THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Hexagonal ferrites: A review of the synthesis, properties and applications of hexaferrite ceramics

The amendment of two agricultural soils with two biochars derived from the slow pyrolysis of papermill waste was assessed in a glasshouse study. Characterisation of both biochars revealed high surface area (115 m2 g−1) and zones of calcium mineral agglomeration. The biochars differed slightly in their liming values (33% and 29%), and carbon content (50% and 52%). Molar H/C ratios of 0.3 in the biochars suggested aromatic stability. At application rates of 10 t ha−1 in a ferrosol both biochars significantly increased pH, CEC, exchangeable Ca and total C, while in a calcarosol both biochars increased C while biochar 2 also increased exchangeable K. Biochars reduced Al availability (ca. 2 cmol (+) kg−1 to <0.1 cmol (+) kg−1) in the ferrosol. The analysis of biomass production revealed a range of responses, due to both biochar characteristics and soil type. Both biochars significantly increased N uptake in wheat grown in fertiliser amended ferrosol. Concomitant increase in biomass production (250% times that of control) therefore suggested improved fertiliser use efficiency. Likewise, biochar amendment significantly increased biomass in soybean and radish in the ferrosol with fertiliser. The calcarosol amended with fertiliser and biochar however gave varied crop responses: Increased soybean biomass, but reduced wheat and radish biomass. No significant effects of biochar were shown in the absence of fertiliser for wheat and soybean, while radish biomass increased significantly. Earthworms showed preference for biochar-amended ferrosol over control soils with no significant difference recorded for the calcarosol. The results from this work demonstrate that the agronomic benefits of papermill biochars have to be verified for different soil types and crops.

Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility

Role of organic amendments on enhanced bioremediation of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soils

A review on application of flocculants in wastewater treatment

Waste management from pulp and paper production in the European Union

Anaerobic membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment: A review

Cellulose produced by bacteria (BC) has attracted increasing interest in view of its superior properties with respect to nanofibrillar structure, high purity and biocompatibility. Despite the intensive research, industrial production of BC has been limited, due to the low productivity, and the high cost of raw materials. This paper reviews the new approaches tried recently to get BC production feasible at large scale as the reduction in the quality of raw materials, the use of by-products and the optimization of the culture method. In addition, the new trends of enhancing specific properties of BC by varying culture conditions or by using additives have been reviewed. Thus, the paper presents how to obtain and enhance a desired property of BC for a specific use. This new approach will help researchers to develop new ideas in this field which will favour the commercialization of products made with BC and their industrial application.

Enhancement of the fermentation process and properties of bacterial cellulose: a review

A methodology to study flocculation processes and floc properties using a non-imaging scanning laser microscope is presented in this paper. This methodology allows us to study floc stability and resistance to shear forces, re-flocculation tendency and reversibility of the flocs. Furthermore, optimal dosage of any polymer and the associated flocculation mechanism can be determined. In order to illustrate the technique, some examples applied to flocculation in papermaking are described. Although in this paper all the examples have been applied to papermaking, the developed methodology can be used in any process in which flocculation phenomena is involved.

Flocculation Monitoring: Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement as a Measurement Tool

Nanocellulose materials have emerged as a new family of nanomaterials of great interest. That is due to their environmental advantages, including their production from renewable resources, their biodegradability, biocompatibility and their high potential availability. The production processes and the properties of CNF, CNC and BC (aspect ratio, mechanical strength, elastic modulus and thermal stability, high surface area, low density and oxygen permeability, etc) will be described in detailed. Their potential applications in relation to their properties will be mentioned in general terms as an introduction to the specific applications described in the other sections (e.g. papermaking, composites, packaging, electronic devices, coatings, biomedicine, automotive, etc). The description could be focussed on the traditional and emerging trends for their production, their characterization and the quality demanded for the final applications.

Carlos Negro

Papers

Waste management from pulp and paper production in the European Union

Anaerobic membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment: A review

Enhancement of the fermentation process and properties of bacterial cellulose: a review

Flocculation Monitoring: Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement as a Measurement Tool

Nanocellulose for Industrial Use: Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF), Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC), and Bacterial Cellulose (BC)