Showing papers on "Vegetable oil refining published in 2023"

Production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable raw materials

Abstract: One way to reduce the amount of harmful emissions from diesel fuel could be the replacement of part of the fuel with biofuel. Research is related to the production of biodiesel fuel in three ways: transesterification of vegetable oils; esterification of fat acids extracted from vegetable oil; and hydroprocessing of vegetable oils using catalysts in the diesel hydrotreatment process. Food and non-food oils, monatomic and diatomic alcohols were used to produce biodiesel fuel. Optimal parameters of vegetable oil transesterification have been determined: temperature; raw material ratio (oil/alcohol); mixing speed; time; type of process catalyst. The characteristics of the obtained biodiesel fuel samples were studied and compared with each other as well as with the requirements of EN 14214 “Automotive fuels. Fat acid methyl ethers for diesel engines. General technical requirements” and EN 590:2009 “EURO diesel fuel. Technical specifications”. With regard to the physical and chemical characteristics of biodiesel fuel, the best way to produce it is by transesterification of vegetable oils. However, all fuels can be used as components of a blended environmentally friendly diesel fuel.

Nickel—Alumina Catalysts for the Transformation of Vegetable Oils into Green Diesel: The Role of Preparation Method, Activation Temperature, and Reaction Conditions

Abstract: Two nickel alumina catalysts containing 60 wt. % Ni were synthesized by wet impregnation and co-precipitation in order to study the effect of preparation methods on the catalytic efficiency concerning the transformation of sunflower oil into green diesel. The effect of activation temperature on the catalytic efficiency of the most active catalyst was also studied. The catalysts were characterized using various techniques and which were evaluated in the aforementioned reaction using a semi-batch reactor. The catalyst prepared by co-precipitation exhibited a higher specific surface area and smaller mean crystal size of the nickel nanoparticle (higher nickel metallic surface). These justify its higher efficiency with respect to the corresponding catalyst synthesized by wet impregnation. The increase in the activation temperature from 400 to 600 °C increased the size of the nickel nanoparticles through sintering, thus destroying the small pores. These led to a decrease in the nickel surface and specific surface area and, thus, to a decrease in the catalytic efficiency. The optimization of the reaction conditions over the most active catalyst (prepared by co-precipitation and activated at 400 °C) leads to the complete transformation not only of the sunflower oil (edible oil) but also of waste cooking oil (non-edible oil) into green diesel. The liquid produced after the hydrotreatment for these two feedstocks for 7 h, at H2 pressure 40 bar and temperature 350 °C using 100 mL of oil and 1 g of catalyst was composed of 97 and 96 wt. % of green diesel, respectively.

Environmentally Friendly Diesel Fuel Obtained from Vegetable Raw Materials and Hydrocarbon Crude

Abstract: Currently, the global issue for countries is the search for raw materials and the production of bioenergy within their country; bioenergy also includes biodiesel fuels. One of the most promising biodiesel fuels is the green diesel fuel produced by the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Three methods have been proposed to obtain high-quality biodiesel and environmentally friendly diesel fuel: compounding green diesel with hydro-treated diesel fuel, compositions of the improved fuel «green diesel» with bio-additives, and two-component mixtures of environmentally friendly diesel fuel with bio-additives. Using these methods, it is possible to produce fuel for diesel engines with improved lubricating properties, the wear scar diameter is reduced to 232 microns, according to EN 590: 2009, this value standard is up to 460 microns. The optimal quantitative composition of three-component environmentally friendly diesel fuel with improved lubricity was established. The dependence of the change in the lubricating properties of environmentally friendly diesel fuel on the quantitative and qualitative composition are established. A mathematical equation describing the dependence of the change in the corrected wear spot on the amount of anti-wear additive in the green diesel fuel is derived. Three-component compositions of environmentally friendly diesel fuel make it possible to obtain fuel that meets the requirements of the EN 590: 2009 standard and to expand the resources for obtaining fuel, as well as to improve the environmental and operational characteristics of the fuel.

