Showing papers on "Stereotype published in 1987"

Are stereotypes of nationalities applied to both women and men

Abstract: Stereotypes of women, men, and nationalities of 28 countries were examined to determine the extent to which stereotypes of nationalities are applied to women as well as to men. As expected, stereotypes of the men tended to resemble stereotypes of their nationalities more than did stereotypes of the women. Yet this greater similarity between stereotypes of men and their nationalities than between stereotypes of women and their nationalities was more pronounced to the extent that countries were unfavorably evaluated. Interpretation of these findings followed from a social structural theory of stereotype content and focused on the relative status of women and men in modern nations.

Children's arguing

Abstract: Whereas a great deal of research in sociolinguistics has been directed toward the investigation of politeness as an organizing feature of conversation (and, in particular, of women's conversations), far less attention has been given to how people manage opposition, a type of talk that is generally evaluated negatively and viewed as disruptive. The present study will present an ethnographically based description of how girls and boys carry out the activity of arguing. When this activity is examined in detail, it is found that, rather than being disorderly, arguing provides children with a rich arena for the development of proficiency in language, syntax, and social organization. Moreover, in contrast to the prevalent stereotype that female interaction is organized with reference to politeness and a dispreference for dispute (Gilligan 1982:9–10; Lever 1976:482; Piaget 1965:77), we find that girls are not only just as skilled in argumentation as boys but have types of arguments that are both more extended and more complex in their participation structure than those among boys. In this chapter we first provide some background information on the Maple Street group and fieldwork methods. Then we examine how everyday instances of conflict are conducted in cross-sex situations, paying close attention to the formulation of opposition moves. Finally we turn to a consideration of how more serious confrontations, in which one's reputation is at stake, are managed in girls' and boys' same-sex groups.

Traits and social stereotypes: Levels of categorization in person perception.

Abstract: A theoretical distinction is made between trait categorization in person perception and categoriza-tion by means of well-articulated, concrete social stereotypes. Three studies test the prediction thatsocial stereotypes are both more associatively rich and more distinctive than are trait-defined catego-ries. In Study I, subjects sorted adjectives related to extroversion and introversion. A cluster analysisusing similarity measures derived from the sorting indicated that distinct social stereotypes wereassociated with each trait. This supports and extends earlier findings (Cantor & Mischel, 1979). InStudy 2, subjects generated attributes of the trait categories and stereotypes that emerged in Study1. More nonredundant attributes, especially visible features, were listed for the stereotypes than forthe trait categories. Study 3 elicited the explicit associative structure of traits and related stereotypesby having subjects rate the association between a series of attributes (derived from the responses inStudy 2) and each category label. Results showed that social stereotypes have distinctive featuresthat are not shared with the related trait category, whereas trait categories share virtually all oftheir features with related stereotypes. The implications of the trait/stereotype distinction for socialinformation processing are discussed.Substantial research has shown that the layperson assignsother individuals to social categories by means of implicit theo-ries of personality and uses these categories to predict potentialbehaviors, emotional reactions, personality attributes, atti-tudes, and values (Cantor & Mischel, 1979; Rosenberg & Sed-lack, 1972; Schneider, 1973; Wegner& Vallacher, 1977). In thisresearch, we contrast two types of representations used in socialcategorization, both of which can be observed in everyday life.First, people frequently use trait concepts to describe the essen-tial qualities of others. They may characterize people as tough,emotional, bright, or boring, for example, and in so doing as-sume that these traits have predictive power. In a second formof social categorization, people may explicitly categorize othersby thinking of them as members of a larger group. Such groupsoften bear a specific, socially shared label, such as redneck ordo-gooder, and they may be based on a number of features, in-cluding occupations and belief systems, as well as personalitytraits. These concepts are essentially well-articulated social ste-reotypes that are associated with a variety of highly visible char-acteristics, such as physical features, typical overt behaviors,and demographic identifications, in addition to relatively invisi-ble characteristics such as beliefs and internal experiences.Trait terms, in principle, designate single attributes that vari-ous kinds of people may possess. We propose on this basis that,considered in isolation, a given trait concept should not be veryWe would like to thank Deanna Bernstein, *Valerie Cathcart, and Su-sanna Perkins for their help in conducting this research.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to SusanM. Andersen, who is now at the Department of Psychology, New TforkUniversity, 6 Washington Place, 4th Floor, New York, New York 10003,or to Roberta L. Klatzky, Department of Psychology, University of Cali-fornia, Santa Barbara, California 93106.predictive because the individuals with this attribute may varyin a number of predictively important ways. By contrast, a per-son category representing a group of people who share manyattributes, behaviors, and attitudes should be predictive of thosevery features. In other words, trait categories should be sparsean d nonpredictive, wherea s social stereotype shoul be infor-mative and rich.Our view of trait-defined categories and social stereotypescan be undersood within the context of network approaches toknowledge representation (Anderson & Bower; 1972; Collins Q Higgins, Rholes, & Jones, 1977; Srull & Wyer,1980; 'Wyer & Carlston, 1979). In a network model, conceptualrepresentations, or nodes, are connected to one another bymeans of associative links, including connections between attri-butes and objects (e.g., soft-bed). In this terminology, we sug-gest that traits are linked by attribute-objective links to a num-ber of distinct stereotypes (and to a number of distinct individu-als). By contrast, stereotypes have object-attribute links notonly to traits but to many other types of features, includingovert behaviors and physical characteristics. Retrieval of a ste-reotype provides access to these features for purposes of socialprediction. Retrieval of a trait, on the other hand, is less predic-tive, both because its connections to other attributes are indi-rect and because the stereotypes with which it is linked are di-verse.Support for the notion that social stereotypes carry the bur-den of social prediction comes from a number of studies outsideof the trait domain. For example, it has been suggested that ste-reotypes such as housewife, mother, or temptress are embeddedwithin the category defined by woman (Ashmore & DelBoca,1979; Deaux & Lewis, 1984) and that a category defined onlyby sex may be too inclusive and abstract to be truly effective insocial prediction (e.g., Deaux & Lewis, 1984; Hamilton, 1981;235

Sex stereotypes and the leadership role.

Abstract: Previous research has indicated that stereotypically masculine behaviors characterize leadership and that stereotypically feminine traits are devalued. However, this research may be questioned on the basis that the sex stereotype measures employed were not appropriate for the managerial role and that the rating task was not clearly defined. The present study attempts to deal with these concerns by asking groups to rate two different managers: the one they would wish to work for or the one they would wish to have working for them. As hypothesized, those who described the supervisors who they wished to have working for them valued masculine traits significantly more than those who described the supervisor they would like to work for. In all cases, however, stereotypically sexneutral traits were most highly valued.

Stuttering children: investigation of a stereotype.

Abstract: Previous reports have indicated the presence of a largely negative stereotype of the ‘stuttering personality’ To determine whether such a stereotype extended to young children of both sexes who stutter, clinicians, student clinicians and teachers were asked to rate eight hypothetical constructs on 25 bipolar rating scales used in previous research The stereotype was found to exist, particularly for school-age stuttering boys, and was in agreement with previous reports There were some differences in the strength of the reported stereotype, depending on age and sex of the construct, and differences were also reflected in the beliefs reported by student clinicians at different stages in their course The strength of the stereotype appeared to be unaffected by exposure to stuttering individuals Possible explanations of the origins and maintenance of the stereotype are considered

Stereotyping by nurses and nursing students: a critical review of research.

Abstract: Thirty-eight empirical studies of stereotyping by nurses and nursing students were critically examined and discussed. The review was conducted and reported as though it were primary research. Subjects were the studies examined, methods were the reviewing procedure, data were attributes of the studies, and results were the conclusions drawn. The research on nurses' stereotypes has been characterized by: the use of one method of data collection, usually questionnaires; the measurement of the presence or absence of specific stereotypes; and nonprobability sampling techniques. There is some evidence that nurses stereotype other people based on age, sex, attractiveness, personality, diagnosis, social class, and family structure. Suggestions for adding to this body of knowledge are made.

Lacan, Transference, and Writing Instruction

Abstract: Why is it that students seem to improve their texts so often, and desire to improve them more, when they're given "nondirective" feedback? Why do "teacherless" writing groups (where the writer gets conflicting responses from readers instead of teacherly direction) lead to more writing? How can Donald Murray (Writer 173) claim to get effective revision from writers in conferences lasting only five minutes? Stereotype of a Donald Murray conference:

A content analysis of sexual themes in Playboy cartoons

Abstract: Critics of pornography have argued that the way men and women are portrayed in these media create images that can result in harmful gender socialization. The cartoons from all 1985 issues of Playboy were coded for the presence or absence of four themes that have been identified by these critics. It was found that, when these themes appeared, women were more often the victim of sexual coercion, were more often depicted as sexually naive and childlike, and were more often shown with a more attractive body than were the men in the cartoons.

Double Stratification and Psychological Risk: Adaptational Processes and School Achievement of Black Children.

Abstract: The experiences of children are affected by the reference group's societal placement; the nature of the available ecosystems (and environmental constraints) dictates the quality of expected behaviors. A perspective from cultural anthropology describes sub-cultural theories of ethnicity as attempts to define or categorize groups as a function of their cultural habits and then to stereotype the entire cultural unit as a function of such habits. Critiques of academic sub-cultural theories of ethnicity also posit that the subcultural group's fit into the societal production process further specifies the nature of children's experiences.' Black children's performance in school reflects the group's marginality. An examination of the processes or methods by which marginality affects the group and the child's educability requires a perusal of several key issues: double stratification, psychological risk, adaptational processes and the interface of psychological health and school performance.

Effect of subgroup ratio on stereotyping

Abstract: Male and female subjects observed a discussion by a group with one of three sex ratios (9M-IF, SM-SF, 1M-9F) and in which the male contributions were expressed in a more or less stereotype consistent manner. The results indicated that male speakers were stereotyped less than females and that male compared with female speakers were stereotyped increasingly less as the number of like speakers in the group increased.

