Showing papers on "Vertical displacement published in 1998"

A new approach to 3-D ray tracing for propagation prediction in cities

Abstract: A vertical-plane-launch (VPL) technique for approximating a full three dimensional (3-D) site-specific ray trace to predict propagation effects in cities for frequencies in the 300 MHz-3-GHz band is described and its predictions are compared with measurements for Rosslyn, VA. The VPL technique employs the standard shoot and bounce method in the horizontal plane while using a deterministic approach to find the vertical displacement of the unfolded ray paths. This approximation is valid since building walls are almost always vertical. The VPL method shows significant improvement compared with the slant-plane/vertical-plane (SP/VP) method for rooftop antennas. For a base station located at street level, the VPL method gives better predictions than the two-dimensional (2-D) method in locations where propagation over buildings is significant.

The vertical displacement of the center of mass during walking: a comparison of four measurement methods.

Abstract: Measuring the vertical displacement of the center of mass (COM) of the body during walking may provide useful information about the energy required to walk. Four methods of varying complexity to estimate the vertical displacement of the COM were compared in 25 able-bodied, female subjects. The first method, the sacral marker method, utilized an external marker on the sacrum as representative of the COM of the body. The second method, the reconstructed pelvis method, which also utilized a marker over the sacrum, theoretically controlled for pelvic tilt motion. The third method, the segmental analysis method, involved measuring motion of the trunk and limb segments. The fourth method, the forceplate method, involved estimating the COM displacement from ground reaction force measurements. A two-tailed paired t-test within an ANOVA showed no statistically significant difference between the sacral marker and the reconstructed pelvis methods (p = 0.839). There was also no statistically significant difference between the sacral marker and the segmental analysis method (p = 0.119) or between the reconstructed pelvis and the segmental analysis method (p = 0.174). It follows that the first method, which is the most simple, can provide essentially the same estimate of the vertical displacement of the COM as the more complicated second and third measures. The forceplate method produced data with a lower range and a different distribution than the other three methods. There was a statistically significant difference between the forceplate method and the other methods (p < 0.01 for each of the three comparisons). The forceplate method provides information that is statistically significantly different from the results of the kinematic methods. The magnitude of the difference is large enough to be physiologically significant and further studies to define the sources of the differences and the relative validity of the two approaches are warranted.

Paleoseismicity of the 1981 Corinth earthquake fault: Seismic contribution to extensional strain in central Greece and implications for seismic hazard

Abstract: We present paleoseismological trenching results for the active Skinos Fault, which ruptured the surface on the Alkyonides Gulf basin margin in the 1981 Gulf of Corinth earthquake sequence. Three trenches expose evidence of up to six previous events which are comparable to the 1981 deformation in terms of size and geometry. Vertical displacement produced by the 1981 earthquake ranged from 0.45 to 1.3 m at the Bambakies Fan trench sites, decreasing towards the eastern fault tip east of the trenches. Trench 1 reveals two previous events with vertical displacements between 0.5 and 1.2 m since 390 A.D. Trench 2 reveals five or six previous events, but these are not dated. Trench 3 reveals four previous events since 670 A.D. Vertical displacements associated with interpreted paleoearthquakes at the trench sites are ≤1.2 m. The recurrence interval on the Skinos Fault is estimated to average 330 years. However, significant variation in recurrence interval is allowed by the available radiometric dates. Average vertical displacement rates derived from the trenches are in the range 0.7–2.5 mm/yr. A similar long-term average vertical displacement rate of 1.2–2.3 mm/yr is estimated for the lifespan of the basin-bounding fault. This equates to a horizontal seismic strain contribution of ≤2.5 mm/yr from the Skinos Fault. This local seismic strain rate overlaps, within error, with geodetically determined velocities across the Alkyonides Gulf assumed to represent uniform deep-crustal strain. Thus seismic deformation on the basin-bounding fault system may take up the major part of extension across the basin, and aseismic strain is not necessitated by the data. If correct, this would imply that geodetically determined strain rates may be used as a proxy for potential seismic moment release in seismic hazard analyses for this region.

