Showing papers on "Xylopia aethiopica published in 2017"

Anticancer Activities of African Medicinal Spices and Vegetables

Abstract: This chapter reports the ability of African medicinal spices and vegetables to tackle malignant diseases. The main in vitro cytotoxicity methods, such as 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), 2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT), (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) (MTS), resazurin assay, sulforhodamine B assay (SRB), and neutral red uptake assay are also discussed. Data were retrieved from published articles, available in scientific databases, such as Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Knowledge, related to African medicinal spices and vegetables, isolated compounds, and cancer cells. The most prominent cytotoxic extracts from spices and vegetables included Aframomum arundinaceum , Xylopia aethiopica , Echinops giganteus , Imperata cylindrica , Piper capense , Dorstenia psilurus , Zingiber officinale , Brassica rapa , Cleome gynandra , Colocasia esculenta , Corchorus olitorius , Moringa oleifera , Solanum nigrum , and Vigna unguiculata . The likely mode of action of reported extracts and compounds included induction of apoptosis, coupled to cell cycle arrest either in G0/G1 or between G0/G1 and S-phases in cancer cells, disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, generation of reactive oxygen species as well as activation of caspases enzymes.

Nutritional and anti-nutrient profiles of some Ghanaian spices

Abstract: Spices are generally consumed because of the taste and flavor they add to food. Some are also consumed because of their medicinal properties. We herein report on the nutrient and antinutrient compositions of five Ghanaian spices namely Xylopia aethiopica, Piper guineense, Monodora myristica, Aframomum melegueta and Parkia biglobosa. Nutritional composition was assessed by proximate analysis, minerals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry while titrimetric methods were utilized in vitamin C and antinutrients analysis. P. biglobosa was rich in proteins (38.60%) and had highest moisture content (32.79%). The highest levels of ash, fiber, fat and carbohydrates were observed P. guineense (11.90%), A. melegueta (31.12%), M. myristica (31.01%) and X. aethiopica (50.1%) respectively. Calorific values for all spices were between 243 and 402 kcal. Calcium, magnesium, potassium and iron were the most abundant minerals with levels ranging from 2.67 to 5,381.88 mg/kg. Zinc, copper and manganese were present i...

Comparison of the antioxidant activity, phytochemical and nutritional contents of two antihypertensive ethnomedicinal plants

Abstract: The fruits of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich and leaves of Persea americana (Mill.) are ethnomedicinally used in combination (1:10) as a remedy for the treatment of hypertension in southwest Nigeria. This study compared the antiradical activity, phytochemical and proximate components of the two plants, with a view to providing scientific information on the therapeutic properties and potential of the plants. The antioxidant activity of the samples was against 1, 1–diphenyl–2–picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. The phytochemical and proximate analyses were carried out using standard laboratory techniques. The plants showed varied antioxidant activity. X. aethiopica had 39.10 mg GAE/g polyphenol content and gave 67.43% inhibition against DPPH + whereas P. americana with 24.3 mg GAE/g polyphenol content had 48.3% inhibition against DPPH + . It was observed that there was direct relationship between polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of the plants. There were also significant variations in the chemical components of the plants. Quantitative phytochemical screening showed that alkaloids (1483.33 mg/100g), proanthocyanidins (16.17mg GAE/g), tannins (968.33 mg/100g) and anthraquinones (58.3 mg/100g) were higher in X. aethiopica than in P. americana . On the other hand, P. americana contained more flavonoids (777.67 mg/100g), cardiac glycosides (41.67 mg/100g) and saponins (610 mg/100g) than X. aethiopica . X. aethiopica was richer in ash (4.47%), fats (22.43%), crude fibre (12.47%), moisture content (10.23%) and energy (2716.30Kcal) than P. americana . However, P. americana had higher contents of crude protein (21.57%) and carbohydrates (50.73%). The observed antioxidant activity and chemical components of the two plants might be responsible for their therapeutic use as antihypertensive remedy. Keywords: Xylopia aethiopica , Persea americana , Antioxidant activity, Phytochemical components, nutritional

Effect of Ethanolic Extract from Seeds or Pods of Xylopia Aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich (Annonaceae) on the Testicular Function of Adult Male Rats.