Changel: Three centuries of an Indian village

Abstract: In this article a history is presented of Changel, a village in North Bihar, India, from its origins in the eighteenth century to the present. In the absence of the conventional materials used by historians ‐ that is, plentiful written records ‐ the author uses non‐conventional sources, like undocumented oral reconstruction of popular memory. Apparent conformity to the stereotype of the ‘unchanging Indian village’ is shown to be illusory; the relevant changes are examined in detail; and the local historiography is set in the context of the general historical trends taking place outside of the locality but influencing the local scene.

Stereotyping in American, British, and Japanese Corporations in Hong Kong and Singapore

Abstract: The auto- and heterostereotypes of 806 local and expatriate managers in 89 American, British, and Japanese companies in Hong Kong and Singapore were compared. Disparities were computed as Euclidean distances to identify similar and dissimilar perceptions of groups, and dissimilarities were further examined by comparison of the stereotype perception profiles. The disparities were also used as dissimilarity data for a multidimensional scaling of the auto- and heterostereotypes, yielding a two-dimensional map of the stereotype profiles that is helpful for summarizing and comparing the profiles. The results and the methodology may be useful to multinational corporations in identifying sources of potential conflict and misunderstanding between different cultural groups working together.

Media Stereotypes in Teacher Role Definition

Abstract: Though television stereotypes of teachers have changed over the past 30 years, only the broader aspects have been altered. The stereotype is described, and a call for redefinition of the teacher is issued. (MT)

Transsexuals and Caretakers Power and Deceit in Intergroup Relations

Abstract: Persons Seeking Sex Change Surgery are enmeshed in medically required relations with sets of caretakers, medical specialists, and mental health professionals A heterogeneous group of individuals at the outset, transsexuals are molded by the system to conform with a stereotype expressed as a category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Ethnographic Participant-observation and interviewing provide insight into this whole process that may have much broader implications, [gender, transsexual, stereotype, intergroup relations, diagnostic category]

The Effects of Applicant Sex, Applicant Attractiveness, Rater Sex and Sex-Role Stereotype on the Evaluation of Applicants.

Abstract: This study was designed to test the main effects and interaction effects of applicant sex, applicant physical attractiveness, rater sex and rater sex-role stereotype on the ratings of applicants in the screening phase of undergraduate student admission procedures. The participants were undergraduate students in the allied health sciences at a regional university in the southeast. The experimental task, consisted of rating hypothetical applicants on overall suitability, a series of adjectives which reflect personality characteristics of the applicant, and assigning causal attributions for the past performance of the candidate. Each subject evaluated four hypothetical applicants attractive male, unattractive male, attractive female and unattractive female. The four independent variables yielded a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. Rater sex and sex-role stereotype were between-group factors and applicant sex and applicant attractiveness were repeated measures. Results of the repeated measures analysis of variance on the ratings of the candidate's overall suitability indicated that attractive applicants were rated higher than unattractive applicants; male applicants were rated higher than female applicants; and suitability ratings from female raters were significantly higher than the ratings from male raters. There was no main effect for the rater's sex-role stereotype. Analysis also revealed chat there were two significant Interactions which affected candidate ratings; the rater sex/applicant attractiveness interaction and the applicant sex/rater sex-role stereotype interaction. Analysis of the bipolar adjectives revealed that high levels of attractiveness were associated with positive traits and low levels of attractiveness were associated with negative traits. The analyses of the causal attributions revealed a significant main effect for applicant attractiveness on the ratings for ability, effort and luck. The past performance of attractive applicants was attributed to a higher level of ability and effort; the past performance of unattractive applicants was attributed more to luck.

Introduction: The View from Abroad

Abstract: Without doubt the greatest concern of the potential inward investor to the UK is this country’s industrial relations record — or at least the stereotype as presented by the international media. Twenty years ago the one British name known to small boys and businessmen throughout the world was Bobby Charlton. Today — particularly among Asian businessmen — there are three names, Princess Diana, Margaret Thatcher and Arthur Scargill. While in the business community the first two are admired, the latter serves only to reinforce their prejudices. No amount of statistical analysis showing the considerably reduced level of strikes or the fact that in the international league table of industrial action Britain is by no means the worst can overcome this stereotype, which from time to time we inexorably seem to reinforce.

Stereotipes en die realiteit van vrouemishandeling / Stereotypes and the reality of wife abuse

Abstract: Some explanatory models for wife abuse, which also reflect popular stereotypes, are evaluated. Psychoanalysis attributes the behaviour of women who stay in an abusing relationship to masochism, and thus reinforces the stereotype of women ‘coming back for more’. Socio-economic reasons for staying on are ignored and the theory promotes an attitude of blame-the-victim. Frustration-aggression theory states that husbands only react on provocation and that the wife is thus to blame. Research findings, however, do not support a relationship between frustration and aggression: violence is learned behaviour and other reactions to frustration are possible. Mental illness as a cause of violence can be applied to a minority of cases and the argument for this explanation is tautological: mental illness is assumed to be present and observation of abuse is then taken as proof of illness. Subcultural theory, again, states that abuse is a lower class phenomenon, and it reflects a preoccupation with a macho-man ideal. For ...