Showing papers on "Rural area published in 1980"

Migration, remittances and rural development: findings of a case study in the Indian Punjab.

Abstract: Rural household survey data in the Ludhiana district of the Indian Punjab was used to study the nature and role of remittances in rural development. Of the 1646 outmigrants from the area since 1961 the 949 women who migrated for marriage and children under 12 years old were excluded from the study. Nearly all husbands who outmigrated had sent remittances. Parents and grandparents were 2nd and 3rd most likely to remit but their numbers were small. Education did not correlate with remittance. Distance and time since emigration did not affect remittance. The frequency and the size of remittances are discussed. Remittances to outmigrants were insignificant. The remittances from outmigrants seem to raise the incomes and the levels of living of rural households. The remittances serve the purpose of redistributing income from urban to rural areas. Remittances also widened the gap between rich and poor in the rural areas because the better-off groups were more likely to receive remittances than the poorer groups. Most of the money sent from outmigrants was spent on consumable goods food and clothing. Only a small proportion was spent on productive investment. This was usually done by farming families who invested in land or farm necessities. It is concluded that remittances from outmigrants can have a positive effect on the rural economies. Investment opportunities for nonagricultural families must be provided.

Rural nonfarm employment in developing countries.

Abstract: Discussions of rural development policy are for the most part focused on the tenurial, institutional, technical, infrastructural, and economic aspects of agricultural development. In contrast, nonfarm activities in agricultural regions receive little attention, and a number of models of agrarian economies with nonfarm activities have even predicted a decline of such activities with agricultural development.' In this paper we show that nonfarm activities in agricultural regions expand quite rapidly in response to agricultural development and merit special attention in the design of rural-and also of urban-development strategies. The poorest groups of the world's rural population include those who depend on nonfarm activities as a source of employment and income. Nonfarm activities also supply a range of goods and services to agriculture and the rural population, contributing to the growth of agricultural output and the improvement in living conditions in rural areas. Finally, the concentration and growth of nonfarm activities in rural towns localizes employment opportunities for people who leave agriculture and acts to stimulate a degree of decentralization of urban growth.

Community reactions to mental disorders – A KEY INFORMANT STUDY IN THREE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Abstract: Attitudes towards mental disorders have been studied in rural areas of Sudan and Northern India and an urban area of the Philippines using standardized interviews with key informants. On average each informant knew by name 3.6 individuals who corresponded to descriptions provided of common mental disorders. The conditions most frequently identified were mental retardation (in all three areas), alcohol and drug related problems (in the Sudanese and Philippines areas) and acute psychosis (in the Indian area). In the Philippines area, the majority of informants indicated traditional healers as the primary source of help for psychological symptoms; in all areas people were judged to be more likely to seek help for psychological than for physical symptoms from traditional healers. Perceptions of mental illness and their consequences have been presented in graphic form through “attitude profiles”. These reveal differences in responses to the seven mental disorders presented to the key informants through vignettes. More negative and pessimistic attitudes were found in the Indian area than in the other two areas. The study has been carried out within a programme to introduce community based mental health care as part of primary health care in developing countries. The results have already been used in selecting priorities and designing interventions to promote community involvement. Their eventual use in evaluating the effectiveness of new forms of mental health care is also described.

Is income the only constraint on child nutrition in rural Bangladesh

Abstract: The importance of family income in relation to some other socioedemographic factors that might affect the nutritional status of children in the rural areas of Bangladesh was investigated. The factors analyzed in addition to family income were: age of the children; sex of the children; birth order; ownership of land by the family; fathers occupation; housing conditions; season; sources of drinking water; fathers education; mothers education; and participation of the children in food supplementation programs. The source of data for the study was was the Campanigonj Health Project Noakhali. 517 children who were aged 3 years or younger in August 1974 were included in the study. Seasonal factors family income mothers education and sex and birth order of the children appeared to be important determinants of malnutrition. An interaction between family income and mothers education in relation to child nutrition was quite apparent. A higher family income was of relatively greater benefit to the children of literate mothers than to those of illiterate mothers in improving the nutritional status. There was a threshold point below which income appeared as the primary constraint on child nutrition. A nutrition education program might prove helpful in improving the nutritional status of children of wealtheir families. The study was undertaken at a time when there was a state of famine throughout Bangladesh.

