Showing papers on "Trace metal published in 1982"
TL;DR: The surface horizons of two arid-zone fields soils that had received amendments of either liquid or dried, anaerobically digested sewage sludge for 4 years were sampled to determine the forms of selected trace metals in the solid phase as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The surface horizons of two arid-zone fields soils that had received amendments of either liquid or dried, anaerobically digested sewage sludge for 4 years were sampled to determine the forms of selected trace metals in the solid phase. The soils had been amended with sludge twice annually at rates of 0, 22.5, 45.0, or 90.0 tons . ha/sup -1/ . year/sup -1/. Barley and sorghum had been grown on the soils in randomized experimental plots. The soil samples were analyzed for total Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb and were fractionated by sequential extraction to estimate the quantities of these metals in ''exchangeable,'' ''sorbed,'' ''organic,'' ''carbonate,'' and ''sulfide'' forms. The total contents of the five metals in the two field soils were governed by the total content of the metals in the sludges applied and by the rate of sludge application. The accumulation of metals in the surface horizons of field plots receiving liquid sludge was less than that in the plots receiving composted sludge, possibly because of a lesser reduction in soil bulk density resulting from sludge applications. The percentage of the total metal content in exchangeable and sorbed forms was very low, averaging between 1.1 and 3.7% formore » all of the metals regardless of the type of soil, the form of sludge applied, or the sludge application rate. The application of sludge tended to reduce the sulfide fraction and to increase the organic and carbonate fractions of all five trace metals. At the highest rate of sludge application, the predominant forms of the metals were: Ni, sulfide; Cu, organic; and Zn, Cd, and Pb, carbonate.« less
698 citations
313 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the dithiocarbamate complexes of the metals are extracted into Freon-TF and back-extracted into dilute nitric acid solution, which gives complete separation from the matrix irrespective of salinity.
189 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a thermodynamic approach employing metal sulfide formation and class specific sulfidic ligand complexation to generate equilibrium profiles adequately describes the solubility of iron, copper, and cadmium.
170 citations
TL;DR: In this article, sediment samples were collected from streambeds in an undisturbed watershed in eastern Quebec (Gaspe Peninsula) and each sediment subsample was then subjected to a sequential extraction procedure designed to partition the particulate heavy metals into five fractions: (1) exchangeable; (2) specifically adsorbed or bound to carbonates; (3) bound to Fe-Mn oxides; (4) binding to organic matter; (5) residual.
160 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of reliable prior stages (sampling and sample pretreatment) of the whole analytical procedure to obtain relevant data is emphasized and the significance of sampling and sample pre-treatment for reliable trace analysis for considered ecochemical subject general aspects of the voltammetric approach are treated.
Abstract: In context with the key significance of reliable trace analysis for the considered ecochemical subject general aspects of the voltammetric approach are treated. The voltammetric modes to be usually applied are differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV) or differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at suitable working electrodes. The significance of reliable prior stages (sampling and sample pretreatment) of the whole analytical procedure to obtain relevant data is emphasized. Universal analytical procedures for the determination of Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Hg, Se, Ni and Co are presented for natural waters, rain and waste water and for biological materials. While for natural waters voltammetry is the method of first choice for toxic trace metal chemistry concerning analysis and speciation, the voltammetric approach has also become for the reliable trace analysis in all types of biomatrices one of the indispensable methods in the basic outfit of corresponding laboratories. The far reaching potentialities of pulse voltammetry are featured by a number of examples from chemical oceanography and limnology, the analysis of atmospheric precipitates and waste water, applications in the control of drinking water and the components of the food basket and in the analysis of body fluids.
132 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a dilute sulfuric acid solution containing trace metals whose concentrations exhibit log normal distributions is collected as wetfall-only and primarily on an event basis at a site in the Tennessee Valley.
118 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the growth rate of Scenedesmus quadricauda was influenced by the concentration of each of the two metal ions, i.e., Cu/sub aq/sup 2 +/ and Zn/sub q/q//sup 2+ +/
Abstract: Scenedesmus quadricauda was grown in a defined medium with a wide range of copper and zinc concentrations. The growth rate of the alga was influenced by the concentration of each of the two metal ions, Cu/sub aq//sup 2 +/ and Zn/sub aq//sup 2 +/. The growth rate of the alga can be predicted from concentrations of the two metal ions. These data indicate that zinc is an essential trace metal for Scenedesmus quadricauda and that copper and zinc are toxic when presented in excess. The results suggest also that the free metal ion is the chemical form of each metal that is significant in controlling biological effects (both nutrition and toxicity). The expression used to describe these results is a special case of a general expression that may be used to describe the combination effect on algal growth of any number of metals in solution, including a consideration of the chemical speciation of each metal.
105 citations
TL;DR: Further monitoring of selected elements in seafood is considered necessary, both to delineate any temporal change in trace metal levels in locally available organisms and to ensure that concentrations of cadmium do not increase further.
82 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, several of the most widely used trace metal extraction techniques are compared for many commonly measured transition metals using a variety of naturally occurring major marine sediment types, and the results were generally quite good, both with regard to metal phase fractionation and overall total extraction of available metals.
73 citations
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: The multivariate approach proved to be a sensitive means for the detection of trace metal contamination and factors likely to be important in determining the harmful effects of traceMetal contamination in the field include the particular metals under consideration, flow rate and stability of the substrata.
Abstract: The ecological effects of mine effluents on the South Esk River were investigated over 2 years on a 170-km section of the river. Quantitative samples of benthic macroinvertebrates were collected at eight sites (three above the trace metal inflow and five below) using an air-lift sampler. Drifting fauna were also collected in the river adjacent to the point of trace metal inflow and in a tributary entering the contaminated section. As far as 80 km downstream from the source of trace metals; the numbers of individuals and the numbers of taxa were reduced in relation to upstream sites. From the 29 most commonly occurring taxa, three groups have been defined by clustering strategies: (a) taxa that were abundant at both contaminated and uncontaminated sites (a leptocerid caddisfly and a baetid mayfly); (b) taxa that were most abundant at sites upstream of the contaminated section of river (two mollusc species, four species of leptophlebiid mayfly and five species of caddisfly); (c) taxa whose numbers were highest at sites below the source of contamination (six dipteran species, four species of caddisfly, one mollusc species, one amphipod species and one species of water mite). Factors likely to be important in determining the harmful effects of trace metal contamination in the field include the particular metals under consideration, flow rate and stability of the substrata. There is little agreement between the acute lethal concentrations of metals determined by other workers in laboratory studies and the concentrations found to produce harmful effects in the South Esk River. The multivariate approach proved to be a sensitive means for the detection of trace metal contamination. Thecomposition of the drifting fauna was also altered by the trace metal contamination. Thenumbers of rhyacophilidcaddisflies were higher in the contaminated section of river and those of the baetid mayflies and helminthid beetles were lower.
TL;DR: No significant difference could be observed between the protective effects of three essential trace metals examined against lead toxicity as well as the hepatic and renal uptake of lead in Rats investigated.
TL;DR: These analyses show no correlation between the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, or zinc in scalp hair and pubic hair in 67 donor-matched hair samples, which is interpreted as a strong indication that exogenous trace metals make a significant contribution to the results for trace metals in human hair.
Abstract: Scalp-hair analysis is used as an indicator of trace-metal concentrations in the human body. The major shortcoming of this approach is the inability to differentiate between endogenous and exogenous trace metals. Our analyses show no correlation between the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, or zinc in scalp hair and pubic hair in 67 donor-matched hair samples. We interpret this as a strong indication that exogenous trace metals make a significant contribution to the results for trace metals in human hair.
TL;DR: The results show significant effects of these metals on growth of S. mutans and may confirm epidemiological evidence suggesting a role for certain trace metals in the incidence of dental caries and suggest nutritional requirements for these metals.
Abstract: Correlations between the presence of certain trace metals in dental enamel or in drinking water and the incidence of human dental caries have been demonstrated; therefore, the effects of several trace metals on growth of the cariogenic organism Streptococcus mutans OMZ176 were determined. For continuous growth in a chemically defined medium (treated with Chelex-100 to lower trace metal contamination and supplemented with high-purity trace metal salts) used in a chemostat constructed of Teflon, S. mutans required input of carbon dioxide and supplementation with magnesium (126 microM) and manganese (18 to 54 microM). Addition of iron (3.6 microM) increased the level of steady-state growth by a factor of 2.8 (stimulation index [SI]); zinc at 0.4 microM nearly doubled equilibrium growth (SI = 0.9). Higher concentrations of iron and zinc (5.4 and 0.8 microM, respectively) were less stimulatory (SI values of 1.95 and 0.3, respectively). Small (but statistically significant) increases in steady-state growth were effected by cobalt (SI = 0.3 at 5.1 to 20.4 microM) and tin (SI = 0.4 at 5.1 to 10.2 microM). These data suggest nutritional requirements for these metals. Copper at a concentration of 0.16 microM was inhibitory. These results show significant effects of these metals on growth of S. mutans and may confirm epidemiological evidence suggesting a role for certain trace metals in the incidence of dental caries.
