Showing papers on "Sleep disorder published in 1977"

Human sleep and its disorders

Abstract: 1 An Introduction to Sleep Studies.- Techniques of Human Sleep Studies.- The Sleep Stages.- Waking.- NonREM Sleep.- Stage 1.- Stage 2.- Stages 3 and 4.- REM Sleep.- The REM-NonREM Cycle.- Sleep Stages and Age.- Effects of Temporal Variables on Sleep.- Physiological Variables Related to the Sleep Stages.- Sleep Deprivation.- Total Sleep Deprivation.- Selective Sleep Stage Deprivation.- Natural Long, Short, and Variable Sleepers.- Regulation of Sleep.- Passive versus Active Regulation.- The Neurotransmitters.- Pharmacologic and Anatomic Approaches.- Neurotransmitters and the REM-NonREM Cycle.- Neurotransmitters and Arousal.- Circulating Humors and Sleep.- Summary.- 2 A Pharmacologic Approach to Sleep Studies.- Serotonergic System.- L-Tryptophan and Sleep.- Effects of Administration on Sleep.- Metabolic Considerations.- 5-Hydroxytryptophan.- Parachlorophenylalanine.- Methysergide.- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide.- Ventricular Fluid 5-HIAA.- Noradrenergic System.- L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA).- Effects on REM Sleep.- Effects on NonREM Sleep.- Threo-dihydroxyphenylserine (DOPS).- Alpha-Methyl-Paratyrosine (AMPT) and Alpha-Methyl-Phenylalanine (AMPA).- Alpha-Methyl-DOPA.- Pimozide.- Adrenergic Receptor Blockers.- Other Drugs Influencing Amines.- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors.- Tricyclic Antidepressants and Blockers of Amine Re-uptake.- Reserpine.- Debrisoquine.- Amphetamines.- Chlorpromazine.- Effect of Diets Deficient in Catecholamine Precursors.- Metabolites of Norepinephrine and Dopamine in the CSF.- Cholinergic System.- Histaminergic System.- Discussion.- Serotonin.- Serotonin or a Metabolite?.- Relation to REM Sleep.- Relation to NonREM Sleep.- Noradrenergic System.- Norepinephrine or a Precursor?.- Effects on REM Sleep.- Cholinergic System.- Histaminergic System.- Interaction between Transmitters.- Summary.- 3 Neuroendocrinology and Sleep.- Basic Concepts in Neuroendocrinology.- Growth Hormone.- Sleep-Related GH Secretion in Disease States.- Effects of Injections of GH on Sleep.- The Pituitary-Adrenal Axis.- Relation to Sleep-Waking Cycle.- Sleep-Related Cortisol Secretion in Disease States.- Effects of ACTH and Cortisol on the Sleep Stages.- Prolactin.- Relation of PRL Secretion to Other Hormones.- Effects of Drugs on Sleep-Related Prolactin Secretion.- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone.- Relation of LH and FSH Secretion to Sleep.- Relation of Testosterone Secretion to Sleep.- Effects of Sex Hormones on Sleep.- Sleep-Related Secretion in Disease States.- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone.- TSH Secretion and Sleep.- Sleep in Hyper- and Hypothyroidism.- CNS Actions of TRH.- Antidiuretic Hormone.- ADH Secretion during Sleep.- Effects of ADH on Sleep.- Melatonin.- Effects of Melatonin on Sleep.- Summary.- 4 Narcolepsy and Diseases of Excessive Sleep.- Definition.- Sleep Attacks.- Cataplexy.- Sleep Paralysis.- Hypnogogic and Hypnopompic Hallucinations.- Natural History.- Epidemiology and Genetics.- Etiology.- Narcolepsy-Cataplexy.- Secondary Narcolepsy.- Other Disorders of Excessive Daytime Sleep.- Independent Narcolepsy or NonREM Narcolepsy.- Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.- Narcolepsy with Sleep Apnea.- Hypersomnia with Automatic Behavior.- Hypersomnia with Sleep Drunkenness.- Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Associated with Known Organic Disease.- Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Depression.- Diagnosis.- Pharmacotherapy of Narcolepsy.- Stimulants.- Tricyclic Antidepressants.- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors.- Methysergide.- Other Pharmacotherapies.- Summary.- 5 Clinical Studies of Insomnia.- Normal Sleep.- Incidence of Insomnia.- Kinds of Insomnia.- Tentative List of Causes of Insomnia.- Psychogenic.- Situational.- Alterations of Normal Activity-Rest Cycle.- Dream Related.- Sleep Apnea.- Restless Legs Syndrome.- Nocturnal Myoclonus.- Oversleeping.- Drug Related.- Neurological.- Secondary to or Accompanying a Medical Illness.- Sleep Induction.- Alcohol.- Benzodiazepines.- Mebutamate.- Barbiturates.- Chloral Hydrate.- Glutethimide.- Methaqualone.- Diphenhydramine.- L-Tryptophan.- Electrosleep.- An Approach to Patients Who Complain of Insomnia.- 6 Alcohol, Alcoholism, and the Problem of Dependence.- Animal Studies.- Ethanol and the Sleep EEG of Animals.- Ethanol and Behavioral Measures of Sleep.- Ethanol and Possible Neurotransmitters.- Animal Studies of Spontaneous Ethanol Selection.- Ethanol in Normal Human Subjects.- Effects of Ethanol on Chronic Alcoholics.- Sleep in "Dry" Alcoholics.- Response to Ethanol.- Sleep during Acute Withdrawal.- Issues Raised by Observations of the REM Sleep Rebound.- Experimental Therapies.- Summary.- 7 Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia.- Basic Definitions.- Affective Disorders.- Schizophrenia.- Studies of Sleep in Depressed Patients.- Comparative Studies.- Longitudinal Studies of Depressed Patients.- Sleep of Depressed Patients in Remission.- Chemical Correlates of Sleep in Depression.- Further Sleep Studies in Bipolar Illness.- Sleep during the Switch Process in Manic-Depressive Illness.- Experimental Deprivation of Sleep in Depression.- Effects of REM Sleep Deprivation on Depression.- Effects of Antidepressant Medication and Lithium Salts on Human Sleep.- Concluding Comments on Affective Disorders.- Sleep Studies in Schizophrenia.- Cross-Sectional Studies of Schizophrenia.- Longitudinal Studies of Sleep in Schizophrenia.- Experimental REM Deprivation in Schizophrenia.- Experimental Sleep Deprivation in Schizophrenia.- Effects of Neuroleptics on Sleep.- Concluding Remarks about Sleep in Schizophrenia.- Summary.

