There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

https://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/Biodiesel.pdf

Biodiesel from microalgae.

Fast pyrolysis utilizes biomass to produce a product that is used both as an energy source and a feedstock for chemical production. Considerable efforts have been made to convert wood biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals since the oil crisis in mid-1970s. This review focuses on the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrolysis. Virtually any form of biomass can be considered for fast pyrolysis. Most work has been performed on wood, because of its consistency and comparability between tests. However, nearly 100 types of biomass have been tested, ranging from agricultural wastes such as straw, olive pits, and nut shells to energy crops such as miscanthus and sorghum. Forestry wastes such as bark and thinnings and other solid wastes, including sewage sludge and leather wastes, have also been studied. In this review, the main (although not exclusive) emphasis has been given to wood. The literature on woo...

Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-oil: A Critical Review

Sustainable economic and industrial growth requires safe, sustainable resources of energy. For the future re-arrangement of a sustainable economy to biological raw materials, completely new approaches in research and development, production, and economy are necessary. The ‘first-generation’ biofuels appear unsustainable because of the potential stress that their production places on food commodities. For organic chemicals and materials these needs to follow a biorefinery model under environmentally sustainable conditions. Where these operate at present, their product range is largely limited to simple materials (i.e. cellulose, ethanol, and biofuels). Second generation biorefineries need to build on the need for sustainable chemical products through modern and proven green chemical technologies such as bioprocessing including pyrolysis, Fisher Tropsch, and other catalytic processes in order to make more complex molecules and materials on which a future sustainable society will be based. This review focus on cost effective technologies and the processes to convert biomass into useful liquid biofuels and bioproducts, with particular focus on some biorefinery concepts based on different feedstocks aiming at the integral utilization of these feedstocks for the production of value added chemicals.

http://staff.cimap.res.in/PublicationFiles/Renew_Sustain_Energ_Rev_14_578.pdf

Production of first and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review

Drying of nonpolar gas in a pressure swing adsorption process using canola meal biosorbents

The present work investigated the effects of operating conditions (temperature (T), pressure (P), and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV)) on the higher-alcohols synthesis reaction, using a downward-flow fixed-bed reactor. The carbon nanohorn (CNH)-supported KCoRhMo catalysts with compositions of 9% K, 4.5% Co, 1.5% Rh, and 15 wt % Mo were used for this study. The Design Expert software was used to analyze the interaction effects of T (290–370 °C), P (800–1400 psig), and GHSV (2.4–4.8 m3(STP)/kgcat/h) on CO conversion, alcohols, and hydrocarbon product selectivities, as well as their respective yields. The validity of the models was assessed by statistical tests: test of significance and coefficient of determination (R2) values. The recorded R2 values suggested that the quadratic models generated could sufficiently depict the experimental data. Increasing temperature and pressure in the ranges of 290–350 °C and 800–1400 psig, respectively, resulted in corresponding increases in CO conversions; however, with ...

Higher Alcohols Synthesis: Experimental and Process Parameters Study over a CNH-Supported KCoRhMo Catalyst

Alkali-promoted Ni-Co-Mo catalysts supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared using 9 wt% K, 4.5 wt% Co, and 15 wt% Mo, whereas Ni content was varied from 0 to 6 wt%. The catalysts were extensively characterized and studied for higher alcohols synthesis from synthesis gas. Alkali-promoted trimetallic catalyst with 3 wt% Ni showed the highest total alcohols yield of 0.284 gm/(gm of cat./h), ethanol selectivity of 20%, and higher alcohols selectivity of 32% at 330°C and 9.0 MPa using gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 3.8 m3 (STP)/kg of catalyst/h and H2 to CO molar ratio of 1.25.

/pdf/novel-ni-co-mo-k-catalysts-supported-on-multiwalled-carbon-32wnumf8oh.pdf

Ajay K. Dalai

Papers

Drying of nonpolar gas in a pressure swing adsorption process using canola meal biosorbents

Higher Alcohols Synthesis: Experimental and Process Parameters Study over a CNH-Supported KCoRhMo Catalyst

Novel Ni-Co-Mo-K Catalysts Supported on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Higher Alcohols Synthesis

Low-Temperature Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis with Carbon-Supported Nanometric Iron-Cobalt Catalysts

Hydrogen production from cotton stalk over Ni-La catalysts supported on spent bleaching clay via hydrothermal gasification