PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To solve the problem, wherein it is impossible for an electronic content information provider to provide commercially secure and effective method, for a configurable general-purpose electronic commercial transaction/distribution control system. SOLUTION: In this system, having at least one protected processing environment for safely controlling at least one portion of decoding of digital information, a secure content distribution method comprises a process for encapsulating digital information in one or more digital containers; a process for encrypting at least a portion of digital information; a process for associating at least partially secure control information for managing interactions with encrypted digital information and/or digital container; a process for delivering one or more digital containers to a digital information user; and a process for using a protected processing environment, for safely controlling at least a portion of the decoding of the digital information. COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a423264.pdf

Systems and Methods for Secure Transaction Management and Electronic Rights Protection

What will 5G be? What it will not be is an incremental advance on 4G. The previous four generations of cellular technology have each been a major paradigm shift that has broken backward compatibility. Indeed, 5G will need to be a paradigm shift that includes very high carrier frequencies with massive bandwidths, extreme base station and device densities, and unprecedented numbers of antennas. However, unlike the previous four generations, it will also be highly integrative: tying any new 5G air interface and spectrum together with LTE and WiFi to provide universal high-rate coverage and a seamless user experience. To support this, the core network will also have to reach unprecedented levels of flexibility and intelligence, spectrum regulation will need to be rethought and improved, and energy and cost efficiencies will become even more critical considerations. This paper discusses all of these topics, identifying key challenges for future research and preliminary 5G standardization activities, while providing a comprehensive overview of the current literature, and in particular of the papers appearing in this special issue.

What Will 5G Be

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It is shown that, particularly for terrestrial cellular telephony, the interference-suppression feature of CDMA (code division multiple access) can result in a many-fold increase in capacity over analog and even over competing digital techniques. A single-cell system, such as a hubbed satellite network, is addressed, and the basic expression for capacity is developed. The corresponding expressions for a multiple-cell system are derived. and the distribution on the number of users supportable per cell is determined. It is concluded that properly augmented and power-controlled multiple-cell CDMA promises a quantum increase in current cellular capacity. >

On the capacity of a cellular CDMA system

The vision of next generation 5G wireless communications lies in providing very high data rates (typically of Gbps order), extremely low latency, manifold increase in base station capacity, and significant improvement in users’ perceived quality of service (QoS), compared to current 4G LTE networks. Ever increasing proliferation of smart devices, introduction of new emerging multimedia applications, together with an exponential rise in wireless data (multimedia) demand and usage is already creating a significant burden on existing cellular networks. 5G wireless systems, with improved data rates, capacity, latency, and QoS are expected to be the panacea of most of the current cellular networks’ problems. In this survey, we make an exhaustive review of wireless evolution toward 5G networks. We first discuss the new architectural changes associated with the radio access network (RAN) design, including air interfaces, smart antennas, cloud and heterogeneous RAN. Subsequently, we make an in-depth survey of underlying novel mm-wave physical layer technologies, encompassing new channel model estimation, directional antenna design, beamforming algorithms, and massive MIMO technologies. Next, the details of MAC layer protocols and multiplexing schemes needed to efficiently support this new physical layer are discussed. We also look into the killer applications, considered as the major driving force behind 5G. In order to understand the improved user experience, we provide highlights of new QoS, QoE, and SON features associated with the 5G evolution. For alleviating the increased network energy consumption and operating expenditure, we make a detail review on energy awareness and cost efficiency. As understanding the current status of 5G implementation is important for its eventual commercialization, we also discuss relevant field trials, drive tests, and simulation experiments. Finally, we point out major existing research issues and identify possible future research directions.

Next Generation 5G Wireless Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

Satellite communications can play an important role in extending the reach of broadband networks to terrestrially underserved areas. However, several popular internet applications could suffer from performance degradation over satellite (e.g. real-time gamming, web browsing, VoIP), thus necessitating protocol modifications and additional optimisation mechanisms. Cross-layer design, which is the optimisation technique adopted in this paper, is a relatively new idea in network design. It is based on blurred boundaries between network layers. In particular, two cross-layer mechanisms are described; the first adapts the VoIP speech coding rate according to network congestion while the second uses TCP state information at MAC layer in order to improve the throughput of TCP traffic. Analysis in this paper demonstrates that the use of cross-layer techniques could improve the performance of the targeted applications in terms of reduced delay while continuously maintaining an optimal speech coding rate for VoIP.

Cross-layer improvement for TCP Westwood and VoIP over satellite

The use of adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) to counter the effect of rain fades has become a standard approach in broadband satellite links operated in Ka-band. Now proposals are being made to operate such systems in Q/V band (33 - 75 GHz) which experience a wider range of rain fade levels. Due to the higher rate of change in fade levels, a major aspect of the ACM design is how to set margins accurately in order to avoid frame losses at the next operation point when the link state is not yet perfectly known. Existing techniques have focused on using predetermined margins but this approach results in poor performance when the actual rain fade profile is different from the pattern assumed. In order to improve performance, we propose the use of adaptive margins derived dynamically during the actual rain event. Simulation results show a robust performance in spectral efficiency at a low frame error rate (FER) in comparison with the existing techniques.

Robust Adaptive Margin for ACM in Satellite Links at EHF Bands

We describe the main principles governing the ETSI-RES 10 HIPERLAN standard for the deployment of ad-hoc wireless local area networks. Focusing on the requirements for supporting delay sensitive services, we compare the performance of the multiple access method adopted in HIPERLAN (called EY-NPMA), to that of a dynamic TDMA access technique.

Comparison between elimination yield non pre-emptive priority multiple access (EY-NPMA) and dynamic TDMA (D-TDMA)

The next generation of mobile satellite systems (MSS) will use the constellation of satellites in non-geostationary orbits for global communication, The proposed S-PCNs are Iridium, ICO, Globalstar, Odyssey and Ellipso. The first two systems propose to use a time division multiple access (TDMA) scheme and the others a code division multiple access (CDMA) scheme. It is claimed that CDMA based S-PCNs can share the allocated frequency bands due to the interference resistant property of CDMA. In this paper, we present the results of the investigation on the total system capacity achievable by totally overlapped band sharing between the two systems such as Globalstar and Odyssey under perfect and imperfect power control conditions. Results for a single satellite system operating in a band segmentation approach are also presented for comparison, again under perfect and imperfect power control.

Comparison of total system capacity for band sharing between CDMA based non-geostationary satellite-PCNs under imperfect power control conditions

This paper analyses the characteristics of the dual circular polarized land mobile satellite MIMO radio channel using measured and modeled channel data. To describe the small scale fading observed in the measured channel, the model makes use of three parameters, which respectively represent the mean LOS, specular reflected and diffuse multipath signals. The model is validated by comparing the CDF plots of the received signal power and eigenvalues with that of the measured channel. Furthermore, the effects of channel correlation on the capacities of equal power allocation MIMO and dual circular polarization multiplexing (DCPM) is investigated. It is found that only the capacity of the LOS-friendly DCPM is negatively affected by a reduction in channel correlation.

Barry G. Evans

Papers

Cross-layer improvement for TCP Westwood and VoIP over satellite

Robust Adaptive Margin for ACM in Satellite Links at EHF Bands

Comparison between elimination yield non pre-emptive priority multiple access (EY-NPMA) and dynamic TDMA (D-TDMA)

Comparison of total system capacity for band sharing between CDMA based non-geostationary satellite-PCNs under imperfect power control conditions

Channel characteristics analysis of the dual circular polarized land mobile satellite MIMO radio channel