There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Yuming Yang,†,§ Qiang Zhao,‡,§ Wei Feng,† and Fuyou Li*,† †Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China ‡Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, P. R. China.

Luminescent chemodosimeters for bioimaging.

https://persianmof.weebly.com/uploads/4/8/8/3/48832931/chem._rev._2014,_114,_10575.pdf

Water stability and adsorption in metal-organic frameworks.

Water adsorption in porous materials is important for many applications such as dehumidification, thermal batteries, and delivery of drinking water in remote areas. In this study, we have identified three criteria for achieving high performing porous materials for water adsorption. These criteria deal with condensation pressure of water in the pores, uptake capacity, and recyclability and water stability of the material. In search of an excellently performing porous material, we have studied and compared the water adsorption properties of 23 materials, 20 of which are metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Among the MOFs are 10 zirconium(IV) MOFs with a subset of these, MOF-801-SC (single crystal form), −802, −805, −806, −808, −812, and −841 reported for the first time. MOF-801-P (microcrystalline powder form) was reported earlier and studied here for its water adsorption properties. MOF-812 was only made and structurally characterized but not examined for water adsorption because it is a byproduct of MOF-841 s...

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Water Adsorption in Porous Metal–Organic Frameworks and Related Materials

Fluoride is often added to drinking water and toothpaste because of its beneficial effects in dental health. It is also administered in the treatment of osteoporosis.1 While the beneficial effects of fluoride are well documented, chronic exposure to high levels of this anion can lead to dental or even skeletal fluorosis.2-4 Taking into account these adverse effects, a great deal of attention has been devoted to the discovery of improved analytical methods for the detection of fluoride, especially in water. This field of research has also been stimulated by the potential use of such methods for the detection of phosphorofluoridate nerve agents such as Sarin or uranium hexafluoride, which release fluoride upon hydrolysis. In addition to these applications, the capture of fluoride, especially in water, is a stimulating academic challenge because of the high hydration enthalpy of this anion (∆H° ) -504 kJ mol-1). * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: simon.aldridge@ chem.ox.ac.uk (S.A.) and francois@tamu.edu (F.P.G.). † Texas A&M University. ‡ University of Oxford. Casey Wade was born in 1983 in Lynch, Nebraska. He earned a B.S. degree from the University of NebraskasLincoln in 2006. During his time there, he worked as an undergraduate researcher under the supervision of J. A. Belot and participated in a joint research internship at the American Air Liquide Chicago Research Center. In 2007, he joined the group of F. P. Gabbaı̈ at Texas A&M University, where he currently studies anion recognition using main group Lewis acids.

Fluoride Ion Complexation and Sensing Using Organoboron Compounds

Reaction of 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaaminotriphenylene with Ni2+ in aqueous NH3 solution under aerobic conditions produces Ni3(HITP)2 (HITP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene), a new two-dimensional metal–organic framework (MOF). The new material can be isolated as a highly conductive black powder or dark blue-violet films. Two-probe and van der Pauw electrical measurements reveal bulk (pellet) and surface (film) conductivity values of 2 and 40 S·cm–1, respectively, both records for MOFs and among the best for any coordination polymer.

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High Electrical Conductivity in Ni3(2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene)2, a Semiconducting Metal–Organic Graphene Analogue

