PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To solve the problem, wherein it is impossible for an electronic content information provider to provide commercially secure and effective method, for a configurable general-purpose electronic commercial transaction/distribution control system. SOLUTION: In this system, having at least one protected processing environment for safely controlling at least one portion of decoding of digital information, a secure content distribution method comprises a process for encapsulating digital information in one or more digital containers; a process for encrypting at least a portion of digital information; a process for associating at least partially secure control information for managing interactions with encrypted digital information and/or digital container; a process for delivering one or more digital containers to a digital information user; and a process for using a protected processing environment, for safely controlling at least a portion of the decoding of the digital information. COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a423264.pdf

Systems and Methods for Secure Transaction Management and Electronic Rights Protection

What will 5G be? What it will not be is an incremental advance on 4G. The previous four generations of cellular technology have each been a major paradigm shift that has broken backward compatibility. Indeed, 5G will need to be a paradigm shift that includes very high carrier frequencies with massive bandwidths, extreme base station and device densities, and unprecedented numbers of antennas. However, unlike the previous four generations, it will also be highly integrative: tying any new 5G air interface and spectrum together with LTE and WiFi to provide universal high-rate coverage and a seamless user experience. To support this, the core network will also have to reach unprecedented levels of flexibility and intelligence, spectrum regulation will need to be rethought and improved, and energy and cost efficiencies will become even more critical considerations. This paper discusses all of these topics, identifying key challenges for future research and preliminary 5G standardization activities, while providing a comprehensive overview of the current literature, and in particular of the papers appearing in this special issue.

What Will 5G Be

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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

It is shown that, particularly for terrestrial cellular telephony, the interference-suppression feature of CDMA (code division multiple access) can result in a many-fold increase in capacity over analog and even over competing digital techniques. A single-cell system, such as a hubbed satellite network, is addressed, and the basic expression for capacity is developed. The corresponding expressions for a multiple-cell system are derived. and the distribution on the number of users supportable per cell is determined. It is concluded that properly augmented and power-controlled multiple-cell CDMA promises a quantum increase in current cellular capacity. >

On the capacity of a cellular CDMA system

The vision of next generation 5G wireless communications lies in providing very high data rates (typically of Gbps order), extremely low latency, manifold increase in base station capacity, and significant improvement in users’ perceived quality of service (QoS), compared to current 4G LTE networks. Ever increasing proliferation of smart devices, introduction of new emerging multimedia applications, together with an exponential rise in wireless data (multimedia) demand and usage is already creating a significant burden on existing cellular networks. 5G wireless systems, with improved data rates, capacity, latency, and QoS are expected to be the panacea of most of the current cellular networks’ problems. In this survey, we make an exhaustive review of wireless evolution toward 5G networks. We first discuss the new architectural changes associated with the radio access network (RAN) design, including air interfaces, smart antennas, cloud and heterogeneous RAN. Subsequently, we make an in-depth survey of underlying novel mm-wave physical layer technologies, encompassing new channel model estimation, directional antenna design, beamforming algorithms, and massive MIMO technologies. Next, the details of MAC layer protocols and multiplexing schemes needed to efficiently support this new physical layer are discussed. We also look into the killer applications, considered as the major driving force behind 5G. In order to understand the improved user experience, we provide highlights of new QoS, QoE, and SON features associated with the 5G evolution. For alleviating the increased network energy consumption and operating expenditure, we make a detail review on energy awareness and cost efficiency. As understanding the current status of 5G implementation is important for its eventual commercialization, we also discuss relevant field trials, drive tests, and simulation experiments. Finally, we point out major existing research issues and identify possible future research directions.

Next Generation 5G Wireless Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

Satellites can complement terrestrial networks in Internet service provision by addressing the market which lies out of their reach. Despite of the global coverage, satellite networks entail high propagation delays and usually limited user bandwidth. VoIP is an example of an application which is subject to performance impairments due to these characteristics. VoIP trials over existing broadband satellite offers reveal that the application can be carried out with an acceptable quality. However results also reveal the need for further improvement of the bandwidth on demand scheme in order to reduce delay or improve bandwidth utilization. This paper presents a novel capacity request mechanism based on the accurate modeling of VoIP traffic as well as cross-layer design. Our analysis and simulation results show that our approach outperforms fixed capacity allocation mechanisms in terms of bandwidth efficiency or traditional bandwidth on demand schemes in terms of QoS.

