructional Reform from the Classroom Perspective

Abstract: In recent years national, state, and local education reformers have paid increasing attention to two ideas about school reform. The first centers on ensuring more ambitious instruction for all students. The second has to do with crafting more coherent and closely aligned policies to support this ambitious instruction. This article explores these two popular reform ideas from the perspective of classroom teaching. We examine nine elementary school teachers’ responses to their local school district's efforts to press more ambitious ideas about literacy instruction. We argue that although the policy alignment strategy may be effective in changing surface-level aspects of teaching, it may be considerably less effective in reforming other difficult-to-reach dimensions of classroom practice (i.e., task and discourse). Further, we highlight the difficulties involved in figuring out the extent to which these recent reforms find their way into classroom practice.

Children's Representations of Attachment Relationships in Family Drawings.

Abstract: Children's representational models of self and attachment figures were investigated in family drawings at age 8-9 in a high-risk, racially mixed sample Drawings were scored using a series of specific signs and a group of theoretically derived, global rating scales When specific signs were treated in a combined way (versus separately), they were significantly related to early attachment history in predicted ways Similarly, specific rating scales were found to be significantly related to early relationship history Analyses exploring the relative contributions of early attachment history and contemporary measures of child IQ, life stress, and emotional functioning revealed that even after contemporary influences were taken into account, attachment history made a significant contribution to the prediction of negative drawing outcome Results were interpreted as supporting an organizational perspective on development where qualitative differences in early relationships are hypothesized to shape core representational models of the self and to exert an ongoing influence on later representational processes

The Sex of Things: Gender and Consumption in Historical Perspective

Abstract: Why Gender Matters-Leonard Sax 2017 A revised and updated edition (with more than 70% new material) of the evergreen classic about the innate differences between boys and girls and how best to parent and teach girls and boys successfully, with completely new chapters on sexual orientation and on transgender and intersex kids. Eleven years ago, Why Gender Matters broke ground in illuminating the differences between boys and girls--how they perceive the world differently, how they learn differently, how they process emotions and take risks differently. Dr. Sax argued that in failing to recognize these hardwired differences between boys and girls, we ended up reinforcing damaging stereotypes, medicalizing normal behavior (see: the rising rates of ADHD diagnosis), and failing to support kids to reach their full potential. In the intervening decade, the world has changed drastically, with an avalanche of new research which supports, deepens, and expands Dr. Sax's work. This revised and updated edition includes new findings about how boys and girls interact differently with social media and video games; a completely new discussion of research on gender non-conforming, LGB, and transgender kids, new findings about how girls and boys see differently, hear differently, and even smell differently; and new material about the medicalization of bad behavior.

A Perspective on Word Sense Disambiguation Methods and Their Evaluation

Abstract: In this position paper, we make several observations about the state of the art in automatic word sense disambiguation. Motivated by these observations, we offer several specific proposals to the community regarding improved evaluation criteria, common training and testing resources, and the definition of sense inventories.