Green Diesel Production via Deoxygenation Process: A Review

Abstract: The environmental impact of traditional fuels and related greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) has promoted policies driven towards renewable fuels. This review deals with green diesel, a biofuel obtained by catalytic deoxygenation of edible and non-edible biomasses. Green diesel, biodiesel, and petrodiesel are compared, with green diesel being the best option in terms of physical–chemical properties and reduction in GHGE. The deoxygenation process and the related types of catalysts, feedstocks, and operating conditions are presented. Reactor configurations are also discussed, summarizing the experimental studies. Several process simulations and environmental economic analyses—up to larger scales—are gathered from the literature that analyze the potential of green diesel as a substitute for petrodiesel. In addition, current industrial processes for green diesel production are introduced. Future research and development efforts should concern catalysts and the use of waste biomasses as feedstock, as well as the arrangement of national and international policies.

Techno-economic assessment of hydrotreated vegetable oil as a renewable fuel from waste sludge palm oil

Abstract: To date, the development of renewable fuels has become a normal phenomenon to solve the problem of diesel fuel emissions and the scarcity of fossil fuels. Biodiesel production has some limitations, such as two-step processes requiring high free fatty acids (FFAs), oil feedstocks and gum formation. Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) is a newly developed international renewable diesel that uses renewable feedstocks via the hydrotreatment process. Unlike FAME, FFAs percentage doesn't affect the HVO production and sustains a higher yield. The improved characteristics of HVO, such as a higher cetane value, better cold flow properties, lower emissions and excellent oxidation stability for storage, stand out from FAME biodiesel. Moreover, HVO is a hydrocarbon without oxygen content, but FAME is an ester with 11% oxygen content which makes it differ in oxidation stability. Waste sludge palm oil (SPO), an abundant non-edible industrial waste, was reused and selected as the feedstock for HVO production. Techno-economical and energy analyses were conducted for HVO production using Aspen HYSYS with a plant capacity of 25,000 kg/h. Alternatively, hydrogen has been recycled to reduce the hydrogen feed. With a capital investment of RM 65.86 million and an annual production cost of RM 332.56 million, the base case of the SPO-HVO production process was more desirable after consideration of all economic indicators and HVO purity. The base case of SPO-HVO production could achieve a return on investment (ROI) of 89.03% with a payback period (PBP) of 1.68 years. The SPO-HVO production in this study has observed a reduction in the primary greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide (CO2) emission by up to 90% and the total annual production cost by nearly RM 450 million. Therefore, SPO-HVO production is a potential and alternative process to produce biobased diesel fuels with waste oil.

Production of biofuel via catalytic upgrading and refining of sustainable oleaginous feedstocks

Abstract: Global crude oil reserves are predicted to be depleted within the next century. Furthermore, despite recent advances, current fossil fuel resources are incompatible with the goal of restricting global temperature increases to <1.5°C. Alternative sources of renewable or low-carbon sustainable energy are essential to meet the demands of a growing population, particularly in developing nations. Therefore, there is immense global interest in the production of biodiesel as it is an eco-friendly renewable fuel produced from waste or nonfood oleaginous feedstocks. Development of heterogeneously catalyzed processes for triglyceride (TAG) or free fatty acid (FFA) transformation associated with biodiesel production is similarly of significant interest. This review provides an overview of the current production methods of biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl esters from TAG transesterification or FFA esterification) and green diesel (hydrocarbons from decarboxylation or hydrotreatment of TAG/FFA) using efficient and low-cost green catalysts that afford significant advantages over traditional fuels in terms of process feasibility and production costs. A particular focus of this review is on recent technology that seeks to overcome mass transfer limitations of bulky oil by designing tailored hierarchical macroporous-mesoporous frameworks and by tuning catalyst surface hydrophobicity. Catalytic means of promoting hydrogen-free deoxygenation of fatty acids, including reaction pathways and factors affecting reaction rates, are also discussed. Finally, recent developments in the catalytic deoxygenation of palm fatty acid distillate for production of green diesel are discussed.

Synthesis of Green Diesel from Palm Oil Using Nickel-based Catalyst: A Review

Abstract: Petroleum is the primary energy that is generally used throughout the world. Its non-renewable nature and exhaust gas emissions that can damage the environment are a concern for developing environmentally friendly renewable energy. Green diesel is an alternative energy to replace diesel fuel (diesel) from petroleum which has the potential to be developed. The raw material in palm oil has great potential for development due to its relatively high production. Green diesel synthesis can be carried out using the catalytic deoxygenation method. The type of raw material, catalyst, and process conditions influences this method. The catalyst is the most influential factor in catalytic deoxygenation. Transition metal catalysts like nickel are inexpensive and have good catalytic activity like precious metals. Catalytic activity can be increased by modifying the catalyst components and optimizing the process. Modification of the catalyst can increase the surface area, Lewis and Bronsted sites, and crystal size so that the resulting green diesel can be maximized, such as Ni-Co, Ni-Zn, and Ni-Mo bimetallic catalysts.

