Showing papers on "Shadow (psychology) published in 1986"

Britain's Shadow Economy

Abstract: The shadow economy encompasses not only the black economy of moonlighting, tax dodging, and scrounging, but also a wide range of ordinary household activities such as cleaning and babysitting. Taking a critical look at the whole of the shadow economy, this book makes new estimates of the scale and pattern of concealed incomes. While Smith finds no evidence that the black economy has reduced the value of national accounts for macroeconomic management, he discusses the possibility of a new national accounting system that would avoid distorting the true picture of economic activity.

The Circle of Reason

Abstract: A novel which traces the adventures of a young weaver called Alu, a child of extraordinary talent, from his home in an Indian village through the slums of Calcutta, to Goa and across the sea to Africa. By the author of THE SHADOW LINES.

A Shadow State? Voluntarism in Metropolitan Los Angeles:

Abstract: The character of voluntary action and its relationship to the political economy are changing in response to recent policy shifts favoring service reductions, privatization, and a transferral of responsibility for services, under ‘new federalism’ policies. In an examination of new data for voluntary organizations in the Los Angeles metropolitan region, an extensively differentiated sector of significant size is found that is often highly reliant on public funding, but which is becoming increasingly entrepreneurial and has begun to shift more of the service cost burden onto clients as a consequence of reductions in funding support. These characteristics have important implications for the region and possibly for other urban areas in the USA, one of which is that this new reliance on voluntary services could lead to the existence of a shadow state: a new institutional form that fulfills many of the functions of government but also makes many public policy decisions in the absence of governmental preemption.

Bismarck: the White Revolutionary

Abstract: Part 3 The sorcerer's apprentice: new constellations, new conflicts the Reich and Europe a change of course at home foreign policy reorientation, domestic policy choices new paths to old objectives - the foreign policy of the 1880s the "stopgap" system - domestic policy afte 1881 the end the shadow of the past.

The Dynamic of the Group Shadow in Intergroup Relations

Abstract: The proposition that members of a group unconsciously displace the shadow of the group onto other groups to reduce feelings of internal conflict and threat within the group is examined. The discussion focuses on describing characteristics of the group shadow, as well as its psychodynamic function within and between groups. Research- able propositions derivable from the dynamics of the group shadow are presented.

Children's conceptions of shadow phenomena

Abstract: Deux etudes inspirees des recherches de Piaget examinent, a l'aide d'un entretien et d'une experimentation active, les representations des ombres et leur evolution chez des enfants âges de 2 a 9 ans

Shadow wage rate in a dynamic harris-todaro model

Abstract: THE problem of determining the shadow wage-rate in the urban sector has been widely discussed in the literature of development economics. The shadow wage-rate is defined as that magnitude to which the marginal productivity of labour in the urban sector should be equated when maximizing social welfare. The traditional view, that the shadow wage rate should be lower than the actual wage-rate in the urban sector in the presence of a rural-urban wage-gap, has been questioned and discussed by a number of authors who emphasise induced migration and urban unemployment. The static Harris-Todaro [8] model first explains urban unemployment as a migration equilibrium phenomenon with the expected incomemaximizing behaviour of the migrants. Though Harris and Todaro argue in favour of a shadow wage equal to the market wage, their static model does not prove this point satisfactorily. In a static Harris-Todaro [8] model, the shadow wage-rate equals (falls short of) the actual wage-rate in the urban sector if migration does not affect (raises) the rural wage. Rural-urban migration always raises the rural wage-rate if there is diminishing marginal productivity of labour and the marginal productivity pricing of labour in the rural sector. The same is also true in other static models.1 The existing literature is static in the sense that capital accumulation from the investment of surplus is not endogeneous to the analysis. The shadow wage has two components: (a) the value of foregone output, and (b) the value of foregone investment. Static analysis is concerned with the first component. In order to calculate the value of foregone investment and to analyse its role on the determination of the shadow wage, we require a dynamic model of capital accumulation. The present paper emphasises the investment of rural surplus and its role in determining the value of the shadow wage-rate. The standard analysis2 of the value of foregone investment concentrates on the point that the employment of additional workers reduce the surplus (investment) of the urban sector. If this additional employment raises the per capita consumption of society, social welfare, being a positive function of per capita consumption, also rises. Thus the socially optimum marginal productivity of labour in the urban sector falls short of the market wage-rate. The existing analysis neglects the investment of rural surplus and the

The Wage-Productivity Hypothesis: Its Economic Consequences and Policy Implications.

Abstract: This paper explores the implications for less developed countries the hypothesis that workers' productivity depends on the wages they receive. In particular, we show that this hypothesis may explain the high urban wages and unemployment found in many such countries. The market equilibrium is shown not to be pareto efficient. If the government could not control urbaxv'rural migration, but could control wages and urban employment, it would, in general, set wages and employment levels differently. The sources of Inefficiency are identified. The (constrained) pareto optimal policy can be implemented via taxes and subsidies; but two instruments (both specific and ad valorern wage tax/subsidies) are required. More generally, policy changes will affect both the urban wage and the level of unemployment, and these consequences need to be taken into accounce, both In the determination of shadow wages to be used in cost benefit analysis and In the analysisis of the incidence of any set of taxes and subsIdIes. The shadow price of labor may differ markedly from what it would be if wages were arbitrarily fixed and there were no migration. In particular, in the special case of the Harris-Todaro migration model, with fixed rural wages and productivity depending only on the absolute wage received, the shadow wage is the market wage, regardless of the relative evaluation of current and future consumption. Shadow prices under other specifications of the wage-productivity relationship are analyzed.

Media decentralization : the case of Israel's local newspapers

Abstract: Dan Caspi offers a comprehensive introduction to the Israeli mass media and a fresh theoretical look at the role and function of a free press in a democratic society. Two major issues underlie this study, patterned after the pioneering work of Morris Janowitz on the community press in the United States: relations between social and communications systems and reciprocal relations among various mass media. Caspi's primary concern is to determine whether the recent flourishing of a local press, in the form of weekly tabloids sold or distributed free throughout their respective cities, reflects and in turn contributes to a process of social and political decentralization. The Israeli audience thirsts for information. The nationwide mass media, developed in the shadow of a centralist political system, is rigid and inflexible, downplaying the news value of local events and attending only to Israel's acutely felt security and economic problems. Hence, there is "a "burgeoning of over a hundred local newspapers to fill the need for a more intimate press. Contents: "Media Decentralization in a Centralized System: Some General Trends and a Communication Model"; "The Daily Press in Israel"; "The Development of the Local Press"; "Institutional Characteristics"; "Personnel Characteristics"; "Functional Characteristics"; "The Struggle between the Local and Nationwide Press"; "The Inception of the Local Press in Four Major Cities: Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Haifa, and Beersheba"; "Public Support"; "Political Approaches."

Printing the Legend in the Age of MX: Reconsidering Ford's Military Trilogy

Abstract: Criticism should, when practiced rightly, renew and enrich the way in which we understand a work of art. That legitimate task of criticism is never finished, for we never remain in the same place, either individually or collectively, and our relationship to a work of art is consequently subject to perpetual change. When practiced badly, on the other hand, criticism limits and circumscribes the work of art, preserving a received dogma that violates both the work itself and life as we are coming to experience it. I have come increasingly to feel of late that much of the criticism of John Ford's films has slipped into the latter category, perpetuating a critical idolatry of his poetry (for poet seems to have become the label of choice to hang on him) that fails to deal very exactingly with his work. Perhaps such idolatry is the inevitable result of the effort to legitimize study of the American cinema. I do not see this project as an effort at debunking, as I think Michael Dempsey's 1975 Film Quarterly article essentially is,1 for there is much in Ford that I have loved and love still; yet I do think that a clearer sense of some of the limits of Ford's work must be set alongside the reverent appreciation that work has received almost exclusively in recent years. My point of departure is external to Ford's work, yet inseparable from it - the context of our age and our time, the circumstances under which we must now encounter his vision. And from that perspective, I wish to question what it is that Ford's military trilogy has to say to us, indeed is saying to us, in 1985 - to us who live in the shadow of MX missile production, of global nuclear proliferation. Indeed, it is interesting that we call these films the cavalry trilogy, not the military trilogy, betraying our interest in removing them and their message from current concerns. But in the current nuclear shadow, we find ourselves groping for larger visions of human community, for a more inclusive sense of our collective humanity than traditional national loyalties provide. I propose, then, to reconsider Ford's larger social vision here, though I think a rereading of his personal vision, perhaps by a feminist critic, is certainly in order as well. Lindsay Anderson has argued that Ford deliberately sidestepped the controversial issues of his time by retreating into the past. Speaking of the trilogy, he argues: And that this return to the past took the form at first of a fascination with nineteenth-century military life, is also indicative that this was no mere cynical retreat to the commercial security of the Western . There can be no doubt of the importance to Ford of his wartime service with the Navy, nor of the imaginative stimulus to him of the experience of war - the quickened sense of community among fighting men, moral ends limited and made sharply manifest, physical action as fulfillment of part of man's essential nature, the charged atmosphere of tragedy ... all these things, to Ford, had been of deep significance. Such a fascination with the one-time profession of arms, with the theme of the "Happy Warrior," would in itself oblige a return to the past - for such sentiments, in an age of atom-bomb and hydrogen bomb warfare, have lost their validity.2 Clearly one essential quality of the Western is that it is retrospective. We are, as Anderson points out, always in the posture of looking back over our shoulder in the Western, and that posture is, I think, important for Ford, and not merely in the way that Anderson suggests. The idea of "printing the legend" from The Man Who Shot Liberty Valence applies in some measure to all his Westerns, especially Fort Apache. Just as York decides to let the legend of Thursday's charge stand in the popular mind rather than debunk it, Ford chooses to paint our past in brighter colors and with more noble postures than it actually exhibited, I think, hoping to inspire us as a culture to live up to the demands of our ideals, to realize our own best selves. …

Move Your Shadow: South Africa Black and White

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Measuring the Size of the Shadow Economy

Abstract: Early issues of Economic Affairs contained an exchange of views on the size and development of the black economy, concentrating chiefly on the UK. Friedrich Schneider and Markus Hofreither, of the University of Linz, continue the debate with an examination of the methods used to analyse the underground or ‘shadow’ economy in many Western countries.

Frege’s Technical Concepts: Some Recent Developments

Abstract: Today we find ourselves at the outset of a golden age in the interpretation of Frege’s philosophical writings Judged by the number of articles, books, and seminars addressing his thought, interest in Frege is at an all-time high More importantly, as Frege has come out of the shadow of Russell and Wittgenstein into the full light of critical attention, the degree of sophistication of discussion has achieved a quantum improvement Many factors conspired to bring about this result, but two events may be singled out as having made special contributions both to the resurgence of interest in and to our greater understanding of Frege’s work