Abstract: Xylopia aethiopica (Annonaceae) is used in some folk medicines and widely consumed as a spice in some parts of Nigeria. Its efficacy as an anti-androgenic substance has warranted the attention of African scholars. This study evaluated the enzymatic activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), sperm quality (motility, count, morphology), testosterone level and histo-pathological changes of the testis of rats chronically treated with ethanolic extract of the pods (without seeds), seeds, and fruits (pods + seeds) of Xylopia aethiopica. Male Wistar (224–246 g) rats were treated with the extract of the pods, seeds, and fruits of Xylopia aethiopica at the dose of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body wt. for 60 days. Serum biochemistry, sperm quality and histo-pathological examination of the testis were assessed for any treatment-related adverse effects. After treatment with Xylopia aethiopica, testosterone level was decreased dose-dependently in the animals treated with the seed extract compared to all other groups. The enzymatic activities of LDH and γ-GT were higher in rats treated with the seed and fruit extracts compared with those treated with the pods. The numbers of motile sperm, and counts were decreased while the numbers of sperm with morphological defects were higher in rats treated with the seed and fruit extracts compared to the control. Histopathological changes of the testis were also more severe in rats treated with the highest dose of the seed extract. We conclude that the compounds related to the anti-infertility effects of Xylopia aethiopica are present in the seeds.

GC-MS/FT-IR screening of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich Fruit

Abstract: The present study was aimed at identifying the functional groups and phyto-constituents present in Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A Rich fruit using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), spectroscopy. FTIR method was performed using Perkin Elmer Spectrophotometer and the characteristic peaks were detected. The phytochemical constituents were screened by GC-MS method and the compound detection employed the NIST Ver. 2.0 year 2005 library. The results of the GC-MS analysis showed different peaks determining the presence of 15 phytochemical compounds in the fruit extract of A. aetiopica. The phyto-constituents with their percentage areas include β-Ylangene(2.85%), 1,6-Cyclodecadiene, 1-methyl-5-methylene-8- (1-methylene)-, [s-(E,E)]- (1.71%); (-)-Spathulenol (1.23%);Trans-Z-α-Bisabolene epoxide (1.68%); n-Hexadecanoic acid (2.90%); Manoyl oxide (2.51%); Linoleic acid (8.14%); Oleic acid (3.13%); Cis-Z-α-Bisabolene (1.34%); Pimara-7,15-diene-3-one (8.86%); 1-Heptatricotanol (2.07%); Kaur-1b-ene (6.59%); β-Pimaric acid (36.39%); Doconexent (1.66%) and Androstan-17-one, 3-ethyl-3-hydroxyl-, (5a)- (17.48%). The result of the FTIR spectroscopic studies revealed the presence of arenes, alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, ethers, aromatics, aryl ketone, alkenes, saturated aldehyde and phenols. The findings of the study revealed that the GC-MS and FTIR spectral analyses of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich fruit extract composed of various bioactive compounds which have are used in ethnomedicine to treat and cure infections and diseases. Key words: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR), Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), phytochemical, Xylopia aethiopica.

In vitro antifungal activity of essential oils extracted from some plants of Tangawisi® products on Candida albicans

Abstract: This work aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of essential oils extracted from Tangawisi® plants on a strain of Candida albicans Nine plants were identified as aromatic plants contained in Tangawisi® products and their essential oil yield had being determined The extraction yield in essential oils of identified plants were respectively Piper guineense (494%), Monodora myristica (157%), Zingiber officinalis (131%), Xylopia aethiopica (123%), Securidaca longepedunculata (107%), Cyperus articulatus (059%), Aframomum melegueta (033%), Mangifera indica (016%) and Heinsia crinita (0,247%) TLC chromatographic profile showed that each essential had a characteristic fingerprint and compared to thymol and eugenol used as positive control, only Zingiber officinalis contains eugenol The diameter of the inhibition zone formed as a result of six of these essential oils is 6 mm for essential oils of Monodora myristica and Piper guineense, 933 mm for that of Cyperus articulatus, 1133 mm for the Xylopia aethiopica, 157 mm for that of Securidaca longepedunculata and 19 mm for the Zingiber officinalis oils The minimum fungistatic concentration on the strain of Candida albicans is 005% for essential oils of Securidaca longepedunculata, 0075% for Zingiber officinalis and Xylopia aethiopica and 05% for those of Monodora myristica, Piper guineense and Cyperus articulatus The essential minimum fungicidal concentration is 0075% for oil of Securidaca longepedunculata, 025% for that of Zingiber officinalis, 05% for that of Xylopia aethiopica, 1% for that of Monodora myristica, 25% for that of Cyperus articulatus and is greater than 35% for that of Piper guineense The essential oils of Securidaca longepedunculata, Zingiber officinalis and Monodora myristica have a fungicide power to the Candida albicans strain while those of Xylopia aethiopica, Cyperus articulatus and Piper guineense have a fungistatic one

