Showing papers on "Rapeseed published in 1988"

Production of improved rapeseed exhibiting an enhanced oleic acid content

Abstract: Improved rape plants, seeds capable of forming the same, and a novel improved vegetable oil derived from the rapeseeds are provided Such plants have the ability to yield a vegetable oil of increased heat stability in combination with other desirable traits The increased stability of the vegetable oil is attributable to the presence of an unusually high oleic acid content in the rapeseeds which has been lacking in the available rape plants of the prior art It has been found that the novel rape plants of the present invention reliably can be formed by mutagenesis followed by selection as described The vegetable oil produced by the improved rape plants of the present invention is particularly well suited for use as a frying oil wherein the increased stability at elevated temperatures is of prime importance In a preferred embodiment wherein the vegetable oil is used as a frying oil, the alpha-linolenic acid content concomitantly is reduced which additionally imparts an increased oxidative stability

Rapeseed (brassica napus l.) productivity : the effect of honeybees (apis mellifera l.) and different pollination conditions in cage and field tests

Abstract: HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) PRODUCTIVITY : THE EFFECT OF HONEYBEES (APIS MELLIFERA L.) AND DIFFERENT POLLINATION CONDITIONS IN CAGE AND FIELD TESTS Jacques Mesquida, Michel Renard, Jean-Sébastien Pierre

Glucosinolates Determined by HPLC in the Seeds of Microspore‐Derived Homozygous Lines of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)*

Abstract: Microspore culture was employed to measure the relative efficiencies of anther culture and isolated microspore culture for the regeneration of embryoids and plants of Brassica napus. The yield of embryoids and plants was at least 10-fold greater from isolated microspores than from anther cultures. Approximately 1400 microspore-derived homozygous line's, the parental varieties and the corresponding F2 plants were grown in a field trial. Important agricultural characteristics, such as morphological homogeneity, growth rate, onset of flowering and seed setting were evaluated subjectively and seed yield and glucosinolate content of individual plants were determined. The relative concentrations of up to S different glucosinolates in these seeds were measured via an automated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. The alkenyl and indole glucosinolates, the two most important categories of glucosinolates, were found in varying proportions and were independently determined in these line's. Our results do not support the previously suggested connection between low concentrations of glucosinolates and weak growth and/or poor seed yield. Additionally, no evidence was found that the lines derived from isolated microspore culture were subjected to unexpected selection pressures that might adversely affect the diversity of the lines obtained. These results demonstrate that microspore culture is a powerful tool not only for genetic analysis bur also for practical plant breeding.

The effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on rapeseed (Brassica napus) production in South-Eastern Australia: II. Nitrogen accumulation and oil yield

Abstract: SummaryA field trial was conducted to determine the response of rapeseed (Brassica napus cv. Marnoo) to two irrigation treatments and six nitrogen fertilizer treatments. Response to nitrogen was greater with than without irrigation. Oil content was increased with irrigation but decreased under increasing nitrogen application, and was inversely related to seed nitrogen concentration. Oil yields averaged 1,168 kg ha−1 under irrigated treatments compared with 835 kg ha−1 under rainfed treatments. Maximum oil yield (approx. 1,557 kg ha−1) was obtained from the irrigated treatment fertilized with 100 kg N ha−1 applied at sowing.

A study of rapeseed (brassica napus l. var. oleifera metzger) flower nectar secretions

Abstract: SUMMARY Two nectar extraction techniques, micropipetting and centrifugation, were compared to establish a reliable basis for analysis and comparison of nectar production of rapeseed lines under selection. All tests used Kid cultivar. Apart from quantitative measurements for nectar production, nectar glucid composition was assessed by gas chromatography. Centrifugation provided larger quantities of liquid (x 4 - 6), but total glucid content was not greater than for micropipetting. Centrifugation thus artificially diluted nectar and produced samples unrepresentative of those actually encountered by insects. Glucose and fructose fractions were very similar using either method. Micropipetting is therefore recommended for future work. Such sampling may provide the basis for selecting oilseed rape lines for nectar quantity and quality

Genetics of the Erucic Acid Content in Interspecific Hybrids of Ethiopian Mustard (Brassies carinata Braun) and Rapeseed (B. napus L.)

Abstract: Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata Braun) is a potential oil crop in which genes for low erucic acid content of the seed oil have not yet been found. In order to solve this problem the potential of rapeseed (B. napus L.) varieties as a source of these genes has been tested. Reciprocal F1 hybrids between B. carinata and a low erucic acid variety of B. napus, F2, and backcrosses with B. carinata were obtained. The fatty acid composition was determined in half seeds of F1 and segregating generations from reciprocal interspecific crosses. The genetic analysis indicated that the erucic acid content of the seed oil of B. carinata is controlled by two genes with no dominance and additive in action.

Enzymatic Interesterification of Canola Oil

Abstract: Commercially available porcine pancreatic lipase was used to interesterify Canola oil and mixtures of Canola oil and lauric acid, Canola oil and trilaurin or Canola oil and fully hydrogenated high erucic acid rapeseed oil (HEAR stearin). The interesterification activity was evident only when the enzyme was adsorbed on diato-maceous earth and carefully dried under vacuum. Although the initial rate of reaction appeared to be fast, completion of the reaction required prolonged (up to 72 h) incubation period. The extent of interesterification appeared to be independent of the reaction temperature within the range of 20°C to 60°C. Positional analysis of fatty acids of interesterified oils showed that pancreatic lipase was specific for positions 1 and 3 of triacylglycerols. The physical properties of interesterified oils were markedly different from those of the starting mixtures. During interesterification, extensive rearrangement of fatty acids among triacylglycerols had taken place, resulting in new species of triacylglycerols.

Glucosinolate profiles of international rapeseed lines (Brassica napus and Brassica campestris)

Abstract: Seed samples from a range of international rapeseed lines (Brassica napus L and B campestris L) were analysed for glucosinolate content using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This analytical method provided a total profile consisting of eight different glucosinolates, including those used to define the Canola standard. The data indicated that broad categories of distinct glucosinolate profiles existed among the seed lines analysed. Indole glucosinolate content, expressed as a percentage of total glucosinolate content, was higher in the low glucosinolate lines of B napus. The actual contents of all eight glucosinolates in the seed were variable, particularly gluconapin, glucobrassicanapin and progoitrin. The importance of this HPLC procedure in facilitating selection for high or low contents of individual glucosinolates is discussed.

Fast analysis of rapeseed glucosinolates by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Abstract: Industry and plant breeders require fast methods to analyze glucosinolates in rapeseed. We tested the potential of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for this analysis and developed calibration equations on a large population of whole seeds. Reference methods used are high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of desulphoglucosinolates, a glucose-release method after purification on an anion exchange column and a palladium test. In the range from 2 to 107 μM/g and after transformation of the data in first derivative, a correlation coefficient of 0.99 was observed, as well as standard errors of estimated values of 2.15, 2.52, 2.67 and 4.07 for samples analyzed by HPLC, GLC, glucose and the palladium test, respectively. With different wavelengths, a limited calibration test on seeds containing from 4 to 40 μM/g gives a standard error of 1.91 μM/g (HPLC).

Study on the Chemical Change of General Composition, Fatty Acids and Minerals of Rapeseed during Germination

Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the technical feasibility of producing toxicant-free rapeseed by germination. To this end, rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was germinated at for 120 hours, and the compositional changes of fatty acids and minerals were determined in every 24 hours during germination. Repeseed slightly decreased it's fat content during germination, whereas it showed a tendency to increase protein content. The contents of oleic, erucic, linoleic, linolenic, stearic, palmitic and arachidic acids in rapeseed before germination were found to be 24.6, 15.5, 10.6, 9.5, 1.0, 2.4 and 5.3% respectively. They were gradually decreased until 96 hours and showed a slight increase in 120 hours during germination. However, there was no significant difference in the variation of fatty acids composition in rapeseed during gemination. The content of minerals-phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, copper and iron-in rapeseed before germination were 6367, 3068, 2667, 80.3, 26.5, 15.9, and 94.4 ppm respectively and sodium was detected in trace. The mineral contents in rapeseed were gradually decreased in the early period of germination, but showed a slight increase in 120 hours.

Growth, yield and chemical composition of different oilseed crops as influenced by sodicity

Abstract: An experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 1980–1 and 1981–2 to study the effect of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of 87, 62, 44, 34 and 27 on growth, yield and chemical composition of toria (Brassica campestris var Toria), raya (Brassica juncea L) rapeseed (Brassica campestris var Brown Sarson) and taramira (Eruca saliva) Number of branches per plant, number of siliquae per plant and seed yield of these crops were highest at 27 ESP Increasing ESP decreased N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations and decreased that of Na in seed and stover These crops can be grown successfully up to about 44 ESP without significant reduction in yield Raya and rapeseed produced higher yields than the other oilseed crops on sodic soil

Correction of chlorophyll‐defective male‐sterile winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) through organelle exchange: Characterization of the chlorophyll deficiency

