Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

Attachment--and loss.

Sentiment analysis and opinion mining is the field of study that analyzes people's opinions, sentiments, evaluations, attitudes, and emotions from written language. It is one of the most active research areas in natural language processing and is also widely studied in data mining, Web mining, and text mining. In fact, this research has spread outside of computer science to the management sciences and social sciences due to its importance to business and society as a whole. The growing importance of sentiment analysis coincides with the growth of social media such as reviews, forum discussions, blogs, micro-blogs, Twitter, and social networks. For the first time in human history, we now have a huge volume of opinionated data recorded in digital form for analysis. Sentiment analysis systems are being applied in almost every business and social domain because opinions are central to almost all human activities and are key influencers of our behaviors. Our beliefs and perceptions of reality, and the choices we make, are largely conditioned on how others see and evaluate the world. For this reason, when we need to make a decision we often seek out the opinions of others. This is true not only for individuals but also for organizations. This book is a comprehensive introductory and survey text. It covers all important topics and the latest developments in the field with over 400 references. It is suitable for students, researchers and practitioners who are interested in social media analysis in general and sentiment analysis in particular. Lecturers can readily use it in class for courses on natural language processing, social media analysis, text mining, and data mining. Lecture slides are also available online.

/pdf/sentiment-analysis-and-opinion-mining-8314pykwrf.pdf

Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining

We are in the midst of a technological revolution whereby, for the first time, researchers can link daily word use to a broad array of real-world behaviors. This article reviews several computerized text analysis methods and describes how Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) was created and validated. LIWC is a transparent text analysis program that counts words in psychologically meaningful categories. Empirical results using LIWC demonstrate its ability to detect meaning in a wide variety of experimental settings, including to show attentional focus, emotionality, social relationships, thinking styles, and individual differences.

/pdf/the-psychological-meaning-of-words-liwc-and-computerized-4sd1bn03dk.pdf

The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods

This study examined interview techniques for eliciting admissions from perpetrators of a crime. Two techniques derived from the Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE) framework (SUE-Confrontation and SUE-...

/pdf/how-to-make-perpetrators-in-denial-disclose-more-information-1n4zwfhstq.pdf

How to make perpetrators in denial disclose more information about their crimes

In the present experiment we considered a cue that has not been examined in nonverbal deception research before, non-visual saccadic eye movement rate. The psychological process as to why saccadic eye movements could be related to deception is also new for nonverbal deception research: memory retrieval. Non-visual saccadic eye movement rate has been shown to be related to memory search, with searching information in long-term memory generating increased saccadic activity (Ehrlichman & Micic, 2012). According to fMRI research lying is associated with more long-term memory search than truth telling (Ganis et al., 2003), which leads to our hypothesis that liars display more saccadic eye movements than truth tellers. Thirty participants expressed a true opinion and lied about another opinion (within-subjects design) and the number of saccades per second of speech was measured. As predicted, participants displayed fewer saccades when they told the truth than when they told a spontaneous lie. The implications for this finding are discussed.

https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/files/3429367/Saccadic_eye_movement.pdf

