PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To solve the problem, wherein it is impossible for an electronic content information provider to provide commercially secure and effective method, for a configurable general-purpose electronic commercial transaction/distribution control system. SOLUTION: In this system, having at least one protected processing environment for safely controlling at least one portion of decoding of digital information, a secure content distribution method comprises a process for encapsulating digital information in one or more digital containers; a process for encrypting at least a portion of digital information; a process for associating at least partially secure control information for managing interactions with encrypted digital information and/or digital container; a process for delivering one or more digital containers to a digital information user; and a process for using a protected processing environment, for safely controlling at least a portion of the decoding of the digital information. COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a423264.pdf

Systems and Methods for Secure Transaction Management and Electronic Rights Protection

What will 5G be? What it will not be is an incremental advance on 4G. The previous four generations of cellular technology have each been a major paradigm shift that has broken backward compatibility. Indeed, 5G will need to be a paradigm shift that includes very high carrier frequencies with massive bandwidths, extreme base station and device densities, and unprecedented numbers of antennas. However, unlike the previous four generations, it will also be highly integrative: tying any new 5G air interface and spectrum together with LTE and WiFi to provide universal high-rate coverage and a seamless user experience. To support this, the core network will also have to reach unprecedented levels of flexibility and intelligence, spectrum regulation will need to be rethought and improved, and energy and cost efficiencies will become even more critical considerations. This paper discusses all of these topics, identifying key challenges for future research and preliminary 5G standardization activities, while providing a comprehensive overview of the current literature, and in particular of the papers appearing in this special issue.

What Will 5G Be

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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

It is shown that, particularly for terrestrial cellular telephony, the interference-suppression feature of CDMA (code division multiple access) can result in a many-fold increase in capacity over analog and even over competing digital techniques. A single-cell system, such as a hubbed satellite network, is addressed, and the basic expression for capacity is developed. The corresponding expressions for a multiple-cell system are derived. and the distribution on the number of users supportable per cell is determined. It is concluded that properly augmented and power-controlled multiple-cell CDMA promises a quantum increase in current cellular capacity. >

On the capacity of a cellular CDMA system

The vision of next generation 5G wireless communications lies in providing very high data rates (typically of Gbps order), extremely low latency, manifold increase in base station capacity, and significant improvement in users’ perceived quality of service (QoS), compared to current 4G LTE networks. Ever increasing proliferation of smart devices, introduction of new emerging multimedia applications, together with an exponential rise in wireless data (multimedia) demand and usage is already creating a significant burden on existing cellular networks. 5G wireless systems, with improved data rates, capacity, latency, and QoS are expected to be the panacea of most of the current cellular networks’ problems. In this survey, we make an exhaustive review of wireless evolution toward 5G networks. We first discuss the new architectural changes associated with the radio access network (RAN) design, including air interfaces, smart antennas, cloud and heterogeneous RAN. Subsequently, we make an in-depth survey of underlying novel mm-wave physical layer technologies, encompassing new channel model estimation, directional antenna design, beamforming algorithms, and massive MIMO technologies. Next, the details of MAC layer protocols and multiplexing schemes needed to efficiently support this new physical layer are discussed. We also look into the killer applications, considered as the major driving force behind 5G. In order to understand the improved user experience, we provide highlights of new QoS, QoE, and SON features associated with the 5G evolution. For alleviating the increased network energy consumption and operating expenditure, we make a detail review on energy awareness and cost efficiency. As understanding the current status of 5G implementation is important for its eventual commercialization, we also discuss relevant field trials, drive tests, and simulation experiments. Finally, we point out major existing research issues and identify possible future research directions.

Next Generation 5G Wireless Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

At 4.8 kb/s and below, conventional code excited linear prediction (CELP) does not provide the appropriate degree of periodicity. It has been suggested that good quality low bit rate speech can be obtained from frequency domain techniques. A MB-LPC vocoder operating at 2.4 and 1.2 kb/s exploits the advantages of both time and frequency domain speech coding to product natural sounding, good quality speech. This includes a new frequency domain post-filter which attenuates the noise in the formant nulls and enhances the synthesized speech. >