Effects of substrates, different pretreatment protocols and dehydration on the induction of seeds germination of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich.

Abstract: Despite its socio-economic importance, the cultivation of Xylopia aethiopica is not popular owing to the difficulty in seed germination. As a step in its domestication process, investigations were undertaken on germination requirements and desiccation tolerance of seeds. Three substrates (forest top soil, river sand and a mixture of forest top soil and river sand) and 18 pre-germination treatments including a control (untreated seeds), a mechanical scarification, six heat treatments which were done by soaking seeds in hot water (100 °C) for different lengths of time, and ten acid scarifications which were done by soaking seeds in either sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid for different lengths of time were tested for their effect on seed germination. Results showed that mean percentage germination was higher on the mixture of forest top soil and river sand (29.4 ± 2.6%) than on other substrates tested. While untreated seeds and those soaked in hot water irrespective of the duration of treatment failed to germinate, seed dormancy was successfully broken by either mechanical or chemical scarification. Soaking seeds in either concentrated HCl or concentrated H 2 SO 2 for 5 min were the most effective treatments in breaking dormancy, with 80 ± 6.3% and 70 ± 6.3% mean germination recorded respectively. The desiccation tolerance test showed that X. aethiopica seeds are desiccation-tolerant and their storage behaviour is orthodox. This study shows that for propagating X. aethiopica from seeds, it is recommended that fresh or dried seeds be soaked in either concentrated HCl or concentrated H 2 SO 4 for 5 min, and that seeding be done in substrate composed of a mixture of forest top soil and river sand in a 1:1 (v/v) ratio. Keywords : Spice tree, domestication, seed dormancy, scarification, desiccation tolerance.

Importance Socio-Économique De Xylopia Aethiopica (Dun) A. Rich. Pour Les Populations Du Sud-Bénin

Abstract: Xylopia aethiopica is a multi-purpose Non Timber Forest Product (NTFP) which products are consumed across Africa. This study aimed at generating useful information to support the sustainable management of Xylopia aethiopica in southern Benin. A survey was carried out to interview 122 stakeholders, including consumers and traders. Data were collected on the consumption of Xylopia aethiopica products, the income generated by their marketing, and the management the species trees by local people. As results, the species was mainly used in traditional medicine. Other forms of consumption included: spiritual rituals, fuelwood, food, and construction timber. Among Xylopia aethiopica products, the fruits were the most commercialized. The stakeholders operating in the commercialization system were: collectors, processors-wholesalers, and retailers. The gross margin per 100 kg of fruits averaged XOF 4500 for collectors and processors- wholesalers, and XOF 2500 for retailers. Xylopia aethiopica trees were privately managed based on land ownership. Given the decrease of the species, because of over-exploitation and cultural beliefs, the sensitizing of local people and the promotion of domestication are expected to support its conservation

Antibacterial Screening of Two Indigenous Nigerian Spices; Piper guineense and Xylopia aethiopica