Sleep apnoea syndrome: states of sleep and autonomic dysfunction.

Abstract: Eleven patients with upper airway apnoea during sleep (one with SHY-Drager syndrome) were monitored polygraphically for wakefulness, sleep, and cardiovascular variables. Systemic hypertension and most of the severe arrhythmias recorded during sleep were secondary to repetitive obstructive apnonea and were mediated through the autonomic nervous system. Sleep related elevations of pulmonary arterial pressure were not influenced by atropine or impaired autonomic functions. Upper airway sleep apnoea is sleep related; the type of sleep (REM or NREM) is critical in the appearance of abnormalities. The distinction between two patient subgroups (total sleep dependent and NREM sleep dependent) has haemodynamic, and possibly long-term, implications. Sleep apnoea syndrome should be looked for in pateints with the Shy-Drager syndrome.

The sleep state characteristics of apnea during infancy.

Abstract: The sleep state characteristics of infant sleep apnea were studied in 36 twins examined by polygraphy at 40, 44, and 52 weeks after conception. The definition of sleep apnea is dependent upon the length of apnea, sleep state, and post-conceptional age. None of the infants had apnea longer than 20 seconds and apnea of 10 seconds or longer was uncommon. The attack rates for apneas 2 to 4.9 seconds long were highest in REM and lowest in quiet sleep. The attack rates for apneas 5 to 9.9 seconds long were equal in REM and indeterminate and lowest in quiet sleep. The percentage of infants with apnea of 10 seconds or longer at 40 weeks was highest in REM (27%) and indeterminate sleep (42%) and lowest in quiet sleep (12%). At 52 weeks, apnea 10 seconds or longer during REM decreased to 0%. The effect of maturation on apnea varies with sleep state. Over the period from 40 to 52 weeks, quiet sleep apnea was unchanged and indeterminate sleep apnea decreased only between 40 and 44 weeks. Although REM apnea 2 to 4.9 seconds long was unchanged, REM apnea 5 to 9.9 seconds long decreased between 40 and 44 weeks, and REM apnea of 10 seconds or longer decreased from 27% at 40 weeks to 0% at 52 weeks. This suggests that semi-independent apnea turn-on and turn-off mechanisms operate during REM sleep. A correlation between brief apneas and the longer apneas was seen only during REM sleep. For all sleep states, there was no correlation between the levels of apnea of 5 seconds or longer at 40, 44, and 52 weeks.

Sleep at altitude.

Abstract: The effects of hypobaric hypoxia upon the electrophysiologically assessed sleep of four male and four female subjects--18-29 years old--were measured during two successive nights at 493 torr (3500 m) in a hypobaric chamber. Five subjects experienced varied levels of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Sleep disturbance was primarily manifested as "insomnia" in two subjects experiencing higher levels of AMS. Relatively normal amounts of synchronized sleep were observed at 493 torr, implying the occurrence of sleep hypoventilation.

Comparative study of efficacy of waking and sleep recordings following sleep deprivation as an activation method in the diagnosis of epilepsy.

Abstract: In the present work, on the basis of an unselected collection of patients suspected of epilepsy, the diagnostic value of waking and sleep recordings each after 24 h sleep deprivation are compared with

Childhood depression: an explanation of a behavior disorder of children.

Abstract: Depression is an important cause of behavioral disturbances in children. Childhood depression is an episodic disorder characterized by 10 criteria, symptoms of dysphoric mood, self-deprecatory ideation, agitation, loss of energy, reduced socialization, altered school performance, altered school attitude, sleep disturbance, appetite disturbance, and somatic complaints persisting for at least one month. Diagnosis and appropriate treatment can successfully alleviate the symptomatology in depressed children.

Recurrent hypersomnia secondary to sleep apnea.

Abstract: • We present a case of recurrent hypersomnia associated with episodes of falling. Historical, clinical, and laboratory data indicate that the condition was secondary to sleep apnea. Conservative treatment provided symptomatic relief, and should be considered in any patient with a similar presentation.

Narcolepsy and Diseases of Excessive Sleep

Abstract: Narcolepsy is often considered to be an illness of excessive sleep; more precisely, it is a disorder manifested by brief, inappropriate episodes of sleep, often in association with other “auxiliary” symptoms. Sleep attacks have been described by a number of 19th-century physicians, among whom the best known is Westphal (1877). Gelineau in 1880 gave the name narcolepsy to a disturbance “characterized by an imperative need to sleep of sudden onset and short duration, recurring at more or less close intervals.” As Zarcone (1973) points out, characters with symptoms suggestive of narcolepsy have appeared in many famous works of fiction, including Eliot’s Silas Marner, Poe’s “The Premature Burial” and Melville’s Moby Dick.