Structural disturbances in rural communities: some repercussions of the migration turnaround in Michigan

Abstract: The authors examine the structural effects of the shift in the balance of net migration toward the nonmetropolitan sector on the small towns and communities of rural America. The relationships between migration and community problems in the areas of education community solidarity health care social welfare crime and public safety and other municipal services are analyzed. The availability of employment opportunities in high growth areas is studied. Data were obtained from questionaires mailed to a sample of 21792 Michigan households in 1975 (ANNOTATION)

Rural Women: Unequal Partners in Development

Abstract: Outlines the basic reasons for women's growing inequality and dependence especially in rural areas, and the concomitant food shortages and poverty in many developing countries. This book should be of interest to all those concerned with women's development.

Lack of Time as an Obstacle to Women's Education: The Case of Upper Volta

Abstract: The neglected and disadvantaged position of rural girls and women has frequently been noted by scholars. The situation in Upper Volta is similar to that in the rest of subSaharan Africa. In 1974 only 10 percent of the eligible age group attended school at the primary level, 7.0 percent of the girls and 11.2 percent of the boys. A great disparity existed between rural and urban areas, with 70 percent of the children in urban areas attending school in contrast to 9 percent of those in rural areas.

New patterns of urbanization in Southeast Asia: an assessment.

Abstract: It is becoming evident that the urban-industrial pattern of economic development through which Korea and Taiwan have achieved substantial gains in distributed income will not apply to Southeast Asia. Instead a new pattern of urbanization is emerging in the core countries of the region: Indonesia the Philippines Malaysia and Thailand. Rapid improvement of infrastructure and expansion of agribusiness have created increasing demands for urban services in rural areas. This demand has stimulated the growth of the informal sector in older and larger cities the formation of an increasing number of rural service centers and the creation of new patterns of commuting and circular migration linking farm households with urban income sources. (Authors)

Rural Poverty Unperceived: Problems and Remedies

Abstract: The thesis of this paper is that there are major obstacles to perceiving the nature and the extent of rural poverty in developing countries. These obstacles originate not only in the nature of rural poverty itself, but also in the condition of those, not themselves of the rural poor, who do or, more significantly, do not perceive that poverty. The argument has implications for all rural development programs and projects, and for the training of staff. The conclusion is that reversals of current positions and practices are required if the obstacles are to be surmounted, if the nature and the extent of rural poverty are to be truly appreciated, and if future actions are to be tailored to the actual needs of the rural poor.

Evaluation of a rural perinatal care system.

Abstract: A voluntary system of regionalized perinatal health care was developed in Iowa to provide accessible services for a rural population. Larger community hospitals were upgraded to serve as level II regional centers and small obstetric units continued to provide maternity services for low risk patients. Consolidation of services was encouraged only when accessibility was not compromised. Education rather than legislative fiat was the stimulus for change. Evaluation by review of birth and mortality data suggests that a stratified system of care exists in Iowa. Judged by mortality statistics, perinatal outcome has improved since the inception of the program in 1973. The concept of a mortality risk ratio (neonatal deaths/<1,500 gm live births) is suggested as a method of reviewing mortality data from the perspective of risks inherent in the population served.

Cancer in Utah: Risk by Religion and Place of Residence

Abstract: We compared cancer incidence during 1967--75 between Mormons and non-Mormons living in urban and rural areas of Utah. The non-Mormon urban men had a 34% higher risk of cancer compared with their rural counterparts. Most of this increase in risk occurred in sites associated with tobacco and for cancers of the stomach, colon, and prostate gland. Urban Mormon males had no significant increase in risk. The urban female population was at higher risk than was the rural regardless of religion. The increase was not as striking as that observed in non-Mormon men (8 vs. 34%); cancers of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and female genitalia contributed to the elevated risk. We concluded that personal habits such as smoking and drinking and reproductive factors were possible explanations for the previously observed urban-rural gradients in cancer risk.

