There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Statistical physics has proven to be a fruitful framework to describe phenomena outside the realm of traditional physics. Recent years have witnessed an attempt by physicists to study collective phenomena emerging from the interactions of individuals as elementary units in social structures. A wide list of topics are reviewed ranging from opinion and cultural and language dynamics to crowd behavior, hierarchy formation, human dynamics, and social spreading. The connections between these problems and other, more traditional, topics of statistical physics are highlighted. Comparison of model results with empirical data from social systems are also emphasized.

Statistical physics of social dynamics

N G van Kampen 1981 Amsterdam: North-Holland xiv + 419 pp price Dfl 180 This is a book which, at a lower price, could be expected to become an essential part of the library of every physical scientist concerned with problems involving fluctuations and stochastic processes, as well as those who just enjoy a beautifully written book. It provides an extensive graduate-level introduction which is clear, cautious, interesting and readable.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9112/34/4/040/pdf

Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry

From the Publisher: 
The accessible presentation of this book gives both a general view of the entire computer vision enterprise and also offers sufficient detail to be able to build useful applications. Users learn techniques that have proven to be useful by first-hand experience and a wide range of mathematical methods. A CD-ROM with every copy of the text contains source code for programming practice, color images, and illustrative movies. Comprehensive and up-to-date, this book includes essential topics that either reflect practical significance or are of theoretical importance. Topics are discussed in substantial and increasing depth. Application surveys describe numerous important application areas such as image based rendering and digital libraries. Many important algorithms broken down and illustrated in pseudo code. Appropriate for use by engineers as a comprehensive reference to the computer vision enterprise.

Computer vision : a modern approach = 计算机视觉 : 一种现代的方法

Cellular Automaton Approach to Pedestrian Dynamics - Applications

To improve safety at mass events, an evacuation assistant that supports security services in case of emergencies is developed. One central aspect is forecasting the emergency egress of large crowds in complex buildings. This requires realistic models of pedestrian dynamics that can be simulated faster than real-time by using methods applied in high performance computing. We give an overview of the project and present the actual results. We also describe the modeling approaches used thereby focusing on the runtime optimization and parallelization concepts. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Efficient and validated simulation of crowds for an evacuation assistant

In recent years, several approaches for crowd modeling have been proposed. However, so far not much attention has been paid to their quantitativevalidation. The fundamental diagram , i.e. the density-dependence of the flow or velocity, is probably the most important relation as it connects the basic parameter to describe the dynamic of crowds. But specifications in different handbooks as well as experimental measurements for the fundamental diagram differ considerably. We give a review of the experimental data base and the causes for the discrepancies discussed in the literature. Up to now it was neglected that the way of measurement can cause variations between the results of different studies. To shed some light on this problem we studied by means of experimental trajectories of the single file movement how different measurement methods influence the resulting fundamental diagram.

Fundamental Diagram and Validation of Crowd Models

In recent years statistical physicists have developed {\it discrete} "particle-hopping" models of vehicular traffic, usually formulated in terms of {\it cellular automata}, which are similar to the microscopic models of interacting charged particles in the presence of an external electric field. Concepts and techniques of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics are being used to understand the nature of the steady states and fluctuations in these so-called "microscopic" models. In this brief review we explain, primarily to the nonexperts, these models and the physical implications of the results.

Andreas Schadschneider

Papers

Cellular Automaton Approach to Pedestrian Dynamics - Applications

Efficient and validated simulation of crowds for an evacuation assistant

Fundamental Diagram and Validation of Crowd Models

Vehicular traffic : a system of interacting particles driven far from equilibrium

Modelling of Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics