A. Kopp

TL;DR: In this article, a numerical modulation model was proposed to study the transport of galactic and Jovian electrons in the heliosphere, which employs stochastic differential equations (SDEs) to solve the corresponding transport equation in five dimensions (time, energy, and three spatial dimensions) which is difficult to accomplish with the numerical schemes used in finite difference models.

TL;DR: A newly developed numerical code that integrates Fokker–Planck type transport equations in four to six spatial dimensions and time by means of stochastic differential equations that is designed very generally with a modular structure and allows for Cartesian, cylindrical or spherical coordinates.

TL;DR: In this article, a new approach to model drifts in a numerical modulation model was discussed and implemented, which employs stochastic differential equations to solve the relevant transport equation in five dimensions: spatial, energy and time dimensions.

TL;DR: In this article, an early non-diffusive phase of solar energetic particle (SEP) propagation along field lines that meander as a result of plasma turbulence has been studied.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the propagation times and energy losses of galactic electrons and protons in different drift cycles and found that the energy losses suffered by the electrons are comparable to those of the protons, in contrast to the generally held perception that electrons experience little energy losses during their propagation through the heliosphere.