Saccadic eye movement rate as a cue to deceit

espanolRESUMEN La evaluacion cognitiva de la credibilidad (ECC) es una herramienta verbal de deteccion de mentiras que incluye varias tecnicas de entrevista. Dichas tecnicas se han examinado por separado pero nunca juntas. Para reflejar el caracter dinamico de la ECC combinamos varias de las tecnicas (recuerdo libre seguido de una declaracion tipo, seguido de una instruccion de recuerdo en orden inverso, y de una instruccion para que hagan un sketch -esquema- durante la narracion del evento). Analizamos la informacion nueva proporcionada tras cada etapa de la entrevista y tambien comparamos la informacion procedente del recuerdo inicial con la aportada por toda la entrevista. Un total de 47 sujetos que decian la verdad y 47 que mentian fueron enviados a una mision. A los participantes de la condicion de testimonio verdadero se les pidio que informaran de su mision de modo veraz, mientras que los de la condicion de mentira se les solicito que mintieran sobre distintos aspectos de la mision. Se midio el total de unidades de informacion (detalles totales) de la entrevista y el numero de complicaciones de las que se informaba. Los resultados mostraron que los participantes de la condicion de verdad informaban de mas detalles y complicaciones (hipotesis 1) en cada fase de la entrevista siendo las mayores diferencias tras la entrevista global que tras el recuerdo libre. En conclusion, la categoria complicaciones de la ECC es eficaz en la deteccion de la mentira. EnglishABSTRACT Cognitive Credibility Assessment (CCA) is a verbal lie detection tool consisting of several interview techniques. These techniques have been examined separately but never together. Reflecting the dynamic nature of CCA we combined several of the techniques (free recall followed by a model statement, followed by a reverse order instruction, and followed by a sketch instruction). We examined the new information provided after each stage of the interview and also compared the information provided in the initial recall with the information provided after the entire interview. A total of 47 truth tellers and 47 lie tellers went on a mission. Truth tellers were asked to report their mission truthfully, whereas lie tellers were requested to lie about several aspects of the mission. We measured the total units of information (total details) provided in the interview and the number of complications reported. The results indicate that the pre-registered hypothesis (Hypothesis 1) was supported for complications. Truth tellers reported more complications than lie tellers in each stage of the interview and the difference was more pronounced after the entire interview than after the free recall. As a conclusion, CCA was an effective lie detection method when complications were taken into account.

/pdf/combining-verbal-veracity-assessment-techniques-to-3zyfkhw4kc.pdf

Combining verbal veracity assessment techniques to distinguish truth tellers from lie tellers

There is a myth in popular psychology, often echoed in police literature, but as yet untested, that specific eye movements pertain to lying and truth telling. According to this line of thought, eye movements to the sender’s right indicate lying, as the sender’s eyes are drawn to the side of his/her brain where their fabrication is being created. We have put this hypothesis, derived from ‘Neuro-Linguistic Programming’ to the test in two experiments. In Experiment 1, a total of 204 participants (all air passengers) were interviewed at an international airport about their forthcoming trip. All participants answered one question truthfully and one question deceptively. Some participants answered a third question truthfully, whereas others answered the same question deceptively. No conclusive evidence was found for a relationship between specific eye movements and deception. In Experiment 2, a total of 31 participants discussed their real occupation in one interview and a pretend occupation in another interview. Only three of the 31 participants revealed the eye movement pattern predicted by NLP. Reasons for the existence of the myth that liars display specific eye movements are discussed.

The Direction of Deception: Neuro-Linguistic Programming as a Lie Detection Tool

This chapter introduces seven verbal lie detection techniques and discusses whether they are ready for use in investigative interviews: Statement Validity Assessment (SVA), Reality Monitoring (RM), Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN), Cognitive Credibility Assessment (CCA), Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE), Verifiability Approach (VA), and Assessment Criteria Indicative of Deception (ACID). Fourteen questions were developed on which to judge their suitability. There is substantial difference in the extent to which the seven lie detection techniques met these criteria. SCAN (the most frequently used tool in real life of the tools discussed in this chapter) falls short on numerous criteria and therefore in my view unfit for use as a lie detection tool. SVA is a complicated method to learn and use and in that respect RM is preferable. Regarding the imposing cognitive load technique (part of CCA), there is a risk that truth-tellers cannot cope well with the imposing cognitive load demands and, consequently, may provide similar responses as liars. I therefore do not recommend it for use in real life as a stand-alone tool, but it could be used in combination with other techniques. The remaining techniques are either ready for use to date (encouraging interviewees to say more; part of CCA, SUE, and the VA) or ready for use (asking unexpected questions; part of CCA and ACID) if they continue to receive support in empirical research. Ideally this support should come from independent labs.

Aldert Vrij

Papers

How to make perpetrators in denial disclose more information about their crimes

Saccadic eye movement rate as a cue to deceit

Combining verbal veracity assessment techniques to distinguish truth tellers from lie tellers

The Direction of Deception: Neuro-Linguistic Programming as a Lie Detection Tool

Verbal Lie Detection Tools From an Applied Perspective