TL;DR: Although Cr concentrations in the sediments of the area studied were high, Cr levels in the organisms studied were found to be relatively low and the highly toxic metals Hg, Cd and Pb were finding to be present in concentrations lower than those reported from other areas of the Mediterranean.
TL;DR: The report presents the results of analyses for ten trace metals in marine surface sediments from Kuwait and discusses the effect of grain size and total organic content on the observed concentrations of these metals.
Abstract: The report presents the results of analyses for ten trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) in marine surface sediments from Kuwait and discusses the effect of grain size and total organic content on the observed concentrations of these metals. (JMT)
TL;DR: Because of their ability to concentrate pollutants from their environment, the clam, Rangia cuneata and the oyster were analyzed to compare metal uptake and to see whether their microphageous behavior is reflected in the relationship of body weight burden of trace metal to levels in the sediments and water column.
Abstract: Because of their ability to concentrate pollutants of various kinds from their environment, the clam, Rangia cuneata and the oyster, Crassostrea virginica were analyzed to compare metal uptake and to see whether their microphageous behavior is reflected in the relationship of body weight burden of trace metal to levels in the sediments and water column. The metals chosen for analysis were arsenic, antimony, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, strontium, titanium, vanadium and zinc. (JMT)
TL;DR: In this article, the concentration levels of Cd (25 ng l −1 ), Cu (0.45 μg l − 1 ), Ni(0.48 μg l−1 ), Fe (0 2.2−7.0 ), Pb (40 ng l− 1 ) and Zn (0 0.80 μg l-1 ) have been determined in the Danish Sounds and in the Kattegat.
TL;DR: In this article, five major flood events occurring in Magela Creek during the 1978-1979 tropical wet season were sampled for conductivity, suspended solids and the trace metals iron, manganese, cadmium, copper and zinc.
TL;DR: The results of an intercomparison of three types of sampling devices and hydrowires, used for the collection of seawater samples for trace metal analysis, are presented in this paper.
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: Levels of Cu, Mn, Co, Ni and Zn at four stations in the northern arm of the Cochin backwaters, Kerala, India, which runs through an industrial belt is reported as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Levels of Cu, Mn, Co, Ni and Zn at four stations in the northern arm of the Cochin backwaters, Kerala, India, which runs through an industrial belt is reported. All metals showed some degree of variation over the area studied. Co showed the lowest variation while Cu and Zn values were found to vary with stations and seasons. The main effluent discharge site showed significant enrichment in Cu during the monsoon season and in Zn during the premonsoon. Barmouth showed an increase in metal content of sediments in the postmonsoon season. Enrichment in Zn was evident downstream of effluent discharge area during post and premonsoon season
TL;DR: In this article, five laboratory solvent extraction methods for the determination of leachable trace metals from municipal incinerator fly and bottom ashes are evaluated, and the trace elements of interest were cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese and lead.
Abstract: Five laboratory solvent extraction methods for the determination of leachable trace metals from municipal incinerator fly and bottom ashes are evaluated. The trace elements of interest were cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese and lead. Five different extractants, 0.1NHCl, 1.0 N ammonium acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), chloroform and hexane were used on each ash to determine comparative extraction efficiencies. Extraction efficiencies of the five solvents were determined based on total metal concentration, and were found to rank in the following order: 0.1NHCl<1.0N ammonium acetate < MIBK < chloroform < hexane. No one solvent was optimal for obtaining environmentally available values for all five metals. The inorganic solvents, 0.1NHCl and 1.0N ammonium acetate, exhibited higher removal of trace metals from ash particles relative to the organic solvents. Manganese concentrations were removed more efficiently by 0.1NHCl, whereas 1.0 N ammonium acetate was more efficient for removing copper...
TL;DR: In this article, atomic absorption spectrometry in appropriate specific modes (flame, graphite furnace, cold vapour mode, hydride system) was used for the determination of 12 metals or metalloids.