Biotechnological-Based Production of Bio-Oil and Vegetable Oil

Abstract: Bio-oil or bio-petrol complex composition contains lignocellulosic biomass chemical products. This is the direct result of the biomass thermal decomposition; its structure is very similar to the fossil-based petrol. On the other hand, vegetable oil possesses characteristics comparable to conventional diesel ones. Vegetable oils in diesel engines lead to significant reductions in sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, smog, and noise emissions. For bio-oil and vegetable oil production microalgae-controlled cultures known as potential raw materials are used for biofuel production due to their lipid high content. By means of a photosynthetic process, microalgae produce sugars for its structure as well as vegetable oils, these last ones are leveraged as biofuels. In this chapter, processes related to the obtaining of bio-oil and vegetable oil, the processes stages, their advantages, disadvantages including their potential and real-life applications (airlines) as biofuels. This chapter also includes the processes under which cooking oil is subjected to provide insights on some efforts made these days to incorporate it into the biofuels market.

Selectivity of reaction pathways for green diesel production towards biojet fuel applications

Abstract: Green diesel is the second generation biofuel with the same structure as fossil fuels (alkanes), allowing this biofuel to provide excellent fuel properties over biodiesel such as higher energy content and lower hazardous gas emission. Generally, green diesel can be produced through the deoxygenation/hydrogenation of natural oil and/or its derivatives at 200–400 °C and 1–10 MPa over supported metal catalysts. This process comprises of three reaction pathways: hydrodeoxygenation, decarboxylation, and decarbonylation. The extent to which these three different pathways are involved is strongly influenced by the catalyst, pressure, and temperature. Subsequently, the determination of catalyst and reaction condition plays a significant role owing to the feasibility of the process and the economic point of view. This article emphasizes the reaction pathway of green diesel production as well as the parameters influencing the predominant reaction route.

Production environmentally friendly diesel fuel based on dearomatized diesel fraction and butyl esters of fatty acids of sunflower oil

Abstract: Currently, special attention is paid to the environmental performance of fuels, because, the ever-increasing quantity of transport leads to an increase in the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere. In particular, for the introduction of environmentally friendly technologies for the production of diesel fuels, first of all, it is necessary to obtain diesel fuel with a low content of sulfur, nitrogen and polycyclic aromatic compounds, which requires the processes of hydrotreating, hydrocracking and hydrodearomatization are carried out, which require significant economic costs. The presented article considers an alternative process for reducing the content of harmful substances, in particular aromatic compounds in the composition of diesel fuel. The process of dearomatization of the diesel fraction was carried out using N-methylpyrrolidone as an extractant at a ratio of extractant : diesel fraction 2:1 for 6 hours. The physicochemical properties of the dearomatized diesel fraction have been studied. In the resulting dearomatized diesel fraction, the sulfur content decreased to 0.0220%, and the content of aromatic compounds to 0%, in addition, the fractional composition is facilitated, the density and viscosity decrease. In order to replenish the resource of diesel fuel, oxygen-containing additives were added to the dearomatized diesel fraction - butyl esters of fatty acids of sunflower oil in an quantity of 5-10%, and the physicochemical properties of the resulting compounds were studied. It was revealed that the addition of butyl esters of fatty acids of sunflower oil to the composition of the dearomatized diesel fraction favorably affects the quality indicators of the obtained compounds. So, there is an increase in the flash point by 6°C and the cetane number by 4-5 points, and the sulfur content decreases to 0.0198%. In addition, the diameter of the wear scar decreases by about 2 times and for a 5% compound it is 0.430 mm, and for a 10% compound it is 0.370 mm, which meets the modern requirements of the standard. Thus, obtaining environmentally friendly diesel fuel is possible by dearomatization of the diesel fraction with the subsequent addition of butyl esters of fatty acids of sunflower oil, which can be recommended as a multifunctional additive to diesel fuels.

