Showing papers on "Settlement (litigation) published in 1984"

Litigation and Settlement under Imperfect Information

Abstract: A model of parties' litigation and settlement decisions under imperfect information is studied. The model shows how informational asymmetry influences parties' decisions, and how it might lead to parties' failure to settle. The model is used to identify how the likelihood of settlement and the settlement amount are shaped by various factors--the size of the amount at stake, the magnitude of the parties' litigation costs, and the nature of the parties' information. The model is also used to examine how the likelihood of settlement is affected by various legal rules, such as those governing the allocation of litigation costs.

Central Place Theory

Abstract: Introduction Cities, Towns, and Villages A Theory of Central Places Settlement Patterns, Social Structure, and Planning New Statements of the Theory Conclusion

Settlement and early post-settlement survival in the recruitment of Mulinia lateralis (Bivalvia)

Abstract: Etude menee sur des M. l. vivant au sein d'une biocenose de substrat meuble intertidal heterogene de la Debidue Creek, Caroline du Sud

Colonisation and veteran settlement in Italy, 47-14 B.C.

Abstract: Comprehensive study of the epigraphic and archaeological evidence for the settlement of Caesar and Augustus's veterans - and of the impact of colonisation on town and countryside in the last years of the Republic.

The social evil in the Cape Colony 1868-1902: prostitution and the contagious diseases acts

Abstract: Prostitution was probably endemic in Cape Town from the earliest days of white settlement. Sailors and travellers recuperating from. the arduous sea voyages of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries not unnaturally sought more than food and drink in the way of basic refreshment at the station. At the same time the social structure created by the VOC when they permitted the introduction of slaves into the colony produced a situation of financial and personal degradation which made the sale of their bodies if they had that choice a necessity of survival for a high proportion of the few women then resident at the Cape. The first mention of a brothel was recorded in 1681 but already in 1678 the VOC had found it necessary to prohibit concubinage in the colony. The extreme deprivation of the slave women drove them to prostitution in Simon van der Stel's day. In the eighteenth century it continued to be a useful way of augmenting inadequate incomes and the slave lodge became notorious as the town's leading brothel.1 Slavery, poverty and prostitution, then, were largely synonymous in early Cape Town and the pattern persisted in the period after emancipation. In the 1830s a substantial proportion of the population suffered primary poverty with freed slaves

A Spatial Model of Crisis Bargaining

Abstract: This study deals with the problem of determining whether states engaged in an international crisis will arrive at a negotiated settlement or go to war. A formal model of crisis bargaining that is based on a spatial representation of the theory of games is proposed as an analytical tool. The paper shows how the model can be used to derive probabilistic predictions regarding crisis outcomes and that these predictions are identical to the Nash bargaining solution when restrictive assumptions similar to Nash's are imposed on the model. A case study of the Fashoda crisis of 1898 is used to demonstrate the utility of the model as a conceptual framework.

Roanoke, the abandoned colony

Abstract: Chapter 1: England's Bid for Greatness Chapter 2: The First Colony: A Military Outpost Chapter 3: Expectations Chapter 4: The Carolina Algonquians on the Eve of Colonization Chapter 5: The Strained Relationship of Indians and Colonists Chapter 6: The Debate over Colonies Chapter 7: A Genuine Settlement Chapter 8: Abandonment at Roanoke Chapter 9: Endings Epilogue: The Nature of Successful Colonization

The Irish in Ontario: A Study in Rural History

Abstract: Hailed as one of the most important books on social sciences of the last fifty years by the Social Sciences Federation of Canada. Akenson argues that, despite the popular conception of the Irish as a city people, those who settled in Ontario were primarily rural and small-town dwellers. Though it is often claimed that the experience of the Irish in their homeland precluded their successful settlement on the frontier in North America, Akenson's research proves that the Irish migrants to Ontario not only chose to live chiefly in the hinterlands, but that they did so with marked success. Akenson also suggests that by using Ontario as an "historical laboratory" it is possible to make valid assessments of the real differences between Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics, characteristics which he contends are much more precisely measurable in the neutral environment of central Canada than in the turbulent Irish homeland. While Akenson is careful not to over-generalize his findings, he contends that the case of Ontario seriously calls into question conventional beliefs about the cultural limitations of the Irish Catholics not only in Canada but throughout North America.

