Showing papers on "Protein sparing published in 2016"

Fat deposition pattern and mechanism in response to dietary lipid levels in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the fat deposition pattern and lipid metabolic strategies of grass carp in response to dietary lipid levels. Five isonitrogenous diets (260 g kg-1 crude protein) containing five dietary lipid levels (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 g kg-1) were fed to quadruplicate groups of 15 fish with initial weight 200 g, for 8 weeks. The best growth performance and feed utilization was observed in fish fed with lipid level at 40 g kg-1. MFI and adipose tissue lipid content increased with increasing dietary lipid level up to 40 g kg-1, and higher lipid level in diet made no sense. Fish adapted to high lipid intake through integrated regulating mechanisms in several related tissues to maintain lipid homeostasis. In the present study, grass carp firstly increased PPARγ and CPT1 expressions in adipose tissue to elevate adipocyte differentiation and lipolysis to adapt to high lipid intake above 40 g kg-1. In liver, fish elevated hepatic lipid uptake but depressed biosynthesis of hepatic FAs, resulted in no difference in HSI and liver lipid content among the groups. Only in muscle, fish showed a significant fat deposition when the lipid intake above 40 g kg-1. The excess lipid, derived from enhanced serum TC and TG contents, was more likely to induce deposition in muscle rather than lipid uptake by adipose tissue in grass carp fed with high dietary lipid, indicating the muscle of grass carp might be the main responding organ to high lipid intake.

Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, body composition and flesh quality of juvenile topmouth culter, Culter alburnus Basilewsky

Abstract: Nine experimental diets at three protein (35%, 40% and 45% crude protein) and lipid (5%, 8% and 11% crude lipid) levels with variable digestible protein to digestible energy (DP/DE) ratios ranged from 21.9 to 27.8 g protein MJ � 1 were fed to topmouth culter (Culter alburnus Basilewsky) fingerlings (initial weight 6.5 � 0.9 g) in triplicated groups (30 fish per replicated) for a period of 10 week to assess the optimum dietary DP/DE ratio and the protein sparing effect by utilizing dietary lipid. 27 cages of 1.5 m 3 capacity placed in a lake located in Wuhan were used for rearing the fish. At the end of the experiment, maximum weight gain and thermalunit growth coefficient was found in fish fed diet D4 with 45% protein, 8% lipid and P/E ratio of 26.2 g protein MJ � 1 , but without a significant difference compared to fish fed diet D5 with 40% protein, 8% lipid and DP/DE ratio of 25.3 g protein MJ � 1 . The best flesh quality evaluated by muscle collagen content was found in fish fed D5. High fat accumulation with increasing dietary lipid levels was observed in whole body but not in muscle tissue. Hence, it may be concluded that the optimum formulation for maximum growth and quality of topmouth culter is a diet containing 40% protein and 8% lipid with a resultant DP/DE ratio of 25.3 g protein MJ � 1 . In addition, the protein sparing effect by inclusion lipid was observed but limited.

An observational study of sequential protein-sparing, very low-calorie ketogenic diet (Oloproteic diet) and hypocaloric Mediterranean-like diet for the treatment of obesity.

Abstract: The impact of a rehabilitative multi-step dietary program consisting in different diets has been scantily investigated. In an open-label study, 73 obese patients underwent a two-phase weight loss (WL) program: a 3-week protein-sparing, very low-calorie, ketogenic diet (<500 kcal/day; Oloproteic® Diet) and a 6-week hypocaloric (25–30 kcal/kg of ideal body weight/day), low glycemic index, Mediterranean-like diet (hypo-MD). Both phases improved visceral adiposity, liver enzymes, GH levels, blood pressure and glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the hypo-MD was responsible for a re-increase in blood lipids and glucose tolerance parameters. Changes in visceral adiposity and glucose control-related variables were more consistent in patients with metabolic syndrome. However, in these patients the hypo-MD did not result in a consistent re-increase in glucose control-related variables. A dietary program consisting in a ketogenic regimen followed by a balanced MD appeared to be feasible and efficacious in...