Differential Quality of Life in a Metropolitan Village

Abstract: With reference to a typical metropolitan village the research identifies two major community groups along a number of social and behavioural dimensions and delimits the territorial extent of each within the village space. Inter-group differences in life-style are found to be related to the residents' assessments of their individual quality of life. A structural model of life satisfaction is employed to determine the actual components of a good life for each of the communities in the settlement. Finally, the practical merits of a subjective viewpoint for social planning are demonstrated. IN many of the rural areas of Britain which experienced a net loss of population in the nineteenth century the trend has been reversed in the post-war period as tens of thousands of families have moved by choice from the cities to villages within commuting distance. Woodruffe (1976) has recently mapped these population movements for the inter-censal periods 1951i-61 and 1961-7i; but as early as 1963 Bracey was able to observe that 'most rural areas within thirty kilometres of a sizeable town now report increases in their residential population'. The dormitory settlements which have grown almost solely because of such out-migration from central cities have been termed metropolitan villages (Masser and Stroud, 1965). Within the metropolitan village the great divisor, in both a social and spatial sense, is class. The manner in which class divided rural communities within London's urban fringe formed the main thesis of Pahl's (1964) work in Hertfordshire, where he described how selective in-migration by middle-class commuters was creating two overlapping communities. Although both groups occupied the same geographic space the 'newcomers' lived and worked in different social and economic worlds from the established population. Similar circumstances have been reported from rural Hampshire (Hampshire C.C., 1966) and in villages close to other major English cities (Bracey, 1964; Crichton, 1965; Elias and Scotson, 1965; Thorns, 1968; Radford, 1970). Unfortunately little serious attention has been given to the situation in the remainder of the country. The number of studies which do exist allow some of the general social and spatial characteristics of metropolitan villages to be identified (Connell, 1974), but nowhere has an objective assessment been made of the quality of life experienced by the different population groups. The geographers' lack of knowledge has become particularly apparent with the recent emphasis on socially orientated research, and, in particular, the current concern with the welfare approach which at least one writer has suggested should be 'the focal point of human geography' (Smith, 1977). The main objectives of the present research were: i. To identify the number of distinct social communities within a typical metropolitan village, and to define the spatial extent or territory of each. 2. To examine the quality of life for each population group, and to determine the values assigned by each to the individual factors which constitute their general feeling of well-being. 185 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.170 on Wed, 19 Oct 2016 03:55:41 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Does chiropractic utilization substitute for less available medical services

Abstract: In Muscatine, Iowa, a medically underserved rural area, a cohort study of health care utilization was made before and after a significant increase in medical manpower. There was a slight increase, rather than a decrease, in the use of chiropractic services associated with the growth in the physician manpower pool. The level of access to physician services was not a significant predictor of chiropractice utilization.

Residential Satisfaction in Relationship to Size of Place

Abstract: Evidence from a national sample confirms the expectation that much of the dissatisfaction expressed by residents of large cities can be explained in terms of a set of economic factors. A competing explanation for which little supporting evidence was found is that compositional differences account for the greater dissatisfaction of urban residents. The primary mediating variable related to economic conditions is expressed level of satisfaction with standard of living, which is a function of levels of adaptation and expectation as much as or more than it is a function of objective economic factors. Although the urbanization of the world's population is a longstanding and almost universal phenomenon, there is considerable evidence that for most people large cities are relatively undesirable places to live. Data from a variety of polls conducted between 1948 and 1972, as summarized by Elgin et al. (1974), consistently show that a majority of those questioned would prefer to live in rural areas or small towns, and only small minorities would prefer to live in large urban areas. (Perhaps, however, most people want the services and amenities

Pet ownership in rural Northern California (El Dorado County).

Abstract: Demographic and economic aspects of pet ownership were studied in 488 households in El Dorado County, California, from May to July 1971 About 60% of households owned dogs or cats, and pet ownership was most prevalent (75%) in two small residential communities in the western end of the county Among dogs, Poodle and German Shepherd Dog were the most popular breeds; about 36% of the females in the sample were spayed, but only 6% of the males were castrated Approximately one third of all cats had been neutered Reported use of veterinary services was higher for dogs (79%) than for cats (53%) The results of the survey indicated pet ownership is most likely to be found in households with children, where the head of household is employed, generally confirming findings from earlier surveys in Yolo, Alameda, and Contra Costa Counties (all in northern California) and later surveys in Champaign County, Illinois, and Garland, Tex Some community health findings were included for El Dorado County and nearby Yolo County In these two counties, cancer was reported more frequently by adults without pets (39% of those greater than or equal to 65 years old) than by pet owners (18% of those greater than or equal to 65 years old) Among children less than 5 years old, "frequent diarrhea" was reported more commonly in homes without pets (95% vs 26%; P less than 001) On the other hand, pet-owning adults, 16 to 64 years of age, living in rural areas or areas with generally lower than average incomes reported "frequent headaches" (21%) more frequently than did adults without pets (17%; P less than 0025%) who resided in the same areas

Rebirth of rural America: rural migration in the Midwest

Abstract: In this volume various aspects of the recent increase in migration to nonmetropolitan areas of the United States are analyzed. Part 1 emphasis is on an examination of migrant characteristics including origin destination motivations and decision-making; household changes occurring as a result of migration; and migrant integration at the place of destination. In Part 2 the economic development implications of nonmetropolitan migration are considered and the potential of recent migrants to move again is assessed. In Part 3 characteristics of selected groups of migrants are examined and compared. Data were obtained from surveys of migrants and long-term residents in 75 rapidly growing counties in the North Central region of the United States.