Showing papers on "Software published in 1969"

The representation of algorithms

Abstract: : The problem of representing mathematical processes is considered in the context of digital computer software and hardware.

Integrity of a Mass Storage Filing System

Abstract: The integrity of a mass storage file system can substantially exceed that of the hardware and software involved. This effect has been obtained at Cambridge University where such a file system forms an essential part of a multi-access system. A fixed disc store is backed up with magnetic tape and this configuration forms the basis of a design study which seeks to identify the problems and principles involved in file management. The result is simple but effective and involves a two tier file dumping system.

The Block-Oriented Computer

Abstract: LSI will have a profound effect on the design of computer systems ranging from evolutionary changes in implementation to revolutionary changes in basic architecture. This paper discusses a computer composed of an array of processors. Entire wafers are used, rather than wafers diced into chips. The computer utilizes software to substitute process elements for the purpose of compensating for imperfect yield on the wafer. The computer organization possesses a property called block orientation which permits the use of whole LSI wafers with low yields without requiring a secondary metalization manufacturing step. Through the use of a unique computing algorithm, the parallelism and communication problems inherent to array processors are minimized. Processing systems of the sort discussed can possess a self-healing capability.

The HITAC5020 time sharing system

Abstract: HITAC5020 time sharing system with a two-dimensional addressing feature was developed to accomplish the following: 1) to establish a design for a time sharing system with a two-dimensional addressing scheme, 2) to establish the structure of the required file system, 3) to explain the intrinsic nature of the man-machine interaction, 4) to expedite studies for productivity improvement of software. This type of time sharing system has great merit in comparison with conventional time sharing systems and will likely be the basis for many future large scale information processing systems. In this paper, we first describe the segmentation and paging mechanism; then we discuss some important parts of the supervisor which are characteristic of two-dimensional addressing, especially scheduling and swapping, dynamic linking, and how to process common segments.

Machine independent software

Abstract: The techniques of abstract machine modelling and macro processing can be used to construct software which is easily moved from one computer to another. This paper describes a system developed at the University of Colorado which has been implemented on 8 different machines, with efforts ranging from 1 man-day to 1 man-week. We feel that these techniques offer a possible solution to the "software crisis" which is plaguing the computer industry today.

What Next in Computer Technology

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the future advances in computer systems that are dependent on the full range of analog, digital, and hybrid hardware and techniques as they are on digital software. Future advances in computer applications demand a broader based familiarity and more comprehensive skill with the full complement of tools at disposal and not just an ability to write isolated digital computer software. It presents a highly diversified menu of articles on analog and digital hardware, software, and applications. The chapter articulates the computer hardware. It describes a number of new devices based upon recently discovered technological effects. These include new computer organizations based upon arrays of computers and stochastic machines, new memory devices using optical holographs and ratchet storage cells, and new circuit techniques that stem from stochastic signal representation. Physical limitations on size and speed of processing elements and systems are also discussed. The devices of novel configuration that have already seen prototype realization are also examined. The limitations on size and speed for devices, circuits, and systems are also described.

Loader standardization for overlay programs

Abstract: The overlay capability is described for four of the third generation computer systems: CDC-6000, GE-635, IBM-360, and UNIVAC-1108. A critique of the first three sytems is based on actual experience with a large overlaid trajectory simulation program; a short history and description of this program is presented. A standardization of minimum capabilities for loaders is recommended so that programs which must operate under more than one computer system may be easily converted and maintained. A proposal that overlay software incorporates a memory occupation specification concept instead of the conventional tree structure is delineated. This concept provides more efficient and cost-effective utilization of the memory as well as increasd flexibility in program structure.

The Design of a Highly Parallel Computer Organization

Abstract: The design of a computer organization is presented for general-purpose computing with a very high tolerance of failure while taking advantage of future large-scale integration techniques. A high degree of parallel computations may be executed. The organization distributes processing logic along with memory to form "cells." The architecture and operation of the cells are developed. Design aspects of the cells are presented along with software considerations of the organization.

A Process-Control Language

Abstract: This paper proposes a compatible extension of PL/I as a general-purpose process-control language which makes analog and digital real-time variables available in essentially the same manner as conventional PL/I variables. Provisions are made for handling external interrupts and scheduling of tasks, including periodic tasks and groups of tasks. Implementation problems are discussed.