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/1587/4352/00168213.pdf

Low bit rate speech coding at 1.2 and 2.4 kb/s

Signal propagation in the land mobile satellite (LMS) service is an important consideration due to its critical impact on the overall economic and commercial viability of the system. At frequencies allocated for LMS systems, shadowing of the line-of-sight (LOS) signal as well as multipath propagation phenomena can severely impair the link availability. In particular, as most of the studies have shown, the shadowing of LOS signal causes long and deep fades in a variety of mobile environments due to the inherent nature of the channel between the satellite and a mobile. Roadside obstacles, such as buildings, trees, utility poles etc., in the immediate vicinity of a mobile and the surrounding terrain are major sources of signal shadowing in LMS links. Therefore, a proper knowledge of link degradation is essential for cost-effective planning of a satellite based mobile communication system. The results of a propagation campaign undertaken to characterize the fading nature of LMS channel at high elevation angles is presented. It was envisaged that one of the most important physical variables contributing to the amount of LOS signal shadowing is the elevation angle of the satellite. At higher elevation angles to the satellite, less obstructions in the direct satellite-to-mobile path would therefore amount to statistically better link availability. Narrowband channel measurements were carried out at three RF frequencies corresponding to L (1.3 GHz), S (2.32/2.45 GHz), and Ku (10.4 GHz) bands. The campaign itself was divided into two phases to observe the effects of seasonal variation of foliage on the roadside trees. Phase measurements were carried out in September 1991 and in April 1992. Some important aspects from the statistical analysis of the propagation data are presented.

/pdf/results-of-multiband-l-s-ku-band-propagation-measurements-l5wat1xevv.pdf

Results of multiband (L, S, Ku band) propagation measurements and model for high elevation angle land mobile satellite channel

The authors present an overview of project R2074/Catalyst, an attempt to demonstrate the applicability of satellites in the provision of broadband island interconnection across Europe. This project, which is part of the RACE II initiative, will set up a demonstrator network to implement the interconnection of various LAN architectures. The authors focus on a study of the expected user performance through the Catalyst network based upon mathematical and simulation models. They investigate the performance of a mix of client/server architectures using Novell NetWare and NEtwork File System protocols, which are supported by either the IEEE 802.3/Ethernet LANs, linked via LAN/ATM/satellite interface units. Areas of further investigation, and the implication of the author's analysis on the actual network architecture are discussed.

End-to-end performance analysis for broadband island interconnection via satellite-RACE II/R2074 (Catalyst) project

The inherent broadcast capabilities of satellites make them an attractive solution for the delivery of multimedia services to mobile users in third generation (3G) networks. Reliable delivery of content over the hostile land-mobile satellite channel is one of the key technical system requirements that can be addressed at different protocol layers. We focus our attention on two of these mechanisms that provide non-perfect reliability: the packet-level forward error correction technique at the transport layer and the power scheduling function in the satellite radio interface. We rely on an end-to-end simulation platform in order to assess the performance gain achieved by the two mechanisms, providing at the same time clear indications for the achievable benefit at system level when the two mechanisms act in co-ordination rather than in isolation.

Reliable multicast transport and power scheduling for MBMS delivery over 3G mobile satellite systems

In the context of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based systems, pilot-based beamforming (BF) exhibits a high degree of sensitivity to the pilot sub-carriers. Increasing the number of reference pilots significantly improves BF performance as well as system performance. However, this increase comes at the cost of data throughput, which inevitably shrinks due to transmission of additional pilots. Hence an approach where reference signals available to the BF process can be increased without transmitting additional pilots can exhibit superior system performance without compromising throughput. Thus, the authors present a novel three-stage iterative turbo beamforming (ITBF) algorithm for an OFDM-based hybrid terrestrial-satellite mobile system, which utilises both pilots and data to perform interference mitigation. Data sub-carriers are utilised as virtual reference signals in the BF process. Results show that when compared to non-iterative conventional BF, the proposed ITBF exhibits bit error rate gain of up to 2.5 dB with only one iteration.

Barry G. Evans

Papers

Low bit rate speech coding at 1.2 and 2.4 kb/s

Results of multiband (L, S, Ku band) propagation measurements and model for high elevation angle land mobile satellite channel

End-to-end performance analysis for broadband island interconnection via satellite-RACE II/R2074 (Catalyst) project

Reliable multicast transport and power scheduling for MBMS delivery over 3G mobile satellite systems

Iterative turbo beamforming for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based hybrid terrestrial-satellite mobile system