Fourth-Century Saxons

Abstract: In the received history of Britain in the fourth century, a special place is occupied by the Saxons. It is asserted that the defensive system of the Saxon Shore existed to prevent them from landing; and it would seem that, unlike any of the barbarian tribes with whom Rome maintained uneasy relations along the Rhine and the Danube, unlike even the Goths, the possibility of their peaceful settlement within the boundaries of the most accessible Roman province could not be entertained. Their attacks, apparently, were so unpredictable, and their nature so savage, that in this case alone the policy of the Roman authorities was one of total exclusion. In 367, moreover, after forming an alliance with the tribes of the north and the west, they overwhelmed the Roman defences and ravaged Britain; and this date has been accorded the status of a turning-point in fourth-century history. But afterwards the Saxon Shore forts resumed their function of keeping the Saxons out. Finally, the Roman garrison was withdrawn and the Shore forts abandoned; and this permits historians to assign an early fifth-century date to the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon settlement.

Settlement of Disputes by Arbitration in Fifteenth-Century England

Abstract: main preoccupation, epitomized in the work of great scholars such as Maitland, Holdsworth and Plucknett, has been to trace the evolution of legal institutions, procedures and doctrine. Consideration of arbitration has at best been regarded as peripheral to this central task. In part the lack of interest in arbitration stems from a deep-rooted assumption about the nature of legal change in England. Simply stated, it is that legal development is linear and progressive: from the most rudimentary beginnings in the early middle ages, law has been continuously refined and expanded (with minor interruptions) under the absorptive, unifying authority of the Crown. In this scheme consensual modes of dispute settlement such as arbitration stand very near the beginning, testifying both to primitive levels of legal thinking and to the lack of effective governmental power. It is assumed that the growth of formal legal institutions and elaboration of legal doctrine in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries rendered such procedures obsolete by providing more authoritative and effective means for settling disputes in the king's courts. Law and arbitration have been regarded as mutually exclusive: the rise of the former is taken to imply the demise of the latter, while evidence for the continuing practice of arbitration in the late middle ages is interpreted as a reversion to earlier forms necessitated by the virtual breakdown of the legal system. This position is reflected in modern work on fifteenth-century England. Professor Bellamy, for example, in a general survey of law enforcement in late-medieval England, cites arbitration as one of several expedients adopted in response to the inadequacies of the legal system in the fifteenth century. Having described the various common-law institutions and procedures for law enforcement, Bellamy considers devices ancillary to the common law, 'which appeared mainly in the mid-fifteenth century and probably originated in governmental despair at the low level of public order." These included

Northern coastal hunter‐fishers: An archaeological model

Abstract: Northern hunter‐fishers share certain features which differentiate them from most hunter‐gatherer groups and which are more characteristic of food‐producing societies. Many of the differences between northern hunter‐fishers and the more familiar hunter‐gatherers lie in the degree of residential mobility where the resources vary seasonally rather than locationally, and thus can be exploited from a single settlement. In northern coastal areas most of the resources come to the coast and consequently sedentary or near sedentary settlement should be expected, along with social and cultural complexity.

Pascua, a Yaqui village in Arizona

Abstract: The Yaqui of Mexico were early converts to Christianity in New Spain. Yet they came to be regarded with hostility by the newly emerging Mexican government. Many Yaquis fled Mexico in the early twentieth century and established a settlement in Arizona where they resumed a peaceful existence centered around their ceremonial calendar. Edward Spicer devoted most of his professional career to the study of the Yaquis and came to be regarded as a leading authority on that tribe. At the inception of his forty years of research stands Pascua, a firsthand description of daily village life.