Abstract: Leaf and fruit extracts of Piper guineense and Xylopia aethiopica were respectively evaluated for their antibacterial activities against two (2) organisms; Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibacterial activity was measured by agar well diffusion method using 8 mm diameter cork borer. All the extracts except hot aqueous extract of P. guineense leaves showed antibacterial activity against the test bacterial isolates. Cold aqueous extract of X. aethiopica did not exhibit antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, also hot aqueous extract of X. aethiopica did not exhibit antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. The ethanolic extracts of P. guineense showed inhibitory activity against the two test bacterial isolates with zone diameter of inhibition that ranged between 12.5 mm to 28.0 mm, while X. aethiopica showed activity with zone diameter of inhibition that ranged between 11.5 mm to 20.0 mm. The cold aqueous extracts of P. guineense showed antibacterial activity against both test bacterial isolates with zone diameter of inhibition that ranged between 12.0 mm to 25.0 mm, while X. aethiopica showed activity only against S. aureus with zone Original Research Article Anika et al.; MRJI, 22(1): 1-11, 2017; Article no.MRJI.35444 2 of inhibition ranged between 9.5 mm to 19.0 mm. The hot aqueous extracts of P. guineense showed no antibacterial activity against the test organisms, while that of X. aethiopica showed activity only against S. aureus with zone of inhibition ranged between 9.0 mm to 25.0 mm. Amoxicillin and Ciprofloxacin antibiotics were used as positive controls, while the extracting solvents were used as negative controls. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, and tannins and the absence of alkaloids in both spices studied. The MIC result revealed variability in the inhibitory concentration of each extract for both organisms tested. All active extracts of Piper guineense where found to possess an MIC of 3.12 mg/ml, while the MIC range for all the active extracts of Xylopia aethiopica ranged between 3.12 mg/ml to 12.5 mg/ml. Based on this finding, these extracts show promise and form a primary platform for further phytochemical and pharmacological studies for use as alternative medicine.

Evaluacion del impacto reproductivo de la pimienta etiópica (Xylopia aethiopica) en conejos

Abstract: The study was conducted to assess the effect of Xylopia aethiopica on the reproductive functions of rabbit bucks. To achieve this objective, rabbit bucks aged 46-48 weeks and an average weight of 2.98 kg were randomized into three treatment groups of six animals per treatment group designated as T1 (control), T2 and T3. The inclusion levels of Xylopia aethiopica in the diets for the designated groups were 0 %, 0.5 % and 1.0 % for T1 (control), T2 and T3 respectively. The rabbits were fed for 56 days before start of semen collection which lasted for four weeks at a semen collection regime of twice a week followed by histopathological study of the testes. The results of this study showed that groups fed diet containing 0.5 % Xylopia aethiopica had significantly (p 0.05) differences in the semen volume, libido and average weight gain between the treatments. The testicular photomicrograph showed degenerative changes at a higher inclusion rate (1.0 %) of Xylopia aethiopica in the diet. The present findings suggest that excessive and uncontrolled dietary inclusion of Xylopia aethiopica may cause damage to the testes, thus impairing testicular functions and possibly compromise male fertility. On the other hand, Xylopia aethiopica may be useful in enhancing spermatogenic processes in so far as its consumption is regulated.

Larvicidal activities of the kaurane diterpenes from the fruit of Xylopia aethiopica (A. Dunal) Rich

Abstract: Xylopia aethiopica (Annonaceae) is a slim, tall, evergreen, aromatic tree. The plant is used in traditional medicine for managing various ailments including sore, fever, asthma, stomach-aches and rheumatism. The wood is exceptionally hard and known to be resistant to termite attack. The fruit methanolic extract was active against Aedes aegypti and Musca domestica larvae. This study reports the activity of five known kaurane diterpenes isolated from the methanolic extract of the dried fruit against the larvae of A. aegypti and M. domestica . Kaur-16-en-19-oic acid was the most active and could be further developed as larvicide against these vectors in the control of the diseases they transmit. Keywords: Xylopia aethiopica , kaurane diterpenes, Aedes aegypti , Musca domestica , kaur-16-en-19-oic acid

