Showing papers on "Poison control published in 1972"

Medicine as an Institution of Social Control

Abstract: The theme of this essay is that medicine is becoming a major institution of social control, nudging aside, if not incorporating, the more traditional institutions of religion and law. It is becoming the new repository of truth, the place where absolute and often final judgments are made by supposedly morally neutral and objective experts. And these judgments are made, not in the name of virtue or legitimacy, but in the name of health. Moreover, this is not occurring through the political power physicians hold or can influence, but is largely an insidious and often undramatic phenomenon accomplished by 'medicalizing' much of daMy living, by making medicine and the labels 'healthy' and 'ill' relevant to an ever increasing part of human existence. Although many have noted aspects of this process, by confining their concern to the field of psychiatry, these criticisms have been misplaced.̂ For psychiatry has by no means distorted the mandate of medicine, but indeed, though perhaps at a pace faster than other medical specialities, is following instead some of the basic claims and directions of that profession. Nor is this extension into society the result of any professional 'imperialism', for this leads us to think of the issue in terms of misguided human efforts or motives, li we search for the 'why' of this phenomenon, we will see instead that it is rooted in our increasingly complex technological and bureaucratic system—a system which has led us down the path of the reluctant reliance on the expert.̂ Quite frankly, what is presented in the following pages is not a

Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Inalienability: One View of the Cathedral

Abstract: Professor Calabresi and Mr. Melamed develop a framework for legal analysis which they believe serves to integrate various legal relationships which are traditionally analyzed in separate subject areas such as Property and Torts. By using their model to suggest solutions to the pollution problem that have been overlooked by writers in the field, and by applying the model to the question of criminal sanctions, they demonstrate the utility of such an integrated approach.

On the division of attention: a disproof of the single channel hypothesis.

Abstract: In dichotic listening, subjects are apparently unable to attend simultaneously to two concurrent, auditory speech messages. However, in two experiments reported here, it is shown that people can attend to and repeat back continuous speech at the same time as taking in complex, unrelated visual scenes, or even while sight-reading piano music. In both cases performance with divided attention was very good, and in the case of sight-reading was as good as with undivided attention. There was little or no effect of the dual task on the accuracy of speech shadowing. These results are incompatible with the hypothesis that human attention is limited by the capacity of a general–purpose central processor in the nervous system. An alternative, “multi-channel”, hypothesis is outlined.

On the theory and practice of shaking infants : Its potential residual effects of permanent brain damage and mental retardation

Abstract: In the first modern discussion in 1946 of the parent-infant stress syndrome (PITS), or battered baby syndrome, I described six infants, 13 months or younger, who suffered from the combination of subdural hematomas and characteristic bone lesions.1During the last 25 years2-5substantial evidence, both manifest and circumstantial, has gradually accumulated which suggests that the whiplash-shaking and jerking of abused infants are common causes of the skeletal as well as the cerebrovascular lesions; the latter is the most serious acute complication and by far the most common cause of early death.6 Today we invite your attention to the evidence which supports our concept that the whiplash-shaking and jerking of infants are frequently pathogenic and often result in grave permanent damage to infantile brains and eyes. We shall also point out that potentially pathogenic whip-lash-shaking is practiced commonly in a wide variety of ways, under a wide

A logical framework for categorizing highway safety phenomena and activity.

Abstract: A LOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR CATEGORIZING HIGHWAY SAFETY PHENOMENA AND ACTIVITY WILLIAM HADDON; The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care

The child-abusing parent: A psychological review.

Abstract: Review of professional opinions in the literature reveals that (a) the abusing parent was himself raised with some degree of deprivation, (b) the abusing parent brings to his role as parent mistaken notions of child rearing, (c) there is present in the parent a general defect in character structure allowing aggressive impulses to be expressed too freely, and (d) while socioeconomic factors might place added stresses on basic personality weakness, these stresses are not of themselves sufficient or necessary causes of abuse. A recent demographic survey is criticized in light of the foregoing data. (88 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)

Frontal lobe neglect in man.