Flows and Horizontal Displacements from Ring Diagrams

Abstract: A new algorithm for analyzing ring diagrams from helioseismic data is presented. This method is applied to two months of Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Michelson Doppler Imager data from 1996 May 24 through July 24 to study flows and to measure the ratio of the horizontal displacement to the vertical displacement for the oscillations. We find that (1) the rotation rate agrees well with that measured from global modes, extending the measurements closer to the surface; (2) there is a 20 m s-1 poleward meridional flow; (3) there are medium-scale velocity features persisting for several days; (4) the radial gradient of the near surface rotation rate decreases with latitude; and (5) meridional flow decreases with depth. The measured horizontal-to-vertical displacement ratio is in agreement with that expected from theoretical considerations.

Vertical Deflection of a Pre-Stressed Concrete Bridge Obtained Using Deformation Sensors and Inclinometer Measurements

Abstract: The serviceability of a bridge is generally analyzed by a comparison between the vertical deflections expected by the engineer and those measured during a load test or in the long term. The existing methods do not allow the determination of the vertical displacements from the measurements carried out by a network of deformation sensors placed inside the bridge. The mathematical model presented allows the determination of the displacement field from internal horizontal deformation measurements and helps in the design of the required sensor network. This model was tested on an experimental model and on the Lutrive Highway Bridge in Switzerland by comparing the changes in vertical displacements under daily temperature variations obtained with the proposed method, with those measured directly using an absolute hydrostatic leveling system. Fiber optic deformation sensors and electrical inclinometers were used to carry out the measurements. With this deformation monitoring system, featuring a precision of 10 micrometers on 1 m long deformation sensors, it is possible to retrieve the vertical displacement field of a beam with a global error less than 8%.

Analogue modeling of faulting pattern, ductile deformation, and vertical motion in strike‐slip fault zones

Abstract: The relationship between faulting, ductile deformation, and vertical displacement in provinces of strike-slip faults were analyzed using analogue modeling. The described experiment considered a two-layer, small-scale model for the lithosphere, set on a low-viscosity fluid that allowed free isostatic compensation. The development of the faults and their orientation follow generally Riedel's model, but fault spacing depends on the thickness of the brittle layer, and lateral displacement of the brittle layer was associated with series of deep, elongated depressions that developed along the trace of the principal strike-slip fault. The depressions correspond to local thinning of the brittle layer, and the amount of thinning is more than 60% in places. The underlying ductile layer displayed two types of superimposed deformation, namely a series of tight, parallel folds, occurring on top of elongated domes. The folds are attributed to the compressive component of the strike-slip displacement, and the updoming to the extensional component. The elongated domes are located beneath the superficial depressions, and the deeper troughs underlie shallow uplifted structures in the deformed band. Significant vertical motion was observed along faults that are considered as perfectly strike-slip faults, according to the classical Riedel model. The thinning of the brittle layer, and the deep deformation of the ductile layer, are in good agreement with actual examples of pull-apart basins and elongated swells in large strike-slip zones. A new structural pattern developed during strike-slip shear is proposed, relating the geometrical relationships between faults, folds, and elongated domes to the stress axes.

Thermoelastic and thermoplastic response of a double‐layer porous space containing a decaying heat source

Abstract: Solutions are presented for the behaviour of a layered porous space which contains a decaying heat source. Such a problem arises when high-level nuclear waste is placed in deep underground depositories in deep clayey formations of sedimentary basins. The geometry of the problem is one dimensional and the porous space is constituted by two layers: a deep low permeability layer which contains the nuclear waste disposal and a superficial layer. The solution is used to examine the effects of contrasts of permeability, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacities between the two layers on the large-scale behaviour of the porous space. Results are presented, using realistic data, for the pore pressure and temperature evolution at the heat source centre, and for the vertical displacement of the ground level. The superficial layer has no significant effects on pore pressure, temperature and stress evolution near the heat source centre. The vertical displacement of the ground level is mainly due to the thermal dilatation of the pore water, so it decreases with an increasing of permeability of the superficial layer. The solution of the time-dependent problem is carried out by applying Laplace transforms to the field variables, obtaining solutions and then using numerical methods to invert the transformed solutions. Comparisons with numerical simulations taking into account the non-linear and non-reversible behaviour of the rock mass are presented. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Non-destructive evaluation of geological material structures

Abstract: A portable system for non-destructive evaluation of geological material structures comprises an impact device which impacts a spherical surfaced member against the surface of the structure. A vertical displacement transducer and a horizontal displacement transducer detect reflected signals from an interface of the structure, the signals being processed to give a indication of the depth of the interface from the surface of the interface and also provide an evaluation of the physical properties of the structure.