Abstract: Sediments act as traps for metals introduced into the aquatic environment. Studies on the total metal contents have been performed with sediments from rivers, lakes, estuaries and coastal zones. The sediments were decomposed under pressure with a 3∶1 mixture of HNO3/HCl. The determinations were performed by atomic absorption spectrometry in appropriate specific modes (flame, graphite furnace, cold vapour mode, hydride system). The methods were optimized and verified with regard to precision and accuracy for the determination of 12 metals or metalloids by the use of some now available Control and Reference Materials.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, a coastal station in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon (GBRL) at Townsville, Australia has shown that the cycling of several trace metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Pb) was significantly influenced by the presence of Trichodesmium, a blue-green alga, which throughout the year, frequently forms red tide densities along much of the Queensland coral coast.
Abstract: Investigations carried out at a coastal station in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon (GBRL) at Townsville, Australia have shown that the cycling of several trace metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Pb) was significantly influenced by the presence of Trichodesmium , a blue-green alga, which throughout the year, frequently forms red tide densities along much of the Queensland coral coast. Whilst decomposition of large masses of Trichodesmium significantly affected metal concentrations, metal speciation changes also occurred, and took place during the presence of senescent Trichoedesmium and high concentrations of humic material (10 mg/l).
TL;DR: Investigating the distribution and phase association of iron, manganese, cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in bottom sediments taken from the freshwater, estuarine and bay regions of the Yarra River revealed that most of the variability in the trace metal concentration of these sediments was associated with changes in the reducible phase.
Abstract: The distribution and phase association of iron, manganese, cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in bottom sediments taken from the freshwater, estuarine and bay regions of the Yarra River were investigated. The fraction of the estuarine sediments smaller than 20 µm contained substantially higher concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc than did the corresponding sediment fraction from the upper river and bay regions. Sequential chemical extraction revealed that most of the variability in the trace metal concentration of these sediments was associated with changes in the reducible phase. A substantial increase in trace metal concentrations occurred in going from river to estuarine sediments. For example, the lead concentration increased approximately eightfold (43-375 µg g-1), the zinc fourfold (122-447 µg g-1) and the copper almost twofold (64-106 µg g-1). This was attributed to coagulation and sedimentation of trace-metal- enriched iron and manganese oxides in the estuarine region. The subsequent decrease in metal concentrations in the bay sediments was due to either physical dilution of the contaminated sedlment with material of lower metal concentration or remobilizatlon of the trace metals from sediments deposited in the bay.
TL;DR: In this paper, the phase distribution (dissolved vs. particulate) of metals was consistent with their calculated speciation in computer-simulated sea-salt matrices.
Abstract: Dissolved and particulate Cd, Cu, and Pb were measured in bulk solution and surface microlayer samples from an intertidal salt marsh in south San Francisco Bay. The phase distribution (dissolved vs. particulate) of metals was consistent with their calculated speciation in computer-simulated sea-salt matrices. Trace metal enrichment at the microlayer corresponded with physical events at the sample site. Advective exchange of Cd, Cu, and Pb between the estuary and marsh systems was dominated by transport of bulk suspended particulate metals, with an apparent net export from the marsh to the bay.
TL;DR: By coupling the chelator iminodiacetate to an insoluble agarose matrix, the procedure reduced the zinc concentration of media to unmeasurably low levels, and serum zinc concentration by approximately 90%.
Abstract: Culture media and sera contain substantial quantities of trace metals such as zinc and copper, so that they cannot be used for cell culture studies of trace metal deficiencies unless the element in question is first removed. By coupling the chelator iminodiacetate to an insoluble agarose matrix, we have been able to extract zinc selectively from both media and sera, without exposing cells directly to the chelator. The procedure reduced the zinc concentration of media to unmeasurably low levels, and serum zinc concentration by approximately 90%. The development of zinc defi ciency in vitro was demonstrated by a reduced lymphocyte blastogenic response, which could be prevented by the addition of zinc to the extracted culture medium. The extraction procedure is potentially applicable to a range of trace metals (e.g., Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe) and to virtually any cell type that can be cultured. ). Nutr. 112: 652-657,
TL;DR: In this paper, the relative contributions of adsorption to particulate surfaces, complexation with surface-active organic ligands and uptake by micro-organisms were evaluated with respect to their importance in the surface microlayer enrichment (partitioning) of Cd, Pb and Cu.