Abstract: American Academy of Neurology Dedicated to advancing the art and science of neurology, and thereby promoting the best possible care for patients with neurological disorders A Celebration of the First 50 Years of the American Academy of Neurology Neurology 1972;22:660-664 █ "My hypothesis is that the frontal lobes are the seat of coordination and fusion of the incoming and outgoing products of the several sensory and motor areas of the cortex." Bianchi (1895)1 made this hypothesis after excising the frontal lobes in animals and observing rotary movements to the side of the lesion and a visual disturbance that appeared as a contralateral hemianopia. Kennard2 showed that there was also a loss of cutaneous sensitivity in these animals, and Kennard and Ectors3 proposed that the visual defect was more a hemianopia in which an object is disregarded than a true hemianopia. Welch and Stuteville4 found that with lesions of the posterior part of the superior limb of the arcuate sulcus, their monkeys had unilateral neglect to all sensory modalities tested. Although many investigators have produced and described frontal neglect in monkeys, unilateral frontal neglect has not been described in man other than in the two cases of pseudohemianopia described by Halstead5 and Thiebaut.6 The purpose of this study was to assess patients with frontal lobe lesions to establish the presence of unilateral neglect-hemispatial agnosia, inattention, and extinction to simultaneous stimuli-and to relate these findings to other known phenomena attributed to frontal lobe disease. Patients admitted to the University of Florida Teaching Hospital or Boston City Hospital during 1969 and 1970 who demonstrated lesions confined to the frontal lobes, as demonstrated by brain scan or postmortem examination, were included in this series. Six cases of unilateral neglect were uncovered (seetable). The anatomic loci of the …

Does television violence cause aggression

Abstract: Grant M1726 from the National Institute of Mental Health and Contract No. HSM 42-70-60 from the Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior.

Risk-rescue rating in suicide assessment.

Abstract: The Risk-Rescue Rating is a descriptive and quantitative method of assessing the lethality ofsuicide attempts. Its underlying hypothesis is that the lethality of implementation, defined as the probability of inflicting irreversible damage, may be expressed as a ratio of factors influencing risk and rescue. Five risk and five rescue factors have been operationally defined, weighted, and scored. Illustrations of typical high risk/high rescue, high risk/low rescue, low risk/high rescue, and low risk/low rescue are presented, together with scoring instructions and tables of values. Risk-rescue ratings correlate well with the level of treatment recommended (none, emergency ward only, hospital admission, and intensive care), with the subject's sex, and whether the subjects lived or died. There is less decisive correlation with age and little correlation with marital status and multiple attempts. Taken by itself, the risk-rescue rating is not a predictive instrument. However, when considered along with other kinds of lethality, such as that of intentionality and psychosocial involvement, the lethality of implementation can add to the basis of individualized suicide prognosis.

Medical aspects of the chewing of khat leaves

Abstract: The khat plant (Catha edulis) is produced in certain areas of East Africa and the Arabian peninsula, and the leaves are chewed for their stimulating effect. Fresh material, which is preferred by users, contains a substance that is rapidly converted to (+)-norpseudoephedrine. As a consequence of the traditional means of consumption, intoxication with khat is self-limiting but chronic consumption can cause certain disturbances to the health of the user and may also lead to social and economic damage to the individual and the community.

Causes of death of alcoholics.

Abstract: The ratio of observed to expected deaths from all causes was 2.02 for men and 3.19 for women alcoholics in a Toronto sample. Mortality is discussed with reference to age-specific causes and the dri...

Dextroamphetamine: Evaluation of Psychomimetic Properties in Man

Abstract: Nine informed volunteers having previous experience with self-administered drugs were given small, frequent orally administered doses of dextroamphetamine sulfate. Within five days following supervised administration, eight subjects experienced a paranoid psychosis which rapidly abated with drug discontinuance. Factors such as sleep deprivation, predrug personality, or drug idiosyncrasy which have been thought crucial in the origin of amphetamine paranoia proved to be insufficient as explanations for the psychosis. Surprisingly, it was found that large long-term doses of dextroamphetamine caused the subjects to feel depressed rather than elated. This suggests that while the short-term effects of dextroamphetamine might be explained as a potentiation of catecholamines, the long-term effects of the drug, including paranoid symptoms, may result from depletion of the central nervous system's stores of catecholamine by dextroamphetamine or one of its metabolites, or both.

