抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

A review of reported tissue optical properties summarizes the wavelength-dependent behavior of scattering and absorption. Formulae are presented for generating the optical properties of a generic tissue with variable amounts of absorbing chromophores (blood, water, melanin, fat, yellow pigments) and a variable balance between small-scale scatterers and large-scale scatterers in the ultrastructures of cells and tissues.

/pdf/optical-properties-of-biological-tissues-a-review-2bu6kxou63.pdf

Optical properties of biological tissues: a review.

In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging

MUCKE aims to mine a large volume of images, to structure them conceptually and to use this conceptual structuring in order to improve large-scale image retrieval. The last decade witnessed important progress concerning low-level image representations. However, there are a number problems which need to be solved in order to unleash the full potential of image mining in applications. The central problem with low-level representations is the mismatch between them and the human interpretation of image content. This problem can be instantiated, for instance, by the incapability of existing descriptors to capture spatial relationships between the concepts represented or by their incapability to convey an explanation of why two images are similar in a content-based image retrieval framework. We start by assessing existing local descriptors for image classification and by proposing to use co-occurrence matrices to better capture spatial relationships in images. The main focus in MUCKE is on cleaning large scale Web image corpora and on proposing image representations which are closer to the human interpretation of images. Consequently, we introduce methods which tackle these two problems and compare results to state of the art methods. Note: some aspects of this deliverable are withheld at this time as they are pending review. Please contact the authors for a preview.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel2/4524/12820/00592460.pdf

Image Processing

"Quantum sensing" describes the use of a quantum system, quantum properties or quantum phenomena to perform a measurement of a physical quantity Historical examples of quantum sensors include magnetometers based on superconducting quantum interference devices and atomic vapors, or atomic clocks More recently, quantum sensing has become a distinct and rapidly growing branch of research within the area of quantum science and technology, with the most common platforms being spin qubits, trapped ions and flux qubits The field is expected to provide new opportunities - especially with regard to high sensitivity and precision - in applied physics and other areas of science In this review, we provide an introduction to the basic principles, methods and concepts of quantum sensing from the viewpoint of the interested experimentalist

Quantum sensing

This PDF file contains the editorial “Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy” for JBO Vol. 10 Issue 03

https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Journal-of-Biomedical-Optics/volume-10/issue-3/031101/Infrared-and-Raman-Spectroscopy/10.1117/1.1906246.pdf

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

https://escholarship.org/content/qt0829884x/qt0829884x.pdf?t=oor8gv

Sources of absorption and scattering contrast for near-infrared optical mammography.

We demonstrate the use of Raman spectroscopy to measure the
concentration of many important constituents (analytes) in serum
and whole blood samples at physiological concentration in
vitro across a multipatient data set. A near-infrared
(830-nm) diode laser generates Raman spectra that contain
superpositions of Raman signals from different
analytes. Calibrations for glucose, cholesterol, urea, and other
analytes are developed by use of partial least-squares cross
validation. We predict six analytes in serum with significant
accuracy in a 66-patient data set, using 60-s spectra. The
calibrations are shown to be fairly robust against system drift over
the span of seven weeks. In whole blood, a preliminary analysis
yields accurate predictions of some of the same analytes and also
hematocrit. The results hold promise for potential medical
applications.

/pdf/multicomponent-blood-analysis-by-near-infrared-raman-bu1x7nrias.pdf

Multicomponent blood analysis by near-infrared Raman spectroscopy.

A technique for measuring broadband near-infrared absorption spectra of turbid media (12) uses a combination of frequency-domain and steady-state reflectance methods Most of the wavelengths coverage is provided by steady-state measurement using a white light (21) and a spectrograph (22) The frequency-domain data are acquired at a few selected wavelengths using laser diodes (13) and an avalanche photodiode unit (16) Coefficients of absorption and reduced scattering derived from the frequency-domain data are used to calibrate the intensity of the steady-state measurements and to determine the reduced scattering coefficient at all wavelengths in the spectral window of interest, The absorption coefficient spectrum is determined by comparing the steady-state reflectance values with the predictions of diffusion theory, wavelength by wavelength Absorption spectra of a turbid phantom and of human breast tissue in vivo, derived with the combined frequency-domain and steady-state technique, agree well with expected reference values

/pdf/broadband-absorption-spectroscopy-in-turbid-media-by-hc4w020fpg.pdf

Broadband absorption spectroscopy in turbid media by combined frequency-domain and steady state methodologies

We propose a method to isolate absorption trends confined to the lower layer of a two-layer turbid medium, as is desired in near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of cerebral hemodynamics. Several two-layer Monte Carlo simulations of NIRS time series were generated using a physiologically relevant range of optical properties and varying the absorption coefficients due to bottom-layer, top-layer, and/or global fluctuations. Initial results showed that by measuring absorption trends at two source–detector separations and performing a least-squares fit of one to the other, processed signals strongly resemble the simulated bottom-layer absorption properties. Through this approach, it was demonstrated that fitting coefficients can be estimated within less than ±2% of the ideal value without any a priori knowledge of the optical properties present in the model. An analytical approximation for the least-squares coefficient provides physical insight into the nature of errors and suggests ways to reduce them.

Andrew J. Berger

Papers

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

Sources of absorption and scattering contrast for near-infrared optical mammography.

Multicomponent blood analysis by near-infrared Raman spectroscopy.

Broadband absorption spectroscopy in turbid media by combined frequency-domain and steady state methodologies

Direct characterization and removal of interfering absorption trends in two-layer turbid media.