PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To solve the problem, wherein it is impossible for an electronic content information provider to provide commercially secure and effective method, for a configurable general-purpose electronic commercial transaction/distribution control system. SOLUTION: In this system, having at least one protected processing environment for safely controlling at least one portion of decoding of digital information, a secure content distribution method comprises a process for encapsulating digital information in one or more digital containers; a process for encrypting at least a portion of digital information; a process for associating at least partially secure control information for managing interactions with encrypted digital information and/or digital container; a process for delivering one or more digital containers to a digital information user; and a process for using a protected processing environment, for safely controlling at least a portion of the decoding of the digital information. COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a423264.pdf

Systems and Methods for Secure Transaction Management and Electronic Rights Protection

What will 5G be? What it will not be is an incremental advance on 4G. The previous four generations of cellular technology have each been a major paradigm shift that has broken backward compatibility. Indeed, 5G will need to be a paradigm shift that includes very high carrier frequencies with massive bandwidths, extreme base station and device densities, and unprecedented numbers of antennas. However, unlike the previous four generations, it will also be highly integrative: tying any new 5G air interface and spectrum together with LTE and WiFi to provide universal high-rate coverage and a seamless user experience. To support this, the core network will also have to reach unprecedented levels of flexibility and intelligence, spectrum regulation will need to be rethought and improved, and energy and cost efficiencies will become even more critical considerations. This paper discusses all of these topics, identifying key challenges for future research and preliminary 5G standardization activities, while providing a comprehensive overview of the current literature, and in particular of the papers appearing in this special issue.

What Will 5G Be

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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

It is shown that, particularly for terrestrial cellular telephony, the interference-suppression feature of CDMA (code division multiple access) can result in a many-fold increase in capacity over analog and even over competing digital techniques. A single-cell system, such as a hubbed satellite network, is addressed, and the basic expression for capacity is developed. The corresponding expressions for a multiple-cell system are derived. and the distribution on the number of users supportable per cell is determined. It is concluded that properly augmented and power-controlled multiple-cell CDMA promises a quantum increase in current cellular capacity. >

On the capacity of a cellular CDMA system

The vision of next generation 5G wireless communications lies in providing very high data rates (typically of Gbps order), extremely low latency, manifold increase in base station capacity, and significant improvement in users’ perceived quality of service (QoS), compared to current 4G LTE networks. Ever increasing proliferation of smart devices, introduction of new emerging multimedia applications, together with an exponential rise in wireless data (multimedia) demand and usage is already creating a significant burden on existing cellular networks. 5G wireless systems, with improved data rates, capacity, latency, and QoS are expected to be the panacea of most of the current cellular networks’ problems. In this survey, we make an exhaustive review of wireless evolution toward 5G networks. We first discuss the new architectural changes associated with the radio access network (RAN) design, including air interfaces, smart antennas, cloud and heterogeneous RAN. Subsequently, we make an in-depth survey of underlying novel mm-wave physical layer technologies, encompassing new channel model estimation, directional antenna design, beamforming algorithms, and massive MIMO technologies. Next, the details of MAC layer protocols and multiplexing schemes needed to efficiently support this new physical layer are discussed. We also look into the killer applications, considered as the major driving force behind 5G. In order to understand the improved user experience, we provide highlights of new QoS, QoE, and SON features associated with the 5G evolution. For alleviating the increased network energy consumption and operating expenditure, we make a detail review on energy awareness and cost efficiency. As understanding the current status of 5G implementation is important for its eventual commercialization, we also discuss relevant field trials, drive tests, and simulation experiments. Finally, we point out major existing research issues and identify possible future research directions.