Strategies and Stratagems for the Employment of Women in the British Civil Service, 1919–1939*

Abstract: When faced in 1920 with allegations of unfair treatment of women civil servants, Austen Chamberlain, the chancellor of the exchequer, expressed some surprise and countered that the postwar settlement not only ‘marked a great advance in the position of women in the Civil Service, but appeared to provide the most suitable machinery for ensuring that the opportunities afforded to women in the Civil Service should be full and liberal. Indeed…the proposals are the best that could be adopted in the interests of women themselves.’ Was the chancellor right? And if not, why not? Such questions may seem surprising or even wilfully obscure to more traditional administrative historians: of what importance anyway are the real or imagined grievances of a gaggle of women, most of whom were humble rank and file? That view, however, is appropriate only if the civil service is taken at its own estimation or, rather, that of its masters, those men at the top in what was called, variously, the first division, class I, and the administrative grade. Behind its facade of bland homogeneity raged both class and gender conflict. The former has been studied at some length. The latter has not. In beginning to remedy this deficiency this article inspects the treatment by the civil service, with the Treasury at its head, of one category of staff, women; an inspection which illuminates its public image as a rational and professional body representative of society and responsive to its needs.

The Roman Countryside: settlement and agriculture in N.W. Essex

Abstract: Over the past decade most historians and archaeologists have come to accept that the landscape of Roman Britain was an extensively farmed and settled one. Fieldwork has consistently revealed evidence of Romano-British settlement in areas of heavy soils once thought to have been first extensively cleared and colonized only in the Anglo-Saxon and medieval periods. This is particularly true of the areas of southern and eastern England which have an ‘Ancient Countryside’. In the medieval period these lacked a strong tradition of open-field agriculture and had a settlement pattern which included large numbers of hamlets and isolated farmsteads. Both these features have often been directly related to the chronology of settlement in these areas, on the assumption that early and pre-Saxon settlement was limited to restricted areas of more favourable soils. The dispersed pattern of settlement and the complex pattern of small open-fields and irregular hedged closes are normally interpreted as the result, therefore, of a gradual expansion of settlement in the later Saxon and medieval periods at the expense of formerly uncleared woodland and waste. Compared with the Midland counties, where settlement was more strongly nucleated in the medieval period, such areas were relatively well-wooded at the time of Domesday and often still carry extensive areas of Ancient Woodland. In such areas place-names indicative of Saxon woodland clearance, especially those containing the O.E. element leak (modernley, leigh etc: usually in place names translated ‘a clearing in a wood’) are common, and this has been used to support the conventional model. Various aspects of the appearance of such landscapes, for example the irregular pattern of fields and woods, are also often thought to reflect their origin in late and piecemeal colonization.

Settlement Patterns and the Governing Structures of Nineteenth-Century School Systems

Abstract: This paper examines the governing structures of state and local school systems as reported for 1880. Three distinctive models of governance are identified for the Northeast, the South, and the Midwest in the method of appointment or election of school officers at the state and local levels. An explanation for these patterns is presented that centers on the structural relationship between local, corporate communities and the methods of choosing education officials at the state and local levels of government. The northeastern town, the southern county, and the midwestern township are seen as historical antecedents to the specific regional pattern of school governance.

The younger stone age settlements in Varanger, North Norway

Abstract: Along the coast of the Varanger Fjord in Finnmark there are several groups of Younger Stone Age houses. The general assumption among Norwegian archaeologists has been that these sites are the remains of stone age villages. This paper presents a critical reevaluation of settlement size and population size in Varanger in the Younger Stone Age.

The Wharram Research Project: Results to 1983

Abstract: CONTINUING ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION of the church, manor house, parsonage and peasant homes of a deserted medieval village has widened into a multidisciplinary enquiry into the evolution of the total landscape of the two parishes bearing the name of Wharram which once contained six villages, now reduced to two. The microtopography of the medieval site is related to its antecedents, and the post-desertion settlement pattern to renewed arable farming on the Wolds without the re-creation of villages.