Field observation of nearshore circulation and meandering currents

Abstract: Field observations were made of wave-induced nearshore circulations and meandering longshore currents on an undulatory surf-zone bed, under the action of uniform incident waves. Circulations were associated with normal-wave incidence; meandering currents were associated with oblique-wave incidence. The transport in the observed circulations generally agreed with Bowen's (1967) linear theory based on the concept of radiation stress (Longuet-Higgins and Stewart, 1962, 1964), provided that a friction coefficient C = 0.014 was assumed. The longshore current near the shore line moved from a shoal to a depression as predicted, but this movement was also directed from an area of high waves to one of low waves, which is different from the case of a circulation driven by nonuniform breaker heights on the bar. Spilling breakers over a shoal underwent greater energy dissipation than plunging breakers in the rip current. Observed streamlines were narrow in the outflow and broad in the inflow, a characteristic that was probably associated with a nonlinear mechanism arising from a steep depression in the rip channel, as previously explained by Arthur (1962). These circulations were pulsational, unlike the circulations of a steady-state solution. Occasional strong outflows at beat frequencies caused water to escape from the circulation. For a given surf-zone undulation, breaking over the inner bar was essential to the formation of a circulation, and the intensity of breaking, controlled by tide, corresponded with a proportionally stronger circulation. Thus, circulations were generally stronger during low tide than during high tide. Low rip-current velocities at high tide fluctuated with incoming swells, whereas high velocities at low tide tended to fluctuate at surf beat frequencies. In proportion to increasing rip velocities, the rip pulsation tended toward lower intervals. Mean surface slopes caused by wave set-up and set-down agreed with trajectories of neutral-density balls released in the circulation. Meandering currents associated with oblique-wave incidence could be explained as a combined effect of circulation cells and parallel longshore flows.

Some Contingencies of the Moral Evaluation and Control of Clientele: The Case of the Hospital Emergency Service

Abstract: One important aspect of the control of behavior of patients and visitors on a hospital emergency service is the moral evaluation of the clients made by the staff. Such evaluation arises from the application of concepts of social worth common in the larger society and from staff concepts of appropriate work role. The process, however, is not a simple cause-effect matter, but the product of a reciprocal relationship between the attributes of the client and the categories of the staff. Emergency department staff, like other service occupations, attempt to establish mechanisms of control over inappropriate demands for service.

Parents, Peers, and Delinquent Action: A Test of the Differential Association Perspective.

Abstract: This study attempts to go beyond the well-documented relationship between delinquent associations and involvement in delinquency to a consideration of the independent consequences of delinquent peers, parents, and "delinquent" definitions for delinquent action. The data fail to support Sutherland and Cressey's argument that family life is relevant to delinquency only when "delinquent patterns" are available to copy. Using a variety of measures of availability of deviant patterns, paternal supervision and support were found to be negatively related to delinquency to approximately the same degree under almost all conditions. Moreover, delinquent peers and paternal supervision and support were both found to influence delinquency involvement regardless of definitions favorable and unfavorable to the violation of the law. The family, peers, and definitions relevant to law breaking appear to exert independent effects on delinquency which are not adequately encompassed by etiological perspectives that introduce ...

Imitation in autistic, early schizophrenic, and non-psychotic subnormal children

Abstract: Experimental psychotic children, 9 boys and 3 girls (mean age=66.9 mos.) were compared with 5 non-psychotic subnormal boys (mean age=72 mos.) in body imitation, motor-object imitation and spontaneous object use and also for influence of task class and difficulty using each subject's adaptive age as referant. Psychotic children did poorly in body, better in motor-object imitation and best in object use. Controls achieved higher body and motor-object imitation scores. Task difficulty equally affected the performances of subjects and controls. Body imitation failure, traced to neurophysiological deficiencies, combined with severe central language disorders in the psychotic group, precluded non-verbal and verbal interpersonal communication. It is suggested that during early life, psychotic children, unlike the subnormal who have less severe visual-motor or language processing handicaps, cannot use parents' help to interpret environment.

The depression of widowhood after thirteen months.

Abstract: Bereavement is a crisis from which few people are spared. In spite of its universality, there have been few carefully designed, well documented, systematic studies describing its natural history and its relationship to other affective disturbances.