http://experimentationlab.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/AFMImages/butt_AFM.pdf

Force measurements with the atomic force microscope: Technique, interpretation and applications

4. Survey of Novel Multiphoton Active Materials 1257 4.1. Multiphoton Absorbing Systems 1257 4.2. Organic Molecules 1257 4.3. Organic Liquids and Liquid Crystals 1259 4.4. Conjugated Polymers 1259 4.4.1. Polydiacetylenes 1261 4.4.2. Polyphenylenevinylenes (PPVs) 1261 4.4.3. Polythiophenes 1263 4.4.4. Other Conjugated Polymers 1265 4.4.5. Dendrimers 1265 4.4.6. Hyperbranched Polymers 1267 4.5. Fullerenes 1267 4.6. Coordination and Organometallic Compounds 1271 4.6.1. Metal Dithiolenes 1271 4.6.2. Pyridine-Based Multidentate Ligands 1272 4.6.3. Other Transition-Metal Complexes 1273 4.6.4. Lanthanide Complexes 1275 4.6.5. Ferrocene Derivatives 1275 4.6.6. Alkynylruthenium Complexes 1279 4.6.7. Platinum Acetylides 1279 4.7. Porphyrins and Metallophophyrins 1279 4.8. Nanoparticles 1281 4.9. Biomolecules and Derivatives 1282 5. Nonlinear Optical Characterizations of Multiphoton Active Materials 1282

Multiphoton Absorbing Materials : Molecular Designs, Characterizations, and Applications

The near-field optical interaction between a sharp probe and a sample of interest can be exploited to image, spectroscopically probe, or modify surfaces at a resolution (down to ∼12 nm) inaccessible by traditional far-field techniques. Many of the attractive features of conventional optics are retained, including noninvasiveness, reliability, and low cost. In addition, most optical contrast mechanisms can be extended to the near-field regime, resulting in a technique of considerable versatility. This versatility is demonstrated by several examples, such as the imaging of nanometric-scale features in mammalian tissue sections and the creation of ultrasmall, magneto-optic domains having implications for highdensity data storage. Although the technique may find uses in many diverse fields, two of the most exciting possibilities are localized optical spectroscopy of semiconductors and the fluorescence imaging of living cells.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/257/5067/189.full.pdf

Near-Field Optics: Microscopy, Spectroscopy, and Surface Modification Beyond the Diffraction Limit

In near-field scanning optical microscopy, a light source or detector with dimensions less than the wavelength (lambda) is placed in close proximity (lambda/50) to a sample to generate images with resolution better than the diffraction limit. A near-field probe has been developed that yields a resolution of approximately 12 nm ( approximately lambda/43) and signals approximately 10(4)- to 10(6)-fold larger than those reported previously. In addition, image contrast is demonstrated to be highly polarization dependent. With these probes, near-field microscopy appears poised to fulfill its promise by combining the power of optical characterization methods with nanometric spatial resolution.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/251/5000/1468.full.pdf

Breaking the Diffraction Barrier: Optical Microscopy on a Nanometric Scale

Three-Dimensional Optical Data Storage Using Photochromic Materials.

Development of a 500 Å spatial resolution light microscope: I. light is efficiently transmitted through λ/16 diameter apertures

Near Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM): Development and Biophysical Applications.

A one‐dimensional near‐field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) operating in the fluorescence mode has been demonstrated. NSOM line scans of both metallic edges and fluorescent gratings have been obtained and quantitatively compared to both scanning electron micrographs and conventional optical micrographs of the same structures. The sharpness of the near‐field scans indicates resolution of <100 nm.

Super-resolution fluorescence near-field scanning optical microscopy

The transmission of light through an infinite slit in a thick perfectly conducting screen is investigated. The spatial distribution of the near-field energy flux is determined through the formulation of four coupled integral equations, which are solved numerically. Transmission coefficients calculated by this method are in agreement with those determined by an alternative formulation. The results theoretically demonstrate the feasibility of near-field superresolution microscopy, in which the collimated radiation passed by an aperture is used to circumvent the diffraction limit of conventional optics, and further suggest the feasibility of near-field superresolution acoustic imaging.

A. Harootunian

Papers

Development of a 500 Å spatial resolution light microscope: I. light is efficiently transmitted through λ/16 diameter apertures

Near Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM): Development and Biophysical Applications.

Super-resolution fluorescence near-field scanning optical microscopy

Near-field diffraction by a slit: implications for superresolution microscopy.

Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy