There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

https://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/Biodiesel.pdf

Biodiesel from microalgae.

Fast pyrolysis utilizes biomass to produce a product that is used both as an energy source and a feedstock for chemical production. Considerable efforts have been made to convert wood biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals since the oil crisis in mid-1970s. This review focuses on the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrolysis. Virtually any form of biomass can be considered for fast pyrolysis. Most work has been performed on wood, because of its consistency and comparability between tests. However, nearly 100 types of biomass have been tested, ranging from agricultural wastes such as straw, olive pits, and nut shells to energy crops such as miscanthus and sorghum. Forestry wastes such as bark and thinnings and other solid wastes, including sewage sludge and leather wastes, have also been studied. In this review, the main (although not exclusive) emphasis has been given to wood. The literature on woo...

Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-oil: A Critical Review

Sustainable economic and industrial growth requires safe, sustainable resources of energy. For the future re-arrangement of a sustainable economy to biological raw materials, completely new approaches in research and development, production, and economy are necessary. The ‘first-generation’ biofuels appear unsustainable because of the potential stress that their production places on food commodities. For organic chemicals and materials these needs to follow a biorefinery model under environmentally sustainable conditions. Where these operate at present, their product range is largely limited to simple materials (i.e. cellulose, ethanol, and biofuels). Second generation biorefineries need to build on the need for sustainable chemical products through modern and proven green chemical technologies such as bioprocessing including pyrolysis, Fisher Tropsch, and other catalytic processes in order to make more complex molecules and materials on which a future sustainable society will be based. This review focus on cost effective technologies and the processes to convert biomass into useful liquid biofuels and bioproducts, with particular focus on some biorefinery concepts based on different feedstocks aiming at the integral utilization of these feedstocks for the production of value added chemicals.

http://staff.cimap.res.in/PublicationFiles/Renew_Sustain_Energ_Rev_14_578.pdf

Production of first and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review

Sulfated zirconia with 10 wt.% nominal sulfate loading was synthesised, characterised and tested for n-butane isomerisation activity varying butane diluents such as CO2, CO and nitrogen, and reaction temperatures. Results revealed that a fresh, air-pre-treated catalyst was poisoned by CO2, and exhibited low catalytic activity, whereas an air-regenerated catalyst showed high butane conversion with negligible catalyst deactivation in presence of CO2. Incorporation of CO in the feed stream poisoned the catalyst immediately and removal of CO from the feed regenerated the catalyst activity. The reversible poisoning effect of CO was prominent at low temperature and was absent at elevated temperatures. It seems that the surface oxy species of sulfated zirconia, both the lattice and the adsorbed, play an important role in butane isomerisation and catalyst poisoning by CO2, whereas, formation of surface stabilised adspecies causes the negative effect of CO.

Studies on the effects of CO2 and CO on n-butane isomerisation activity over sulfated zirconia

Maximization of Carbon Nanohorns Production via the Arc Discharge Method for Hydrotreating Application

A process for producing a lubricant from an epoxy-triglyceride comprising treating the epoxy-triglyceride with an esterifying agent in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst under conditions to produce the lubricant is disclosed.

Process for producing a lubricant from an epoxy-triglyceride

A significant amount of aqueous liquids rich in organic, inorganic contents and leached metals is produced during torrefaction of biomass, which requires additional remediation before disposal. Hydrothermal gasification can produce H 2 -rich syngas from organic wastes, especially from feedstocks with high-water content. This study presents a novel method of valorizing liquid effluents produced from the torrefaction of oat hull and canola hull via microwave irradiation. Hydrothermal gasification of the liquid effluents (feedstock) was carried out at 375-525 °C for 15-60 min with 1:5 and 1:10 feed-to-water ratios under 22-25 MPa pressure to optimize the operating parameters of the process. Hydrothermal gasification of torrefaction effluents from canola hull and oat hull produced total gas yields of 6.6 mmol/g and 8.7 mmol/g, respectively without the addition of water at optimized conditions (525 °C and 45 min). However, with the addition of water (i.e., 1:10 feed-to-water ratio), the total gas yield increased to 12 mmol/g and 16.1 mmol/g from oat hull and canola hull effluents, respectively. The highest H 2 yields (7.8 mmol/g) and carbon gasification efficiency (51%) were obtained at 525 °C in 60 min with a 1:10 feed-to-water ratio. Homogeneous catalysts including KOH, K 2 CO 3 and Na 2 CO 3 were used to improve the gas yields from torrefaction effluents from oat hull at optimal conditions. H 2 gas yield increased by 58%, 65% and 66% in presence of K 2 CO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 and KOH, respectively. KOH led to maximum H 2 yield, hydrogen selectivity and carbon gasification efficiency of 12.8 mmol/g, 89% and 98%, respectively. • Renewable H 2 production from torrefied liquid effluent from supercritical water is feasible. • Impacts of process conditions such as temperature, reaction time and feed to water ratio on products yield were studied in-depth. • The major torrefied liquid chemical species were identified as aldehydes, ketones, organic acids, esters, and aromatics. • Homogeneous catalyst KOH improved the gas yields and hydrogen selectivity by 61% and 36%, respectively. • Anti-coking ability can be enhanced by using feedstock with low carbon contents. 

Ajay K. Dalai

Papers

Studies on the effects of CO2 and CO on n-butane isomerisation activity over sulfated zirconia

Maximization of Carbon Nanohorns Production via the Arc Discharge Method for Hydrotreating Application

Process for producing a lubricant from an epoxy-triglyceride

Catalytic hydrothermal gasification of aqueous effluents obtained from microwave torrefaction of agricultural residue

Influence of Catalyst Acidity on Fine Particle Deposition during Hydrotreating of Bitumen-Derived Heavy Gas Oil