Development of instruments for seafloor geodesy

Abstract: We have developed systems for measuring differential displacements across a fault zone, and examined their resolutions through seafloor experiments at relatively short baselines. A system for a seafloor extensometer makes use of precise acoustic ranging with a linear pulse compression technique. The system has a resolution better than 1 cm in acoustic ranging over a baseline of at least 1 km. The most critical problem is correction for temperature variations, and we estimate that the effect can be corrected with cm-order accuracy in the case of a deep-sea experiment. We have also examined a leveling system on the seafloor using an array of ocean bottom pressure gauges and an ocean bottom gravimeter to detect differential vertical motion. The system is estimated to have a resolution of several centimeters in vertical displacement. These system will be useful for triangulation and leveling on the seafloor, but we need further studies over a longer baseline and to achieve better long-term stability.

Vertical Displacement of Bridges using the SOFO 1 System: a Fiber Optic Monitoring Method for Structures

Abstract: In many bridges, the vertical displacements are the most relevant parameters to be monitored in both the short and long term. Current methods (such as triangulation , water levels or mechanical extensometers…) are often tedious to use and require the intervention of specialised operators. The resulting complexity and costs limit the temporal frequency of these traditional measurements. The spatial resolution obtained is in general low and only the presence of anomalies in the global structural behaviour can be detected and warrant a deeper and mo re precise evaluation. To measure bridge vertical displacements at low cost and frequently in time, one solution consists of installing a network of fiber optic sensors during concrete pouring or installing them on the surface of the structure. By subdivi ding the whole structure into structural elements and those elements into cells that are analysed by the sensors, it is possible to obtain information about the average cell deformation (e.g., mean curvature) that can then be combined to obtain the global structural displacement field. This measurement methodology was applied to the Lutrive Highway Bridge in Switzerland in order to measure the variation in vertical bridge displacements due to a static load test. The results obtained using the low coherence interferometric sensors of the SOFO system were then compared with the displacements obtained through an optic levelling system. In the case of this cantilever bridge of 60 meters half-span equipped with 30 fiber optic sensors, a discrepancy of 7 % was obtained between the two measuring systems.

Active Fault Topography and Fault Outcrops in the Central Part of the Ulsan Fault System, Southeast Korea

Abstract: The Ulsan fault system situated in the southeastern part of Korean Peninsula marks the western range front of the Mt. Tohan (745.1 m) to the Sandae Peak (629.1 m) with the remarkable Ulsan fault scarp. This system extends with a N-S trend for a distance of more than 40 km. The NNE-SSW trending 200 km-long Yangsan fault and this Ulsan fault are recognized as the most important active faults on the Korean Peninsula.From interpretations of aerial photographs and detailed topographic maps, and field surveys along the central part of the Ulsan fault system, the major results are summarized as follows : 1. The Ulsan fault system extends in the direction of NNW-SSW to N-S and the trace is slightly sinuous (Fig. 1). The middle to higher river terrace surfaces on this system are displaced up thrown to the east side (Fig. 2). The streams and the ridges across this fault trace are not accompanied by systematic lateral displacement. The Ulsan fault system is a typical example of reverse faulting, considered from the behavior of fault outcrops (Figs. 3, 4, 5).2. The vertical displacements are about 5 m on the middle terrace, and about 15 m on the higher terrace from measurements of topographical cross-section across the fault scarplets. The cumulative vertical displacement is recognized during and after the formation of the terraces. The sense of vertical displacement of fluvial terraces coincides with the magnificent fault scarp. This mode of mountain-building movement has continued repeatedly at least since the middle of Quaternary.3. The terrace surfaces originated from the dissected fan surfaces in the late Quaternary. From geomorphic correlation, facies analysis, development of soil covering the terraces, and results of dating of humic material, etc., the ages of terrace surfaces are roughly estimated and the average slip rates of vertical displacement are measured to be about 0.1-0.08 mm/y.4. Fault outcrops are clearly observed along the Ulsan fault in this area. The shattered granite rocks thrust over the gravel deposits composing the middle terrace at the north bank of Sagok Pond, Malbang-ri, Wedong-eop, Kyeongju-gun, Kyeongsang-bukdo (Fig. 3-A, B). The fault strikes in the direction of N-S and dips eastward at an angle of 20-30°E. The shattered granite is in contact with the slightly weathered and deformed gravel at the northeast of Kaegok-ri settlement (Fig. 5).5. Liquefaction phenomena are observed within the upper horizon of the middle terrace deposits at the northwest of the Sagok Pond (Fig. 6).6. As the NNW-SSE (or N-S) trending Ulsan fault system is predominantly a reverse fault and NNE-SSW trending Yangsan fault system has been dislocated with a predominant right-lateral slip in the late Quaternary, it is estimated that this area is situated under the maximum horizontal stress field in the ENE-WSW (or E-W) direction.