A model for the local area of a data communication network software organization

Abstract: A general purpose store-and-forward data communication network is under development at NPL. The background to this work is described in companion papers(1)(2) which also detail the hardware environment in which the software of the central message switching computer (MSC) operates.A user of this system sees it as a star-connected network by means of which his terminal may exchange data with any other terminal via the MSC. Because this centre is stored-program controlled, it is possible to offer the user other communications-oriented facilities in addition to the basic data transmission function. The MSC may be described as a multi-access computer controlled by a timesharing operating system.Section 2 gives a description of the way in which terminals use the network, illustrating the main principles of operation of the system as a whole and outlining the features provided by software. Section 3 is a description of the operating system of the MSC.

Calibrating the simulation model of the IBM system/360 time sharing system

Abstract: A GPSS/360 model was developed to support the IBM System/360 Time Sharing System (TSS/360) design and evaluation effort. The model was validated by conventional desk-checking procedures and by an extensive measurement effort involving a hardware monitor (SPAR), a software monitor (SIPE), and miscellaneous data-reduction programs. Calibration results obtained with TSS/360 are described, as are some of the benefits derived from the model.

Real-time reduction of nuclear physics data

Abstract: Small scientific computers have been widely used in research laboratories for on-line data acquisition to improve the efficiency of data collection and to perform sophisticated data manipulation before storage. An equally productive use of such computers is for the subsequent reduction of these data in real time, permitting interaction between investigatar and computer and providing immediate interpretation of masses of data. This report describes the philosophy and techniques developed for the SCANS (Stanford Computers for the Analysis of Nuclear Structure) system for the reduction in real time of multichannel pulse-height spectra, which comprise the bulk of data in Nuclear Physics. The programming language for users is FORTRAN, to provide flexibility and ease in introducing and modifying sophisticated concepts such as nonlinear least-squares fitting. Software interface to specific real-time hardware devices such as oscilloscope display and light pen is accomplished via library subroutines which perform a variety of general purpose services. Several different applications of this approach to various types of data spectra are discussed to illustrate the degree of mutual interaction achieved between investigator and computer and the resultant optimization of reduction techniques to suit particular types of data.

Low Cost Graphics

Abstract: Most computer graphics systems in existence today are based upon the direct view, refreshed CRT. These systems, for the most part, are faiily expensive, generally costing well over $20,000. The recent availability of high resolution, moderate size, direct view storage C.R.T.s makes possible full computer graphics systems costing under $20,000. This chapter will compare several possible graphics systems based upon the direct view storage tube, and also some systems using the refreshed C.R.T. Emphasis will be on hardware and software tradeoffs permitting lowest system cost, and on the resulting performance and applications for such systems.

Errors in frequency-domain processing of images

Abstract: Practical techniques for the determination of image spectra have been developed and become popular in the past few years. Both optical processing systems and digital computers can be used to perform linear filtering via the frequency domain. Optical processing systems use Fourier-transforming lenses and coherent light. Digital computer software uses the Cooley-Tukey algorithm to advantage, while computer hardware must be augmented by optical scanning devices that interface with images. Processing errors arise in both types of systems, but for different reasons. In this paper we present some results concerning errors in the spatial frequency domain.

Optimizing a video preprocessor for OCR

Abstract: This paper describes how optimal video preprocessor performance can be achieved using a software recognition system and a set of controlled experiments. It basically involves optimizing on a constant threshold and then using recognition logic designed from that threshold to optimize an adaptive threshold function or threshold operator. By using this technique, the video preprocessor can be optimized early In the development of an OCR (Optical Character Recognition) machine. The software recognition system is described and experimental data is presented to illustrate the procedures.

Basic I/O handling on burroughs B6500

Abstract: The approach to processing basic Input/Output in B6500 hardware design and software implementation is discussed in this paper. Hardware I/O structure necessary to the understanding of the approach is described first. The representation of the I/O queue and the algorithms used in handling I/O requests are described in detail to emphasize the ease with which the I/O handling portions of the executive system may be modified to suit any installation. Some of the I/O tables for coordinating I/O activity are discussed. The concept of asynchronous processes running as extended arms of the executive system is discussed and the implementation of it for updating status of peripheral units, for handling I/O errors, etc. is described. The usage and implementation of I/O related events and software interrupts is discussed. The locking concept is presented. Finally, the complete I/O initiation and completion cycle is described. The description throughout this paper is based on the actual working system implemented with language ESPOL - an extended ALGOL language used for writing executive systems. Some of the special language constructs pertinent to I/O handling are illustrated.