Abstract: Jarl, C. I., Ljungberg, U. K. and Bornman, C. H. 1988. Correction of chlorophyll-defective male-sterile winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) through organelle exchange: Characterization of the chlorophyll deficiency. - Physiol. Plant. 72: 505–510. As is known, the introduction of male-sterile Raphanus sativus L. cytoplasm into Brassica napus L. results in male-sterile oilseed rape plants, which display a temperature-related chlorophyll defect. The influences of temperature and irradiance on this defect were investigated. Compared to a line of normal (green phenotype) male-fertile oilseed rape, the male-sterile line had reduced chlorophyll content, fewer chloroplasts per cell, an altered ultrastructure of the chloroplasts and reduced activities of both photosystems, although the relative amounts of the photosystems and the chlorophyll a/b ratio were similar. The lower activity of the photosystems is explained by a decreased functional antennae size and a reduced efficiency in the interactions between the nuclear-encoded light-harvesting proteins and the reaction centres coded for by the plastome. Some thylakoid polypeptides differed in proportion between the male-fertile line with green phenotype and the male-sterile line with chlorotic phenotype. Characters, in which the two lines exhibited differences, are ascribed to difficulties in molecular communication between the oilseed rape nucleus and the radish cytoplasm, which are combined in the deficient male-sterile line.

Winter rapeseed performance in the southeastern Coastal Plain

Abstract: Fifty-five rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars were evaluated between 1982 and 1987 on a Norfolk loamy sand (fine, loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudult) near Florence, South Carolina. The average seed yield (1,590 kg/ha or 1,420 pounds/acre) was comparable to that at other southern locations where rapeseed is grown as a winter annual, but it was lower than in the Pacific Northwest, where the crop is grown as a true biennial. Assuming a contract price of $0.2011cg ($0.09/pound), estimated gross returns for rapeseed would be about $320/ha 0130/acre). For conservation purposes, the crop may be more valuable because of its potential to reduce soil erosion; rapeseed provides soil surface cover at an earlier date than winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Results of this evaluation suggest that additional research is needed to evaluate rapeseed as a winter forage and/or cover crop for soil erosion control.

Study on the Compositional Change of Free Sugars and Glucosinolates of Rapeseed during Germination

Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the technical feasibility of producing toxicant-free rapeseed by germination. To this end, rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)was germinated at for 120 hours, and the chemical compositions-glucosinolates and free sugers-were determinated in every 24 hours during germination. The amount of glucosinolates in rapeseed measured by UV method was very close to that measured by GLC method. The glucosinolates were considerably abundant in rapeseed before germination, and the total content was found to be 13.6 mg/g. Rapeseed showed the lowest glucosinolate content in 72 hours during germination, and it gradually increased glucosinolate content from 96 hours. Free suger content in rapeseed before germination was as follows : 3.03 mg/g of fructose, 2.97 mg/g of glucose and 5.63 mg/g of sucrose. Raffinose and stachyose were not detected, and in general free sugars were gradually decreased during germination. However, sucrose was increased in the early period of gremination and decreased in the later period.

In vivo turnover of triglyceride fatty acids in adipose tissue of chickens (Gallus domesticus) selected for low or high adiposity

Abstract: 1. 1. The adipose tissue of genetically lean and fat male chickens was enriched with a structurally labelled fatty acid (elaidic acid), by feeding them isomerized rapeseed oil between 4 and 10 weeks old. 2. 2. After the cessation of the label intake, very similar half-lives of 29 and 32 days were found for elaidic acid removal from the abdominal adipose tissue triglycerides of the lean and the fat chickens respectively. 3. 3. Therefore, the difference in adiposity between lines does not seem to be related to any difference in the lipolytic activity of the abdominal adipose tissue.

Variation in seed glucosinolate concentrations of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. + Coss.)

Abstract: Detailed analysis of the seeds of 128 individual plants of an Indian mustard accession, PI 183117, grown at a field site with adequate soil sulfur, revealed a wide variation in both the composition and total concentrations of seed glucosinolates. An apparent somaclonal variant of the same accession is also reported. Selection of seeds from this variant resulted in the isolation of plants with significantly lower seed glucosinolate levels and a greatly reduced variability in both content and proportions of the major seed glucosinolates, compared with the parental line. Averaged over the field experiment, and 2 glasshouse experiments (the second with 2 soil sulfur levels), the reduction in total glucosinolate concentration was 22%. Neither the effect of additional sulfur, nor its interaction with the test populations, was significant. Assuming that the variation in total seed glucosinolate concentration between plants within the selection was entirely environmental, the lower limit of the broad sense heritability in the original accession was estimated as 29.5%. Additional genetic variation appears to be necessary to reduce the seed glucosinolate content to the maximum level specified under the 'Canola' standard for rapeseed.