Investigating the Effect of a Diesel–Refined Crude Palm Oil Methyl Ester–Hydrous Ethanol Blend on the Performance and Emissions of an Unmodified Direct Injection Diesel Engine

Abstract: In this research, the optimum condition for the production of refined crude palm oil methyl ester from refined crude palm oil was investigated using the response surface method via the transesterification reaction in a batch process. The refined crude palm oil was obtained by vacuum distillation of crude palm oil to extract some of the free fatty acids from the oil, providing nutritional benefits and reducing the chemical consumption of the production process. The purity of methyl ester in the refined crude palm oil methyl ester was studied to adjust four independent variables: methanol content (11–23 vol %), concentration of potassium hydroxide (4–12 g/L), stirrer speed (100–500 rpm), and reaction time (9–45 min). The results showed that methyl ester had a purity of 96.91 wt % when synthesized under optimal conditions of 18.2 vol % methanol, a potassium hydroxide concentration of 10.0 g/L, a stirring speed of 380 rpm, and a reaction time of 36.4 min at 60 °C. Refined crude palm oil methyl ester was blended with diesel and ethanol to study the feasibility of using the diesel–refined crude palm oil methyl ester–hydrous ethanol blend in an unmodified diesel engine. A comparative study of fuel properties, emissions, and performance of the diesel–refined crude palm oil methyl ester–ethanol blend was used to assess the feasibility of fuel blends (D40RM50E10, D30RM60E10, D20RM70E10, and D10RM80E10) in diesel engines at various engine speeds and loads. The results showed that the D40RM50E10 blend provided the closest performance to diesel and was environmentally friendly, as it provided nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide emissions 32 and 55% lower than those with diesel, respectively. The test results indicated that the diesel–refined crude palm oil methyl ester–hydrous ethanol blend is an attractive alternative fuel in agricultural engines that reduces diesel consumption and benefits farmers and rural communities.

Experimental Investigations on Exhaust Emissions of Insulated Engine Fuelled with Acetylene, Cottonseed biodiesel Mixtures

Abstract: In the context of exhaustion of fossil fuels day by day due to heavy demand with the use of agriculture sector and transport sector, escalation of fuel prices in International Oil Market causing huge economic burden on developing countries like India and rise of pollution levels with fossil fuel, the conservation of fossil fuels has become pertinent. Gaseous fuels have many merits over liquid fuels, as the pollutants emitted by gaseous fuels are low due to clean combustion, high calorific value in comparison with liquid fuels. Vegetable oils are good substitutes for diesel, as they are renewable, comparable calorific value and cetane (meausre of combustion quality) number when compared with neat diesel operation. However, the disadvantages associated with vegetable oils such as high viscosity and low volatility cause combustion problems in diesel engines. They can be rectified to some extent by converting them into biodiesel. In this experiment, cottonseed oil was used as alternative fuel for diesel fuel, as India is second producer of Cottonseed oil in the world. The drawbacks associated with vegetable oil were overcome, by adopting the principle of low heat rejection (LHR) consisted of air gap insulated piston engine. Investigations were carried out with Acetylene gas as primary fuel inducted by port injection and cottonseed oil blended with optimum quantity (20%) diethyl ether (DEE) was injected into the engine in conventional manner. Particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon mono oxide (CO) levels and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) are the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. They cause health hazards, once they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental effects like Green-house effect and Global Warming. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate effect and an urgent step. The pollutants of PM, NOx , CO and UBHC were determined at full load operation of the engine with varied injection pressure and compared with test fuel on conventional engine. The maximum induction of Acetylene gas was 35%, with CE, while it was 45% with LHR engine of total mass of diesel as full load operation. Particulate emissions were determined by AVL Smoke meter, while other emissions were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi-gas analyzer at full load operation. These pollutants were drastically reduced with induction of Acetylene gasand further reduced with an increase of injection pressure.