Robot control strategy

Abstract: A behavioral theory of information processing based on ethological observations has been tested experimentally by programming a robot control system. The resultant software has successfully simulated robot operation. Three basic types of software modules are assumed as elements. These accept input stimuli and generate detailedstrings of motor response "units" to attain design goals. A complex process of interaction between the modules permits the consideration of many alternative actions while focusing attention on a selected set of input signals. ' The organization is shown to have especially flexible characteristics adapted to robot control and permits a recursive definition of some of the modules. Brief comparisons with other robot systems in being indicate some of the relationships between the different design approaches so far proposed.

Optimizing floating point arithmetic via post addition shift probabilities

Abstract: In many computers floating point arithmetic operations are performed by subprograms: software packages in the case of most small computers, and micro-programmed read-only memories in some larger systems. In such a subprogram there are normally several free choices as to which set of conditions gets a speed advantage. If this advantage is given to the most probable case then there will be an increase in system performance with no increase in cost.

A compatible airborne multiprocessor

Abstract: The control of large military forces is creating the need for large data-processing systems located in transport aircraft and in other situations where tight quarters and hostile environments call for the design features found in airborne systems. In these applications the configuration of the computer and its peripheral equipment strongly resembles what is found in a typical commercial data-processing system, with some additional requirements for reliability. In particular, the functional programs are complex and extensive, and the availability of a complete package of support software, including compilers and utility routines as well as the resident executive, is likely to be of critical importance. Because of its cost, so complete a software package cannot reasonably be developed specifically to answer a particular military need; it must be captured from an existing software system. The only source of complete data-management software packages is commercial data-processing; and thus it makes practical sense for a large, militarized data-processing computer to be strictly compatible with an existing commercial product. As a bonus, the commercial computer can then be used as a support computer for compilation and program checkout. An example of a program in which an airborne computer is supported by an existing ground-based commercial computer is found in the Strategic Air Command's Post Attack Command and Control System---Airborne Data Automation. In this system the airborne computer is the RCA/USAF Variable Instruction Computer and the ground support computer is the IBM 7090.

Innovations in highway traffic systems

Abstract: THE FOLLOWING DEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONICS AS THEY CONCERN HIGHWAY APPLICATIONS ARE: (1) DEVELOPMENT OF SOLID-STATE DEVICES, (2) COMPUTERIZATION, AND (3) DEVELOPMENT OF SOPHISTICATED METHODS FOR MESSAGE TRANSMISSION, RECEPTION AND DISPLAY. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE OPERATION OF OUR PRESENT HIGHWAY SYSTEMS CALL FOR DATA HANDLING AND COMMUNICATIONS AS AIDS TO THE DRIVER SO THAT HE CAN BE A MASTER TROUBLE SHOOTER AND DECISION-MAKER. THE FOLLOWING FIVE DEVELOPMENTS COULD BECOME REALITIES TO THE DRIVER IN THE NEXT SEVERAL YEARS: (1) MOTORIST ROUTE GUIDANCE, (2) CONTROL OF ON-RAMP MERGING (A STEP BEYOND RAMP METERING), (3) AID IN PASSING ON TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS, (4) AID TO DISTRESSED MOTORIST, AND (5) IMPROVED URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL. THE ELECTRONIC ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEM (ERGS) IS DESCRIBED FOR MOTORISTS' NAVIGATION. THE STATIC AND DYNAMIC ASPECTS OF ERGS ARE DESCRIBED. THE CODE SYSTEM HAS BEEN COMPLETED FOR ERGS AND A CODE BOOK DIRECTORY FOR THE ENTIRE NATION COMPILED. EQUIPMENT SUFFICIENT FOR ONE INTERSECTION WAS INSTALLED AT A LOCATION ON THE MARYLAND BOUNDARY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. ANOTHER INSTALLATION IS BEING MADE AT A NEAR-BY INTERSECTION IN VIRGINIA. ONE VEHICLE HAS BEEN FITTED WITH THE VEHICLE-BORNE COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM. ERGS SHOULD BRING SMOOTHER TRAFFIC FLOW AND PERMIT ADDITIONAL CAPACITY. ADVANCED TRAFFIC CONTROL RESEARCH IS CONDUCTED TO PROVIDE OPTIMUM TRAFFIC MOVEMENT. CONTINUED RESEARCH IN NETWORK FLOW AND CONTROL THEORY ARE TO BE COMPILED INTO OPERATIONAL SOFTWARE. CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT OF HARDWARE APPLICABLE TO REAL-TIME CONTROL IS DIRECTED TOWARD COMPUTER APPLICATION, UNDERSTANDING OF URBAN NETCONTROL CONCEPTS, LOGIC, AND WORK TRAFFIC FLOW. THE PROBLEM OF INTEGRATION AND COMPATABILITY IS STUDIED WHILE OTHER DEVELOPMENTS ARE STILL EVOLVING.