Three-D deforming automatic follow monitoring method for arch dam

Abstract: A full-automatic tracking monitor method for 3-D deformation of arch dam features that the monitored points are set up on each of dam segments to measure the relative displacements of each monitored points, measuring the vertical displacements of this platform relative to upstreat and downstreat platform with vertical laser beam, ensuring no vertical displacement between adjacent platform with automatic leveling technique and no horizontal one between them with automatic photoelectric orientation, and using vector addition to find out the relative displacement of n to 0 (reference platform), derivating the displacement of each dam segment.

Method and apparatus for detecting railroad car derailment

Abstract: A method for detecting the velocity (v) of a railroad car (1) and a vertical acceleration (a) that occurs at the portion of a car body (2) above a spring device (6) of a bogie (3) while the car (1) is running on a track, and also extracting a component of the vertical acceleration (a) in a predetermined frequency range. The method decides that the car (1) has derailed when the absolute value of the vertical acceleration (a) in this frequency range exceeds a predetermined limit vertical acceleration (a1) corresponding to a predetermined velocity (v), or when a vertical displacement (d) calculated by double-integrating the vertical acceleration (a) for each predetermined evaluation time (T) is negative and its absolute value is greater than a reference value (dc).

Object detecting device

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reliably judge the vertical displacement of a detection region where electromagnetic waves are transmitted in an object detecting device using electromagnetic waves. SOLUTION: A detection region where electromagnetic waves are transmitted forward in the preceding direction from a vehicle to detect an obstacle such as a preceding vehicle is constituted of a first detection region DU slightly upward against the road surface and a second detection region DL slightly downward against the road surface, and the reflected waves of the first and second detection regions DU, DL are compared in reception intensity. When both reflected waves nearly coincide in reception intensity, the vertical direction angle of an object detecting device is judged to be adequate. When the reception intensity of the reflected waves of the upper first detection region DU is larger, the angle is judged as downward. When the reception intensity of the reflected waves of the lower second detection region DL, is larger, the angle is judged as upward, and the fitting angle of the object detecting device is automatically adjusted. COPYRIGHT: (C)2000,JPO

A planar unimorph-based actuator with large vertical displacement capability. I. Experiment

Abstract: A piezoelectric actuator utilizing a planar arrangement of unimorph elements that produces displacements perpendicular to the plane of the actuator is described. The elements are connected in series mechanically so that the vertical displacement of each element adds to the vertical displacements of the other elements. Two prototype actuators were built and tested. One was stick-built from individual bars of PZT and aluminum, which were epoxied together and connected to each other with short aluminum connector bars. The other was fabricated monolithically from a single plate of PZT by bead-blasting the PZT plate through a steel shadowmask to mill out the desired actuator shape. Copper bars epoxied to the milled-out PZT bars then formed the unimorph elements. The unloaded output displacement of each actuator versus applied voltage was measured as well as the displacement versus applied force with no applied voltage. These measurements were in agreement with the predictions of an electromechanical model of the actuator that has been developed. The model predicted and measurements verified that stiffeners can be added to the basic geometry that will significantly increase the force output without affecting the displacement versus applied voltage characteristic.

Seat for motor vehicle

Abstract: Means(6) are provided for vertical displacement of the seat back(3) and additionally shift the seat back opposite the direction of travel depending upon the force acting upon it. Deformation areas or plastically or elastically deforming elements(7) for reducing the crash energy acting upon the occupant of the seat are provided within the range of travel for displacement of the seat back. For height adjustment and/or rearwards displacement the seat back is connected to a releasable locking unit.

Method and device for predicting higher-order component of high-speed uniformity of tire and method for manufacturing the tire

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To predict high-speed uniformity in a short time. SOLUTION: With a load imposed on one tire in the same batch, the tire is brought into contact with a drum to which a cleat 12 is installed, and the drum is rotated to measure the vertical axial force Fz of the tire by an axial force sensor 16A and to measure the vertical displacement X of the tire axis with respect to the surface of the drum is measured by a displacement sensor 16B. Transfer characteristics Fz/X is computed as the vertical rigidity K (ω) of the tire at the time of rotation, and the absolute value and phase of the vertical rigidity K (ω) of the tire at the time of low speed and the absolute value and phase of the vertical rigidity K (ω) of the tire at the time of high speed are stored in a personal computer 20. Tires in the same batch are placed one by one at a low-speed uniformity machine 24 to measure low-speed RFV and RRO. On the basis of the measured low-speed RFV and RRO, the absolute value and phase of the vertical rigidity K (ω) of the tire at the time of low speed, and the absolute value and phase of the vertical rigidity K (ω) of the tire at the time of high speed. RFV at the time of high-speed is predicted.

Vibration-eliminating device, exposing device using it, manufacture of device and vibration-eliminating method

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To improve the balance between vibration-eliminating performance and vibration-damping performance by providing a first actuator generating force in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction and a second actuator generating force in one of the vertical direction and the horizontal direction on a vibration-eliminating device actively reducing the vibration of an object. SOLUTION: A vibration-eliminating base 1 mounted with a precision apparatus is supported by a vibration damping unit 50. The vibration damping unit 50 is provided with a vertical air actuator 21 applying vertical control force to the vibration-eliminating base 1, a horizontal air actuator 22 applying horizontal control force to the vibration-eliminating base 1, a vertical linear motor 31 applying horizontal control force to the vibration-eliminating base 1 and a horizontal linear motor 32 applying horizontal control force to the vibration- eliminating base 1. The actuators 21, 22 and linear motors 31, 32 are driven based on the signals of a vertical displacement detecting means 25a, a horizontal displacement detecting means 25b, a vertical vibration detecting means 26a and a horizontal vibration detecting means 26b, thereby the vibration of an object is actively reduced.

A planar unimorph-based actuator with large vertical displacement capability. II. Theory

Abstract: A piezoelectric actuator utilizing a planar trellis-like arrangement of multiple unimorph elements is described which produces displacements perpendicular to the plane of the actuator. The unimorph elements are connected in series mechanically so that the vertical displacement of each unimorph element in the structure adds to the vertical displacements of the other elements, resulting in a large overall vertical displacement at the output of the actuator. A simple electromechanical model of the actuator is developed. The model consists of a voltage-actuated force source, which is the result of the piezoelectric properties of the unimorph bars that make up the actuator, in parallel mechanically with a stiff spring that models the elastic response, both bending and twisting, of the unimorph elements. The long moment arms inherent in the geometry of the actuator make a substantial contribution to the overall compliance of the actuator. The addition of stiffeners to the actuator can significantly reduce the effect of these moment arms, and thus substantially increase the stiffness of the actuator. As a result, the force generation capability of the actuator is significantly increased without affecting its displacement capability.

Effects of removing concentric positioning on postglacial vertical displacement in the presence of lateral variation in lithospheric thickness

Abstract: In order to understand the effects of non-concentric positioning on postglacial rebound in the presence of lateral lithospheric thickness variations, vertical displacements are calculated for disc-like loads placed on non-axisymmetric earth models. Results show that removal of concentric positioning do not produce significant effects that can be resolved by relative sealevel data, and the edge of the ice load remains most sensitive to the effects of lateral heterogeneities. This implies that earlier results of axisymmetric models can be extended to fully 3D laterally heterogeneous models.

Pile head displacement measuring method and pile support force computing device

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To enable simple, safe and good accuracy measurement without special accessories such as a telephoto lens in pile head displacement measurement by camera photographing. SOLUTION: At the time of driving a pile 2 into the ground by a hydraulic pile hammer 1, a measurement mark 2a is provided on the surface of a pile 2 to be driven in, a reference mark 5 is provided on the ground surface adjacent thereto, these two marks are photographed by a CCD camera 3 substantially in the horizontal direction to capture both marks in the same collimation area, and the vertical displacement of each mark at the time of being static and driving is measured. Thus, the rebound amount and intrusion, amount by driving are calculated.