Effects of Xylopia aethiopica fruit extract on isolated rabbit ileum

Abstract: In this study, pharmacological reactivity of rabbit ileum to crude extract of fruits of Xylopia aethiopica in the presence of other agonist and antagonist agents was evaluated. The contractility of the isolated rabbit ileum was recorded using kymograph. The effects of the crude extract of X. aethiopica on rabbit ileum were independently determined using a dose range of 10-8 to 10-4 mg/ml. However, to determine the effects of the extract on rabbit ileum in the presence of other agonist and antagonist a constant dose of 10-4 mg/ml of the extract was used. The result showed that the crude extract of X. aethiopica, nifedipine only and serotonin only produced a significant (p<0.001) dose dependent relaxation of the ileum muscle. Addition of the extract to nifedipine shifted the graph to the right. Administration of CaCl2 alone produce a dose dependent contraction of the rabbit ileum with negative correlation coefficient (p<0.001). Co-administration of CaCl2 with the extract shifted the CaCl2 response curve to the left. Addition of extract to serotonin caused a significant (p<0.01) decreased in the relaxation of the rabbit ileum. In conclusion, this study suggests that X. aethiopica has smooth muscle relaxant effects on rabbit ileum and as such may reduce gastrointestinal motility. Key word: Xylopia aethiopica, smooth muscle, Ileum, motility, agonist.

Antibacterial Activities of Extracts of Cinnamomum Cassia and Xylopia aethiopica on Clinical Pathogens.

Abstract: The study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activities of the mixture of extracts of Cinnamomum cassia and Xylopia aethiopica against seven clinical bacterial isolates Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysenteriae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the Agar well diffusion method. In addition, the possible synergistic effects when associated with antibiotics were studied. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, phlobatannins, tannins, saponin and steroids in varying concentrations. The combined ethanol extracts of S. cassia and X. aethiopica at all concentrations showed no antibacterial activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, S. faecalis and E. coli. However, at a concentration of 50mg/ml - 150mg/ml the extracts inhibited the growth of S. dysenteriae and B. subtilis . The combined ethanol extracts of S . cassia and water extract of X. aethiopica only had moderate antibacterial activity against S. dysenteriae and B. subtilis .The antibiotics in this study had low to very high inhibitory effects on the bacteria species tested except Ampicillin that had no effect on P. aeruginosa. The combined effect of ethanol extracts of S. cassia and X. aethiopica showed no synergistic effect on all tested organisms; the combined effect of ethanol extract of S . cassia and X. aethiopica also showed no synergistic effect on all tested organisms Keywords: Cinnamomum cassia, Xylopia aethiopica , antibiotics, pathogens and Synergism .

Synergistic Effect of Xylopia Aethiopica Seed Extract and Ciprofloxacin on Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi

Abstract: This study was carried out to evaluate the synergistic effect of Xylopia aethiopica seed extracts and Ciprofloxacin on Salmonella enterica serover Typhi. Egg white portion of raw egg was aseptically collected with sterile syringe and was plated on Salmonella Shigella agar (SSA), incubated at 37 0 C for 24 h. The test organism was characterized and identified using their colony descriptions, morphology and biochemical characteristics. The phytochemical constituent of the seed extract of Xylopia aethiopica were determined quantitatively using spectophotometric method. The antibacterial activity of the seed extracts was carried out using agar-well diffusion method. Tube dilution method was used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) using double-fold serial dilutions at concentrations 25 mg/ml to 400 mg/ml. The synergistic activity was carried out by exposing the test organism against 0.1ml of equal volume of aqueous seed extract of Xylopia aethiopica and Ciprofloxacin (EEXA + CPX), and ethanolic seed extract of Xylopia aethiopica and Ciprofloxacin (AEXA + CPX) at the same concentration (400 mg/ml). The phytochemical analysis of Xylopia aethiopica seed extract revealed the presence of alkaloid, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, phenolics and tannins. Ethanolic extract of Xylopia aethiopica showed more activity (15.50 mm) than the aqueous extract (6.50 mm) and their activities differed significantly (P<.0.05) from that of the Ciprofloxacin (18.00 mm).There wassynergistic effects on EEXA + CPX (24.50mm) and AEXA + CPX (21.00mm). The MICs and MBCs values of the extracts and their combinations revealed significantly the inhibitory and cidal activities. The study suggest that the combination of the seed extracts of Xylopia aethiopica and Ciprofloxacin could perform better in management of typhoid fever than monotherapy, and ethanolic extract combined with CPX proved to be most effective.