Computer control of paper-making plant

Abstract: The online computer control system at Wolvercote Paper Mill, Oxford, was the first of its kind in the UK. An account is given of the events leading to the installation in 1965. The papermaking process is seen as a problem of control and the application of the digital computer to the process is described. The direct, practical approach and the low cost of both hardware and software are considered to be important factors. The benefits from this installation have been considerable. The computer has proved to be a completely reliable tool which can extend the operator's skill. There have, however, been problems in taking measurements accurated and reliable enough to be used in an automatic control system.

Data Acquisition Computer with Foreground-Background Operating System

Abstract: An on-line data acquisition computer system is described which runs background computational programs while it is acquiring data independently of and asynchronously with the program A combination of hardware and software prevents loss of data and destruction of the system through errors in Fortran background programs

The table driven augmented programming environment: a general purpose user-oriented program for extending the capabilities of computer operating systems

Abstract: : The Table Driven Augmented Programming Environment is a generalized program developed to significantly extend the capabilities of an existing multiprogramming computer system without interfering with its normal operation. The service of the Table Driven Augmented Programming Environment are available to a user at the same time the host computer system is engaged in its normal work load. These services allow the user to: (1) construct large programs from independently designed and implemented program modules maintained in a program library; (2) reference data in tables through an extensive data description facility; (3) disregard essentially any considerations of core storage space requirements through the use of an automatic software page turning facility; (4) temporarily bolt specified tables of data in core storage in order to operate on them with machine language instructions for higher efficiency; (5) treat all secondary storage as symbolically defined, random access files organized in a multi-level store; (6) communicate with the Table Driven Augmented Programming Environment in either a batched or interactive mode. The Table Driven Augmented Programming Environment can continue to be operated in the face of changing hardware configurations. Variations in the number and type of input/output communications devices, secondary storage devices, and the core storage can be accommodated for within wide limits. (Author)

Evolution of a Computer System for Acquisition of Angular Correlation Data

Abstract: A system using an SEL 810A computer programmed as a flexible multi-parameter analyzer is described. Features include a time-shared ADC channel with software gain correction for each input, unrestricted selection of spectra on any 2 of 4 input parameters, and live display of coincidence spectra with chance coincidences subtracted.

Use of time-sharing computer to support several large test facilities.

Abstract: On-line central data processing system connected to time shared computer for recording data from test facilities, discussing hardware configuration, software considerations and advantages

Computer Control for the Maryland Cyclotron

Abstract: The isochronous cyclotron at the University of Maryland has been designed to allow computer control of all machine operations in a manner which permits unique operational flexibility. Digital control lines, 16 bits wide, run from various devices in the laboratory to a central multiplexer unit. From there, they are routed to either the operator's console or to a computer data bus. The data bus is attached to a small control computer which will be interfaced to an on-line IBM 360/44, and it will be capable of reading and setting machine controls as well as communicating with the machine operator. The software of the control computer will consist of a highly simplified time sharing system which will coordinate the execution of several independent software modules called 'tasks'. Each task will pertain to a particular control function, and the operating system will 'time share' among several tasks, allowing them to run concurrently. It is intended that this system will greatly simplify normal operations, allowing the operator greater freedom from menial chores.

Computer sciences vs software engineering

Abstract: : The paper is an editorial written for COMPUTER DECISIONS which advances the thesis that computer science departments in the U. S. are not fulfilling the needs of the software industry. A new program is proposed called 'software engineering' to fill the void. Software engineering stresses the pragmatic side of computer systems design and could be established as an independent program with either existing electrical engineering or computer sciences departments.