There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

On September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC the two detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory simultaneously observed a transient gravitational-wave signal. The signal sweeps upwards in frequency from 35 to 250 Hz with a peak gravitational-wave strain of 1.0×10(-21). It matches the waveform predicted by general relativity for the inspiral and merger of a pair of black holes and the ringdown of the resulting single black hole. The signal was observed with a matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 24 and a false alarm rate estimated to be less than 1 event per 203,000 years, equivalent to a significance greater than 5.1σ. The source lies at a luminosity distance of 410(-180)(+160)  Mpc corresponding to a redshift z=0.09(-0.04)(+0.03). In the source frame, the initial black hole masses are 36(-4)(+5)M⊙ and 29(-4)(+4)M⊙, and the final black hole mass is 62(-4)(+4)M⊙, with 3.0(-0.5)(+0.5)M⊙c(2) radiated in gravitational waves. All uncertainties define 90% credible intervals. These observations demonstrate the existence of binary stellar-mass black hole systems. This is the first direct detection of gravitational waves and the first observation of a binary black hole merger.

/pdf/the-observation-of-gravitational-waves-from-a-binary-black-58srpupgg9.pdf

The Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger

Microwave photonics, which brings together the worlds of radiofrequency engineering and optoelectronics, has attracted great interest from both the research community and the commercial sector over the past 30 years and is set to have a bright future. The technology makes it possible to have functions in microwave systems that are complex or even not directly possible in the radiofrequency domain and also creates new opportunities for telecommunication networks. Here we introduce the technology to the photonics community and summarize recent research and important applications.

Microwave photonics combines two worlds

An overview of analog microwave photonics will be presented. The performance requirements for externally-modulated analog microwave photonic links will be reviewed with specific emphasis placed on modulator efficiency, laser noise, detected photocurrent, and link linearity.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/6387506/6403300/06403360.pdf

Microwave photonics

Multi-octave photonic synthesis of high purity RF signals is demonstrated in a setup based around two DFB lasers. By using a 4 GHz to 14 GHz reference, 4 GHz to 60 GHz optical heterodyne signals were generated by FM sideband injection locking.

Multi-octave photonic RF synthesiser based on two DFB lasers

We report the first post-growth band-gap engineered, quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) tuned two-section ridge waveguide GaAs-AlGaAs MQW laser, having the widest and most uniform frequency modulation bandwidth (30 kHz to 6 GHz/spl plusmn/3 dB) yet reported for field effect tuned lasers.

Two-section integrated quantum-confined Stark effect tuned laser with uniform frequency modulation response from 30 kHz to 6 GHz

The realization of efficient III-V lasers directly grown on Si substrates is highly desirable for large-scale and low-cost silicon based optoelectronic integrated circuits. However, it has been hindered by the high threading dislocation (TD) density generated at the interface between III-V compounds and Si substrates. Introducing dislocation filter layers (DFLs) to suppress the TD propagation into the active region becomes a key factor for realising lasers with advanced performance. In this paper, optimization of InGaAs/GaAs DFLs in III-V quantum dot (QD) lasers on Si is demonstrated. Based on these optimized DFLs and other strategies, we have achieved a high performance electrically pumped QD laser on a Si substrate with threshold current density of 62.5 A cm-2, over 105 mW output power, maximum operation temperature of 120 °C and over 100,158 h of extrapolated lifetime.

/pdf/integrating-iii-v-quantum-dot-lasers-on-silicon-substrates-561b7fw69j.pdf

Integrating III-V quantum dot lasers on silicon substrates for silicon photonics

Electrically-pumped lasers directly grown on silicon are key devices interfacing silicon microelectronics and photonics. We report here for the first time, an electrically pumped, room temperature, continuous-wave and single-mode distributed feedback (DFB) laser array fabricated in InAs/GaAs quantum-dot gain material epitaxially grown on silicon with a record wavelength covering range of 100 nm. The array is also coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) compatible, with an accurate channel spacing of 20$\pm$0.2 nm. Individual devices have a threshold as low as 550 A cm-2 at room temperature and stable single mode operation with a side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) as high as 50 dB. For the first time, the performance of epitaxially grown silicon-based lasers is elevated to the point so close to practical applications, showing the great potential of this technology.

Electrically-Pumped Continuous-Wave Quantum-Dot Distributed Feedback Laser Array on Silicon

We present a study of 1.3-μm InAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers monolithically grown on Si substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. We focused on the optimization of III-V buffer layers epitaxy grown on Si substrates, which includes the nucleation layers and the dislocation filter layers. The effect of growth temperature of GaAs nucleation layer has been investigated. Additionally, InAlAs/GaAs and In GaAs/GaAs strained layer superlattices(SLSs) are compared as dislocation filter layers. Our results show the optimization of III-V buffer layers grown on Si is critical to achieve high performance quantum-dot lasers. An optimised 1.3-μm board-area laser has been demonstrated with a low threshold current density of 194 A/cm2 and output power of 77 mW at room temperature.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/619/1/012011/pdf

Alwyn J. Seeds

Papers

Multi-octave photonic RF synthesiser based on two DFB lasers

Two-section integrated quantum-confined Stark effect tuned laser with uniform frequency modulation response from 30 kHz to 6 GHz

Integrating III-V quantum dot lasers on silicon substrates for silicon photonics

Electrically-Pumped Continuous-Wave Quantum-Dot Distributed Feedback Laser Array on Silicon

Optimisation of 1.3-μm InAs/GaAs Quantum-Dot Lasers Monolithically Grown on Si Substrates