There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

https://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/Biodiesel.pdf

Biodiesel from microalgae.

Fast pyrolysis utilizes biomass to produce a product that is used both as an energy source and a feedstock for chemical production. Considerable efforts have been made to convert wood biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals since the oil crisis in mid-1970s. This review focuses on the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrolysis. Virtually any form of biomass can be considered for fast pyrolysis. Most work has been performed on wood, because of its consistency and comparability between tests. However, nearly 100 types of biomass have been tested, ranging from agricultural wastes such as straw, olive pits, and nut shells to energy crops such as miscanthus and sorghum. Forestry wastes such as bark and thinnings and other solid wastes, including sewage sludge and leather wastes, have also been studied. In this review, the main (although not exclusive) emphasis has been given to wood. The literature on woo...

Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-oil: A Critical Review

Sustainable economic and industrial growth requires safe, sustainable resources of energy. For the future re-arrangement of a sustainable economy to biological raw materials, completely new approaches in research and development, production, and economy are necessary. The ‘first-generation’ biofuels appear unsustainable because of the potential stress that their production places on food commodities. For organic chemicals and materials these needs to follow a biorefinery model under environmentally sustainable conditions. Where these operate at present, their product range is largely limited to simple materials (i.e. cellulose, ethanol, and biofuels). Second generation biorefineries need to build on the need for sustainable chemical products through modern and proven green chemical technologies such as bioprocessing including pyrolysis, Fisher Tropsch, and other catalytic processes in order to make more complex molecules and materials on which a future sustainable society will be based. This review focus on cost effective technologies and the processes to convert biomass into useful liquid biofuels and bioproducts, with particular focus on some biorefinery concepts based on different feedstocks aiming at the integral utilization of these feedstocks for the production of value added chemicals.

http://staff.cimap.res.in/PublicationFiles/Renew_Sustain_Energ_Rev_14_578.pdf

Production of first and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review

A comparative study on the performance of mesoporous SBA-15 supported Pd–Zn catalysts in partial oxidation and steam reforming of methanol for hydrogen production

/pdf/evaluation-of-properties-of-fast-pyrolysis-products-obtained-4vp1sr5d39.pdf

Evaluation of properties of fast pyrolysis products obtained from Canadian waste biomass using a mobile pyrolysis unit

The kinetics of CO2 reforming with CH4 over a Ni−Co/Al−Mg−O bimetallic catalyst was investigated in a fixed bed reactor at a temperature range of 650−750 °C and the partial pressures of CO2 and CH4 ranging from 30 to 190 kPa. Owing to the simultaneous occurrence of the CO2 reforming reaction and the reverse water−gas shift reaction (RWGS) in the system, the apparent activation energies with respect to reactant consumption and product formation were found different and they are 69.4 and 25.9 kJ/mol for CH4 and CO2 consumption and 85.1 and 61.8 kJ/mol for H2 and CO formation, respectively. It was also found that the reforming rate in terms of CH4 consumption was less sensitive to CO2 partial pressures but had stronger dependence on CH4 partial pressures. At a constant CH4 partial pressure, the increase in CO2 partial pressure did not cause significant change in the reforming rate, whereas at a constant CO2 partial pressure the reforming rate increased with the increase in CH4 partial pressure. The increase ...

Kinetic Studies of Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane over Ni−Co/Al−Mg−O Bimetallic Catalyst

The mesoporous alumina materials having different textural properties were synthesized by modifying the procedures mentioned in literature. Pluronic P-123 was used as structure directing agent (SDA) and aluminum isopropoxide was used as precursor for aluminum. The materials were characterized using N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms (BET), X-ray diffraction, FTIR and high resolution-TEM (HRTEM). BET, XRD and HRTEM analyses had confirmed the synthesis of mesoporous aluminas with different textural characteristics. The synthesized mesoporous aluminas were utilized as a support material for NiMo catalyst for hydrotreating of oil sands bitumen derived heavy gas oil, in a fixed bed reactor at industrial conditions. The catalytic activity was measured in terms of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). The catalysts were characterized by BET, XRD, FTIR, Raman, CO-chemisorption, HRTEM, TPD and TPR. The activity study for conventional NiMo/γ-Al2O3 was also performed for comparison. Six types of mesoporous aluminas and corresponding catalysts were synthesized based on HNO3/H2O ratio varying from 0 to 2. It was observed that with increase in water content the surface area, pore volume and pore diameter of mesoporous aluminas increase. Moreover, the structure changes form ordered hexagonal to wormlike/sponge-like and fibular and then to corrugated platelets/rod like structures with increase in water content. However, the morphology of structure was changed after loading of active metals and the catalytic active follows the order NiMo/Meso-Al-0.6 > NiMo/Meso-Al-0.4 > NiMo/Meso-Al-2 ≈ NiMo/Meso-Al-0.2 > NiMo/Meso-Al-0 > NiMo/γ-Al2O3 > NiMo/Meso-Al-1.25. The highest activity shown by catalyst NiMo/Meso-Al-0.6 could be assigned to (i) its higher pore volume and surface area, (ii) highest metal dispersion, (iii) more number of weak acidic sites and (iv) lower Mo reduction temperatures.

Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous aluminas with different pore sizes: Application in NiMo supported catalyst for hydrotreating of heavy gas oil

Ajay K. Dalai

Papers

A comparative study on the performance of mesoporous SBA-15 supported Pd–Zn catalysts in partial oxidation and steam reforming of methanol for hydrogen production

Evaluation of properties of fast pyrolysis products obtained from Canadian waste biomass using a mobile pyrolysis unit

Kinetic Studies of Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane over Ni−Co/Al−Mg−O Bimetallic Catalyst

Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous aluminas with different pore sizes: Application in NiMo supported catalyst for hydrotreating of heavy gas oil

Hydrotreating of gas oil on SBA-15 supported NiMo catalysts