Oil Extraction from Microalgae, Its Performance and Emission Analyses in Diesel Engine using Different Blending Mixtures with Fossil Diesel

Abstract: Reserves of fossil fuels are depleting gradually and non-renewable in nature. This influences the researchers to identify new renewable and greener alternative fuel for IC engine. Current paper is focussed on microalgae cultivation, oil extraction and its blends with fossil diesel for diesel engines performance analysis. Extraction of oil from microalgae biomass is done by Soxhlet apparatus and then converted into biodiesel by transesterification. Prepared blends are named as MBD10 (diesel 90%, microalgae biodiesel 10%), MBD15 (diesel 85%, microalgae biodiesel 15%), MBD20 (diesel 80%, microalgae biodiesel 20%), MBD25 (diesel 75%, microalgae biodiesel 25%), MBD30 (diesel 70%, microalgae biodiesel 30%) and MBD35 (diesel 65%, microalgae biodiesel 35%), respectively. Prepared blend performance analysis is done on single-cylinder 4-stroke, diesel engine test rig. Experiment reveals that 1 kg dry algae is obtained from 15 kg of green grown microalgae and 2 kg of dry microalgae powder is given 250 ml of crude algae oil. BTE is obtained as 32.11% for MBD0, 31.48% for MBD10, 30.83% for MBD15, 30.21% for MBD20, 29.47% for MBD25, 28.64% for MBD30 and 27.58% for MBD35 at maximum loading. Finally, significant decrement is found in hydrocarbon (HC) and sulphur oxides (SOx) emissions as compared to diesel with increase in load.

Comparative analysis of palm kernel and waste cooking oils for biodiesel production as an alternative fuel to conventional diesel fuel

Abstract: The steady depletion of non-renewable energy (fossil fuel) and its environmental concerns has made biodiesel one of the promising alternative fuels to meet energy demands, leading to increased production. However, using certain crops such as palm fruit (palm oil) for biofuel production contributes to food shortage in the global market. Hence, attention has been focused on the use of non-food raw materials and by-products such as vegetable waste oils. This study comparatively determined the suitability of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil (WCO) and palm kernel oil (PKO) as alternative fuels, considering their acid value, viscosity, free fatty acid (FFA), biodiesel yield, and density. The reaction was carried out at 65 °C with a residence time of 90 mins for both oils. The PKO yielded 67.44 % biodiesel as compared to 53.82 % for WCO. At 40 °C, the viscosity of the WCO biodiesel was 38 % higher than the viscosity of the PKO; however, both met the required American Standard for Testing Materials (ASTM) and European standards for biofuels. The PKO showed the highest reduction in acid value by 98.1 %. The densities for the biodiesels were 0.90 mg/mL for WCO and 0.89 mg/mL for PKO. The PKO biodiesel showed better characteristics than WCO biodiesel, making it a better alternative and blend fuel for conventional diesel fuel. However, WCO biodiesel has the potential to fully replace petroleum diesel as it meets most of the required standards and reduces the competition between food and fuel.

Fresh and Aged Organic Aerosol Emissions from Renewable Diesel-Like Fuels HVO and RME in a Heavy-Duty Compression Ignition Engine

Abstract: A modern diesel engine is a reliable and efficient mean of producing power. A way to reduce harmful exhaust and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and secure the sources of energy is to develop technology for an efficient diesel engine operation independent of fossil fuels. Renewable diesel fuels are compatible with diesel engines without any major modifications. Rapeseed oil methyl esters (RME) and other fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are commonly used in low level blends with diesel. Lately, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) produced from vegetable oil and waste fat has found its way into the automotive market, being approved for use in diesel engines by several leading vehicle manufacturers, either in its pure form or in a mixture with the fossil diesel to improve the overall environmental footprint. There is a lack of data on how renewable fuels change the semi-volatile organic fraction of exhaust emissions. In order to characterize and explain the difference in exhaust emissions from fossil diesel, HVO and RME fuels, particulate matter (PM) emissions were sampled at two exhaust positions of an experimental single cylinder Scania D13 heavy-duty (HD) diesel engine: at the exhaust manifold, and after a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). Advanced analyzing techniques were used to characterize the composition of the organic PM. Special attention was paid to an operating point at 18% intake oxygen level with constant engine operating conditions where the emission level of nitrogen oxides (NOx) was low, and carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbon (THC) were relatively low. On-line aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) suggests that the chemical composition of the organic aerosols (OAs) was similar for HVO and diesel. However, RME both reduced the OA emissions and changed the composition with evidence for fuel signatures in the mass spectra. When the emissions were aged in an oxidation flow reactor to simulate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the atmosphere, it was found that OA concentration strongly increased for all fuels. However, SOA formation was substantially lower for RME compared to the other fuels. The DOC strongly reduced primary organic emissions in both the gas (THC) and particle phase (OA) and only marginally affected OA composition. The DOC was also effective in reducing secondary organic aerosol formation upon atmospheric aging.

Development and Performance Evaluation of Catalyst for Productive Ethylene Cracking Feedstock in Selective Hydrocracking of Straight Run Diesel Oil

Abstract: The upgrading of diesel oil to produce ethylene rich cracking feedstock is an important and promising technical route to reduce the ratio of diesel to gasoline. In the present work, a hydrocracking catalyst suitable for selective hydrocracking of straight run diesel oil to produce high-quality ethylene cracking feedstock at low cost was developed, by optimizing the composition of catalyst support materials, using amorphous silicon aluminum and aluminum oxide with high mesopore content as the main support, and modified Y zeolite with excellent aromatic ring opening selectivity as the acidic component. The catalyst has in-depth characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, N2-low temperature adsorption-desorption, NH3-temperature-programmed desorption, and IR techniques. And its catalytic cracking straight run diesel oil performance was evaluated. The results show that the prepared catalyst has high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ring opening cracking selectivity. However, alkanes retained in diesel distillates can achieve the goal of producing more ethylene cracking feedstocks with low BMCI value under low and moderate pressure conditions. This work may shed significant technical insight for oil refining transformation.

A review of bio-kerosene and biodiesel existed production technologies

Abstract: Concerns about the environmental effect of anthropocentric greenhouse gas emissions and the depletion of global crude oil reserves are driving global initiatives to discover renewable energy sources for the transportation sector. Biodiesel derived from renewable sources (vegetable oil and animal fats) has been widely accepted as an adequate substitute for petroleum-based diesel fuel in daily transport vehicles around the world because it is a renewable fuel, biodegradable, non-toxic, has almost no sulphur content, and is an environmentally friendly alternative to diesel fuel. Vegetable oils are now being investigated as input feedstocks for bio-kerosene via hydrotreating and transesterification processes. However, hydrotreatmentsseemcostly and unpleasant practice. Transesterification appears to be a more cost-effective option.Researchers in the letriture have not paid much attention to the combination of bio-kerosen and biodiesel fuel generation so far. Therefore the present study examined several biodiesel production systems, including an overview of the employed feedstocks and recent improvements in their related catalytic facilities. The current study is a good tool for novices to learn biodiesel and the limits related to its manufacturing.

Investigation of the Usability of Biodiesel from Horse Oil in Diesel Engines

Abstract: Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel produced from animal and vegetable oils. As an alternative and ecologically acceptable substitute for conventional fuel, biodiesel is produced from a wide variety of edible vegetable oils that are usually used for human consumption and whose prices are expected to rise in the future. In this context, reliable and low-cost raw materials are gaining increasing interest for biodiesel production, such as by-products of meat processing industries or waste animal fats. Biodiesel production from waste animal fat, and raw food does not compete with the industry and has a great potential for waste caused by the global decline. In our study, a potential alternative fuel was produced for diesel engines by using the non-food-grade fat portion of horse meat consumed in Middle Asia countries. Solid crude horse oil was liquefied, and its fatty acid components were analyzed and transformed into horse oil biodiesel by the transesterification method. It was determined whether the fuel properties of crude horse oil, horse oil biodiesel, and euro diesel fuel comply with the standard values, and their usability in diesel engines was investigated. As a result of the tests, it has been concluded that horse oil biodiesel does not meet the standards in terms of cold flow properties and can only be used at a rate of low volumetric ratios in diesel engines. This article will contribute to the use of horse oil biodiesel production stages and fuel properties in diesel engines and future studies.

Hydrodeoxygenation of safflower oil over cobalt-doped metal oxide catalysts for bio-aviation fuel production

Abstract: The catalytic hydrodeoxygenation process provides an alternative route for the production of renewable jet fuel, which can directly replace petroleum-derived hydrocarbons. To this end, the catalytic performance of Co-based catalysts supported by different metal oxides, γ-Al2O3, TiO2, ZnO and ZrO2 was tested to evaluate their catalytic activity and product selectivity in hydrodeoxygenation of safflower oil. The results indicated that catalytic performance changed in response to acidity, morphologies and particle size of catalysts. Benefiting from these combined characteristics, Co/ZnO catalyst exhibited a highly catalytic activity, being capable of producing jet fuel-range hydrocarbon selectivity of 65.96% under reaction parameters of 350 °C of reaction temperature, 8 h of reaction time and 75 bar of H2 initial pressure. In addition to superior activity, the coke content of Co/ZnO was much lower compared to other employed catalysts thereby affecting the stability of the catalyst and resulting in less deactivation and coke formation.