Polish rapeseed as a companion crop when establishing sweetclover for dry matter production

Abstract: The effect of a Polish rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) companion crop on establishment and yield of sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis L.) was investigated in four field experiments conducted between 1979 and 1986 at Melfort, Saskatchewan. In each test, rapeseed was seeded at 3, 5 and 7 kg ha−1 and sweetclover at 1, 4, 7 and 10 kg ha−1. Rapeseed yield was not affected by its seeding rate or that of sweetclover. At a constant seeding rate of rapeseed, sweetclover forage dry matter yield increased as its seeding rate increased. Sweetclover yield decreased as the seeding rate of rapeseed increased only 1 year of the 3 with successful establishment. The highest mean sweetclover yield of 4020 kg ha−1 was obtained when sweetclover and rapeseed were sown at 10 and 5 kg ha−1, respectively, and the lowest sweetclover yield was obtained at seeding rates of 1 and 7 kg ha−1, respectively, for sweetclover and rapeseed. In 1982, when the mean rapeseed yield across all seeding rates was the lowest (1100 kg ha−1) compa...

Quantitative effects of volunteer plants on glucosinolate content in double-low rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) : a theoretical approach

Abstract: Assessment of glucosinolate (GSL) content in rapeseed is important because degradation products of glucosinolates are the most limiting factors for use of rapeseed meal, the most concentrated vegetable protein feed produced in cool temperate climates. Volunteer plants with about 90 pmole GSL/g seed can increase glucosinolate content in new quality stands. This effect is especially relevant when rapeseed is a major component in crop rotation and also during seed multiplication. The goal of the present study was to estimate quantitatively the effects of volunteer plants (VPs) in new quality stands on GSL-content of rapeseed. It was shown that a content of about 10 wmole/g seed in commercial seeds is necessary in order not to exceed 20pmole/g seed coming from VPs. Generally, seed multiplication will only be successful when the GSL content is significantly below 20 wmole/g seed at the third step of multiplication. From the calculated data it appeared that the steady immigration of more than two percent of VPs with high GSL-content during seed multiplication would be unacceptable to seed producers.

Improved rapeseed exhibiting an enhanced oleic acid content.

Abstract: Improved rape plants, seeds capable of forming the same, and a novel improved vegetable oil derived from the rapeseeds are provided. Such plants have the ability to yield a vegetable oil of increased heat stability in combination with other desirable traits. The increased stability of the vegetable oil is attributable to the presence of an unusually high oleic acid content in the rapeseeds which has been lacking in the available rape plants of the prior art. It has been found that the novel rape plants of the present invention reliably can be formed by mutagenesis followed by selection as described. The vegetable oil produced by the improved rape plants of the present invention is particularly well suited for use as a frying oil wherein the increased stability at elevated temperatures is of prime importance. In a preferred embodiment wherein the vegetable oil is used as a frying oil, the alpha-linolenic acid content concomitantly is reduced which additionally imparts an increased oxidative stability.

Composition and Mineral Distribution of Rapeseed Varieties Tested for Adaptation in Turkey

Abstract: Rapeseed belongs to the world's most important oilseeds. The nutritive value of rapeseed meal has gradually improved to the point where it has become an acceptable alternative to soybean meal as a source of protein in rations. The objectives of the present work was to assess the composition and mineral distributions of low and high erucic rapeseed cultivars. Ten varieties including a local one were examined for their proximate composition. The fat content ranged between 40.5 and 45.6 %, while the crude protein content varied from 24.3 to 28.2 % on dry matter basis. Mineral analysis were conducted on seeds after wet ashing of samples. Total phosphorus content was found to be between 0.60 and 0.84%, being nearly twice as compared to soybeans. Total sulphur, which predicts both the levels of S-bearing amino acids and glucosinolates varied greatly, from 0.40 to 1.11%, in the examined rapeseeds. Important differences among the tested rapeseed cultivars were also valid for other minerals especially iron, manganese and calcium contents.

Wheat or barley flake food and production thereof

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the titled food, containing proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and water in respective specific proportions and capable of independently ingesting various kinds of nutriments in good balance, by adding an animal protein, vegetable fat or oil and sweetener to boiled or steamed wheat or barley grains, rolling and processing the resultant blend. CONSTITUTION:5-15pts.wt. animal protein, e.g. egg white, casein, etc., 0-10pts. wt. vegetable fat or oil, e.g. corn oil, rapeseed oil, etc., and 10-20pts.wt. sweetener, preferably oligosaccharides, are added to 50-70pts.wt. boiled or steamed wheat or barley grains, rolled and processed to afford the aimed food containing 10-25wt% proteins, 1-15wt% lipids, 60-80wt% carbohydrates and 1-7wt% moisture. The ratio of vegetable protein to the animal protein in the food components is preferably within the range of 1:0.5-1:2.