Next Generation 5G Wireless Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

The rapid development of modern communication services results in high data rate requirements from the end user. It is challenging to meet high data rate requirements because of prevailing issues such as spectrum scarcity and spectrum underutilization due to fixed spectrum assignment policy. Cognitive Radio (CR), being the enabler of dynamic spectrum management techniques, has the capability to tackle these issues by proficiently implementing spectrum sharing schemes using Multicarrier Modulation (MCM) techniques. In CR system, where the Primary User (PU) and the Secondary User (SU) co-exist in the same frequency band, mutual interference (i.e., from SU to PU and vice versa) is a limiting factor on the achievable capacity of both the PU and the SU. Power allocation in MCM based CR systems aims to dynamically control the transmit power on each subcarrier of the SU in order to reduce the mutual interference. Furthermore, combining multiple antennas with MCM is regarded as a very attractive solution for the CR communications to effectively enhance data rate without demanding additional bandwidth and transmit power.

/pdf/cognitive-radio-systems-multicarrier-modulation-and-power-2z1lgwirsy.pdf

Cognitive Radio Systems: Multicarrier Modulation and Power Allocation Challenges

The high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) system has been investigated for adaptation in the GEO satellite environment in order to achieve high packet user throughput and system efficiency. This paper discusses the performance of the so called satellite-HSDPA (S-HSDPA) system, where the impacts of the power amplifier non-linearity, space time transmit diversity (STTD) and multicode transmission, are examined. The S-HSDPA performance is obtained from simulations of a modified terrestrial HSDPA link simulator in a rich multipath urban environment with three intermediate module repeaters (IMR). The results indicate an appropriate choice of system parameters.

Satellite High Speed Downlink Packet Access Physical Layer Performance Analysis

A dual circularly polarised Contrawound Quadrifilar Helix Antenna (CQHA) is proposed for land mobile satellite MIMO systems. The CQHA is combination of two QHAs with opposite winding rotation where one is positioned inside of the other. Low return loss and isolation of the CQHA elements is achieved by varying the radius of the outer QHA while the inner QHA is fixed. Preliminary evaluation of its MIMO capability is done by calculating the mean effective gain and analysing the polarisation correlation of each QHA. A deployment configuration of two CQHAs for land mobile satellite /DVB-SH vehicular rooftop antenna is also proposed in this paper. Mean effective gain of the CQHA configuration for a complete azimuth plane is calculated by considering Gaussian Angle of Arrival model for the angular distribution of the incident waves.

A dual circularly polarised Contrawound Quadrifilar Helix Antenna for land mobile satellite MIMO terminal

This paper gives an introduction to a key tool that can help provide various self organised solutions in wireless cellular networks. We begin by describing the need for self organised networks and the challenges associated with it. An introduction to cellular automata theory is then given with an easy to follow example. We provide an analysis of such solutions and discuss its stability and convergence criterion. Finally, we formulate a specific problem for Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC), describing how the cellular automata approach can be applied to achieve ICIC. In addition, we discuss the prospective use case of applying cellular automata in achieving energy efficiency in heterogeneous networks. This paper will serve as a guide for anyone willing to develop self organising solutions in wireless cellular networks. © VDE VERLAG GMBH.

A Cellular Automata Approach towards Self Organisation in Wireless Cellular Networks

This paper evaluates the performance of interbeam handover in LEO Satellite systems. The evaluation is based on an analytical model that is specific for interbeam handover. There are three performance parameters concerned: handover probability, forced termination probability, and time availability. From the results, it can be seen that the interbeam handover probability strongly depends on the roll-off characteristics of the beam pattern. Forced termination and time availability depend on the quality of the received signal and the selected criterion. A comparison between the use of signal level and position as handover criteria is presented.

Barry G. Evans

Papers

Cognitive Radio Systems: Multicarrier Modulation and Power Allocation Challenges

Satellite High Speed Downlink Packet Access Physical Layer Performance Analysis

A dual circularly polarised Contrawound Quadrifilar Helix Antenna for land mobile satellite MIMO terminal

A Cellular Automata Approach towards Self Organisation in Wireless Cellular Networks

Interbeam Handover in LEO Satellite Systems