Apparatus and method for test of shear strength of bedrock in original position

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain an apparatus and a method in which the shear strength after the excavating operation of a bedrock whose stress is released by the excavating operation can be found precisely. SOLUTION: An apparatus 10 is provided with a shear ring 12, with a vertical-load loading mechanism 16, with a shear-load loading mechanism 18, with a vertical displacement meter 60 and with a shear displacement meter 62. A test piece which is cut off in an original position by excavating the circumference of a bedrock B to be tested is surrounded by the shear ring 12. The vertical-load loading mechanism 16 loads a vertical load to the test piece. The shear-load loading mechanism 18 loads a horizontal load to the shear ring 12 so as to load a shear load to the test piece. The displacement meters 60, 62 measure the vertical displacement amount and the shear displacement amount of the test piece. When the vertical load and the shear load which are loaded to the test piece are adjusted, the initial stress state of the bedrock B before its excavation and the state of the bedrock B whose stress is releaded after its excavation can be reproduced.

High pressure water jet cleaning of steam generator tube plate

Abstract: The water jet cleaning tool is introduced into the steam generator via an inspection port (20) and can be displaced in both a vertical and a horizontal direction. The arrangement (50,52,54) for the vertical and horizontal movement is fixed to the outside of the steam generator directly or via an interface (44) over the inspection port (20). The electric motor (50), that causes the vertical displacement, is fixed to a flange (46) and acts on a plate (52) that carries the device (54) that causes the horizontal displacement of the cleaning tool.

Wire discharge machining control device with taper machining correction feature

Abstract: A numerical control device for wire discharge machining equipped with a taper machining correction feature is provided so that accurate taper machining can be performed even when vertical displacement δ occurs in the effective support positions P1 and P2 of the wire guides 1 and 2 due to rigidity of the wire electrode 3. Theoretical wire inclination angle  is calculated based on horizontal wire movement command u, and vertical displacement δ corresponding to the inclination angle  is determined. Correction quantities necessary to eliminate displacement δ are determined, based on displacement δ and inclination angle , and correction quantities e are distributively output to wire guides, thereby causing wire inclination angle to coincide with command inclination angle .

Gravitational potential changes of a spherically symmetric earth model caused by a surface load

Abstract: We define load Love numbers and derive expressions of Green's functions for calculating the vertical displacement, potential and gravity changes for any r. Numerical calculations are carried out for the 1066A earth model. Load Love numbers are obtained for three depths: r = a, r = 6334.4 km and r = 3484 km. The results show that the load Love numbers inside the earth decrease very fast as n increases. The smaller the radial distance r, the faster is the decrease of the load Love numbers with n. The load Love numbers inside the earth for degrees 2 and 20 indicate that a low degree load Love number has a global contribution and varies gently in magnitude along the radius, while a high degree load Love number reflects a regional or even a local contribution and it decreases very fast as the depth increases. The Green's functions of vertical displacement, potential and gravity changes for above mentioned three depths are also numerically calculated. All the Green's functions show that a deformation in near field is much larger than that in far field and the whole earth deforms under a surface mass load.

Vibration-damping structure of building

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a vibration-damping structure, in which the quantity of deformation of a damper means to the quantity of displacement at a time when horizontal load by an earthquake is applied to a building is increased. SOLUTION: A first auxiliary frame 20 extracts the horizontal displacement of a beam 14 as vertical displacement, and is united with a column 10. A second auxiliary frame 22 extracts the horizontal displacement of the beam 14 as vertical displacement, and is combined with a column 12, and is placed at an interval from the auxiliary frame 20. A damper means 24 is arranged into the interval, and installed to the auxiliary frames 20, 22. The ratio of the sum of projection length to a horizontal plane of the first auxiliary frame and projection length to the horizontal plane of the second auxiliary frame to height from the upper side face of a lower beam 16 to the lower side face of the upper beam 14 is set at a value larger than 1.

High resolution force transducer

Abstract: The force (F) applied to the force transducer produces downward vertical displacement (d) of first force summing member (14) relative to second force summing member (12) fixed to stationery reference member (20) The beam members (16,18) undergo S-shaped deformations The beam deformations translate to angular displacements of the sensor members (28,30) about a point of inflection (26) defined in theupper beam member The simultaneous displacement of the two sensors increases the gap (44) of the second capitive sensors and closes the gap (42) of the first capacitive sensor