Re-evaluation of the optimum dietary protein level for maximum growth of juvenile barred knifejaw Oplegnathus fasciatus reared in cages

Abstract: We determined the optimum dietary protein level in juvenile barred knifejaw Oplegnathus fasciatus in cages. Five semi-purified isocaloric diets were formulated with white fish meal and casein-based diets to contain 35, 40, 45, 50, and 60 % crude protein (CP). Fish with an initial body weight of 7.1 ± 0.06 g (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into 15 net cages (each size: 60 cm × 40 cm × 90 cm, W × L × H) as groups of 20 fish in triplicates. The fish were fed at apparent satiation level twice a day. After 8 weeks of feeding, the weight gain (WG) of fish fed 45, 50, and 60 % CP diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed 35 and 40 % CP diets. However, there were no significant differences in WG among fish fed 45, 50, and 60 % CP diets. Generally, feed efficiency (FE) and specific growth rate (SGR) showed a similar trend as WG. However, the protein efficiency ratio (PER) was inversely related to dietary protein levels. Energy retention efficiency increased with the increase of dietary protein levels by protein sparing from non-protein energy sources. Blood hematocrit content was not affected by dietary protein levels. However, a significantly lower amount of hemoglobin was found in fish fed 35 % CP than in fish fed 40, 45, 50, and 60 % CP diets. Fish fed 60 % CP showed the lowest survival rate than the fish fed 35, 40, 45, and 50 % CP diets. Broken-line analysis of WG showed the optimum dietary protein level was 45.2 % with 18.8 kJ/g diet for juvenile barred knifejaw. This study has potential implication for the successful cage culture of barred knifejaw.

Protein Sparing Effect of Carbohydrate on Growth Performance, Digestion Ability of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) at Different Feeding Frequencies

Abstract: A 8-week 3 × 2 two-factorial experiment was conducted to investigate effects of dietary carbohydrate levels (5%, 10%, and 20%) and feeding frequencies (fourth daily and twice daily) on the growth, digestion and liver function of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) [initial average weight of (55.37 ± 3.55) g] cultured in floating net cages. Three replicates with 180 common carp were randomly allotted to one treatment with combination of dietary carbohydrate level and feeding frequency in a complete randomized design. The results showed that the weight gain ratio (WGR), special growth ratio (SGR), and protein efficient ratio (PER) were significantly affected by feeding frequency (P < 0.05). Significant effect of feeding frequency on hepatosomatic (HSI) and condition factor (CF) was observed (P < 0.05). Fish fed fourth daily at 5 and 10% dietary carbohydrate levels had significantly higher HSI compared with fish fed twice daily at 5 and 10% dietary carbohydrate levels(P < 0.05). CF was significantly affected by dietary carbohydrate levels (P < 0.05). At 10% dietary carbohydrate level, significant effect on CF of fish fed twice daily was found (P < 0.05), comparing with fish fed fourth daily. Feeding frequency had significant effect on amylase activity of foregut and lipase activity of midgut, and dietary carbohydrate levels significantly affected amylase and lipase activity of midgut (P < 0.05). Lipase activity of fish fed fourth daily at 5% dietary carbohydrate level significantly increased compared to fish fed twice daily at the same carbohydrate level. Comprehensively, the common carp should be fed at 4 meal/d, and the dietary carbohydrate level could be appropriately increased to 5–10%.

Protein-sparing effects and LPL gene expressions of dietary lipids in the juvenile soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscussinensis

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary lipids on protein-sparing and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA expression in culture using 360 juvenile soft-shelled turtles (Pelodiscussinensis) (initial weight 4.26 ± 0.14 g). The turtles were allotted to six diets with three duplicates for 60 days. A control diet with 46% protein and 55% fishmeal (CD) and five isonitrogenous diets with 41.3% protein and 45% fishmeal (F, S, L1, L2 and L3) were used, containing the following three lipid types: fish oil, soybean oil and mixed oils (soybean oil: fish oil = 1:1). The results showed that the survival rate was not affected by dietary lipids (P > 0.05). The highest weight gain and lowest feed coefficient ratio were seen in the L3 diets (P < 0.05). Turtles fed with L2 and L3 diets had lower superoxide dismutase activities, higher alanine aminotransferase activities and higher cholesterol concentrations than those exposed to other diets (P < 0.05). Hepatic LPL activity and LPL mRNA expression were higher in the L3 diets than in the other diets (P < 0.05). Overall, there were obvious protein-sparing effects of dietary lipids and LPL mRNA expression was stimulated by high dietary lipids in soft-shelled turtles in this study.