VoIP over DVB-RCS Satellite Systems: A Novel Capacity Request Mechanism for Improved Voice Activity Detection

In this paper, we present physical layer and system level techniques that can increase the capacity of a multi-beam high throughput satellite (HTS) communication system. These include advanced predistortion and equalization techniques for the forward link, synchronization and non-linear distortion minimization techniques for the return link waveforms. Interference management techniques such as precoding, multi-user detection (MUD), interference cancellation and coordination are evaluated under realistic co-channel interference (CCI) conditions. Interference-aware radio resource management (RRM) algorithms are presented for the forward and return links with full frequency reuse. These include satellite-switched smart gateway diversity, interference-aware scheduling (IAS) for the forward link and scheduling based on multi-partite graph matching for the return link. The capacity enhancing techniques are evaluated in the Broadband Access via Integrated Terrestrial and Satellite Systems (BATS) framework.

/pdf/capacity-enhancing-techniques-for-high-throughput-satellite-v5dqakjwno.pdf

Capacity Enhancing Techniques for High Throughput Satellite Communications

In the last few years, EU and ESA have funded several research programmes to investigate mobility issues related to the extension of the ETSI DVB-RCS standard in order to provide mobile collective vehicles with broadband access. In this paper, we analyse the performance of a lightweight DVB-RCS handover scheme which relies on a history of recent GPS measurements to estimate the terminal residual residence time within the current spot-beam. A geostationary vehicular satellite network is envisaged which is populated by two classes of terminals sharing the same resources: aircrafts and high speed trains. Mobility updates are periodically conveyed via SYNC bursts to the NCC which implements a threshold-based queuing strategy to prioritise handover requests and minimise the number of connections forced to termination. A first-order approximate analytical model of the network is proposed which is used to derive new connection and handover blocking probabilities. Results are validated through an accurate NS-2 modelling of existing DVB-RCS signalling mechanisms. It is emphasised that our handover scheme does not introduce any change to the signalling messages that are already laid out in the DVB-RCS specification.

Performance study of a lightweight DVB-RCS handover scheme for vehicular GEO networks

Session initiation protocol (SIP) is an application layer signalling protocol used in the IP-based UMTS network for establishing multimedia sessions. With a satellite component identified to play an integral role in UMTS, there is a need to support SIP-based session establishment over satellite-UMTS (S-UMTS) as well. Due to the inherent characteristics of SIP, the transport of SIP over an unreliable wireless link with a larger propagation delay is inefficient. To improve the session setup performance, a link layer retransmission, based on radio link control acknowledgement mode (RLC-AM) mechanisms, is utilised. However, the current UMTS RLC-AM procedure is found to cause undesirable redundant retransmission when applied over satellite. As such, the paper proposes an enhancement to the RLC protocol through a timer-based retransmission scheme. Simulation results reveal that not only can the system capacity be improved through this redundant retransmission avoidance scheme, but also better system performances, in terms of session setup delay and failure, are gained.

Enhancing the radio link protocol for VoIP session establishment signalling over satellite-UMTS

The authors present an 8 kb/s low delay speech coder which is based on the code excited linear prediction (CELP) algorithm. They concentrate on analyzing the problem areas in backward predictive systems and solutions to alleviate these problems. The authors report on a forward linear predictive coding adaptive scheme to eliminate such distortions. Another approach is to use a windowing technique in the frequency domain on the error signal in analysis-by-synthesis procedures. The adaptation of the long term predictor (LTP) coefficients is also considered in a backward and forward mode for differential pitch coding of the LTP lags. The role of the excitation gain update rate is also examined in providing higher quality and better adaptation of the gains for an efficient vector quantization procedure. An 8-kb/s coder with a buffering delay of 4 ms has been informally subjectively tested, and the latest test results indicate a performance equal to that of the GSM at worst case. >

Barry G. Evans

Papers

VoIP over DVB-RCS Satellite Systems: A Novel Capacity Request Mechanism for Improved Voice Activity Detection

Capacity Enhancing Techniques for High Throughput Satellite Communications

Performance study of a lightweight DVB-RCS handover scheme for vehicular GEO networks

Enhancing the radio link protocol for VoIP session establishment signalling over satellite-UMTS

Techniques for improving the quality of LD-CELP coders at 8 kb/s