Transesterification and Hydrotreating Reactions of Rice Bran Oil for Bio-Hydrogenated Diesel Production

Abstract: Two different methods of production of bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD), simply called green diesel from rice bran oil (RBO), were performed. In the first route, a direct hydrotreating reaction of RBO to BHD catalysed by Pd/Al2O3 was performed in a high-pressure batch reactor. Operating conditions were investigated as follows: catalyst loading (0.5 to 1.5% wt.), temperature (325 to 400 °C), initial hydrogen (H2) pressure (40 to 60 bar) and reaction time (30 to 90 min). The optimal condition was obtained at 1% wt catalyst loading, 350 °C, 40 bar H2 pressure and 60 min. Yields of crude/refined biofuels and BHD achieved were approximately 98%, 81.71% and 73.71%, respectively. In another route, transesterification together with hydrotreating reactions of rice bran methyl ester (RBME) to BHD was performed using the optimal conditions obtained from the first route. The amount of 98% crude biofuel was obtained and was equivalent to production yields of refined biofuel (85.71%) and BHD (68.51%). Furthermore, physical and chemical properties of both RBO/RBME green diesel were also considered following ASTM standard methods. In summary, both catalytic reactions were achieved in the range of a low-speed industrial diesel and were further recommended for BHD or green diesel production from RBO.

Analysis of vegetable oil refining technology

Abstract: Innovative technologies for refining vegetable oils are presented, as well as the qualitative characteristics of raw vegetable oils obtained by extraction and mechanical methods. A general review of the chemical composition and impurities of vegetable oils resulting from the reaction between glycerol and fatty acids is carried out, and a brief review of the study to determine the effect of refining on biologically active components.

Nickel/Biochar from Palm Leaves Waste as Selective Catalyst for Producing Green Diesel by Hydrodeoxygenation of Vegetable Oil

Abstract: The objective of this research was to prepare low-cost catalyst for green diesel conversion from vegetable oil. The catalyst of nickel-dispersed biochar (Ni/BC) was prepared by direct pyrolysis of nickel precursor with palm leaves waste under N2 stream at 500 °C. The obtained catalyst was examined by using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive x-ray, transmission electron microscopy, gas sorption analysis, FTIR and surface acidity examination. The catalytic activity testing was performed on rice bran oil hydrodeoxygenation at varied temperature and time of reaction. Based on analyses, the results showed the successful preparation of Ni/BC with the characteristic of single nickel nanoparticles decorated on surface. The increasing specific surface area of material was conclusively remarked the surface area enhancement by nickel dispersion along with the increased surface acidity, suggesting that the material can be applied for acid catalysis applications. The Ni/BC exhibited excellent catalytic conversion of rice bran oil with the high selectivity toward diesel fraction with 85.3% yield and 92.6% selectivity. Copyright © 2023 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Factors Affecting on Process of Synthesizing Biodiesel and Arranging Production Steps: a Review Study

Abstract: Biodiesel is a recycled and biological fatty acid ester manufactured from animal fat, used cooking oil, botanical oil, and algae. Biodiesel is a viable replacement and more environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative for diesel oil since it is made from renewable resources and has qualities similar to diesel oil. When producing biodiesel from renewable resources, the trans-esterification method is utilized. This method manufactures fatty acid alkyl ester (biodiesel) and crude glycerol, which is accomplished by replacing the organic group (alkyl) of alcohol with the organic group of the primary triglyceride component of the raw materials. When the biodiesel specifications meet the global standard established by the European Union's EN14214 or the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) for alternative fuels, it can be used in its purest form, known as B100 or blended with petroleum diesel at any concentration. B100 is the purest form of biodiesel. The temperature of the reaction, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol used, type of catalyst utilized and the concentration of the catalyst are all parameters that must be considered during the biodiesel synthesis process. Moreover, the amount of time that the reaction is allowed to continue, the existence of humidity, and the amount of free fatty acids also significantly influence the production process. To minimize the costs of producing biodiesel, selecting the most effective methods is essential.