The construction of well-defined organic architectures on solid surfaces is a key step toward the development of more efficient and robust electronic devices. Indeed, a number of self-assembly strategies have been applied to building supramolecular structures for use in devices such as organic lightemitting diodes (OLEDs), organic transistors, and solar cells. Recently, self-assembled coordination polymers, namely crystalline, microporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), have received considerable attention for their potential in a number of applications, including electronic devices. The solvothermal methods used to synthesize MOF materials generally afford bulk single crystals or microcrystalline powders and, as a result, a number of methods have been developed to process MOFs as thin films, which are generally more desirable for use in devices. However, MOFs still face a number of challenges in this area, particularly with regard to their insulating nature. The incorporation of redox-active organic linkers represents one strategy toward improving the charge transport properties of MOF materials as well as imparting a response to electrochemical stimuli. In the latter case, the use of colorswitching, redox-active organic linkers might be considered for the design of new, color-tunable electrochromic materials. Inorganic materials such as metal oxides and Prussian blue analogs have been extensively studied for electrochromic applications. More recently, conducting organic polymers such as polythiophenes have received considerable attention owing to their greater color tunability and efficiency, and faster switching times. Despite significant advances, the need still exists for more easily synthesized and processable electrochromic materials with the same or greater degree of tunability. In this sense, the well-defined structures, selfassembly synthesis, and guest-accessible microporosity of MOFs might prove useful for their application in this field. Herein, we describe the solvothermal deposition and electrochemical properties of porous, micron-thick Zn-pyrazolate MOF films containing redox-active naphthalene diimide (NDI) linkers. NDIs have been extensively studied for their electron accepting properties which make them attractive as n-type semiconductors. Furthermore, core substitution of NDIs with electron donor groups results in the appearance of charge-transfer transitions in the visible spectrum, affording color-tunable and sometimes fluorescent dyes with applications in optoelectronics and sensing. A handful of MOFs containing NDI-based linkers have been reported and studied as gas sorption, photochromic, and fluorescent sensor materials. However, studies of their electrochemical properties remain scarce. Here, we show that processing them as homogeneously dispersed thin films enables their use as multicolored electrochromic devices. Our group has been concerned with developing modular syntheses for water-stable pyrazolate-based MOFs, and recently we described a series of core-substituted NDIbased materials. These MOFs (Zn(NDI-X), Figure 1) were obtained as microcrystalline powders by heating 1.1:1

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Facile Deposition of Multicolored Electrochromic Metal–Organic Framework Thin Films

The synthesis, activation, and heats of CO2 adsorption for the known members of the M3(BTC)2 (HKUST-1) isostructural series (M = Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn, Ni, Cu, Mo) were investigated to gain insight into the impact of CO2–metal interactions for CO2 storage/separation applications. With the use of modified syntheses and activation procedures, improved BET surface areas were obtained for M = Ni, Mo, and Ru. The zero-coverage isosteric heats of CO2 adsorption were measured for the Cu, Cr, Ni, Mo, and Ru analogues and gave values consistent with those reported for MOFs containing coordinatively unsaturated metal sites, but lower than for amine functionalized materials. Notably, the Ni and Ru congeners exhibited the highest CO2 affinities in the studied series. These behaviors were attributed to the presence of residual guest molecules in the case of Ni3(BTC)2(Me2NH)2(H2O) and the increased charge of the dimetal secondary building unit in [Ru3(BTC)2][BTC]0.5.

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Investigation of the synthesis, activation, and isosteric heats of CO2 adsorption of the isostructural series of metal–organic frameworks M3(BTC)2 (M = Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ru)

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted interest as adsorbents in water-based adsorption heat pumps owing to their potential for increased water loading capacities and structural and functional tunability versus traditionally used materials such as zeolites and silica. Although pyrazolate-based MOFs exhibit exceptional hydrolytic stability, the water adsorption characteristics of this class of frameworks have remained unexplored in this context. In this report, we describe the modular synthesis of novel dipyrazole ligands containing naphthalenediimide cores functionalized with –H (H2NDI–H), –NHEt (H2NDI–NHEt), or –SEt (H2NDI–SEt) groups. Reaction of these ligands with Zn(NO3)2 afforded an isostructural series of MOFs, Zn(NDI–X), featuring infinite chains of tetrahedral Zn2+ ions bridged by pyrazolate groups and ∼16 A-wide channels with functionalized naphthalenediimide linkers lining the channel surface. The Type V water adsorption isotherms measured for these materials show water uptake in the 40–50% relative humidity range, suggesting hydrophobic channel interiors. Postsynthetic oxidation of Zn(NDI–SEt) with dimethyldioxirane was used to generate ethyl sulfoxide and ethyl sulfone groups, thereby rendering the channels more hydrophilic, as evidenced by shifts in water uptake to the 30–40% relative humidity range. Such tunability in water adsorption characteristics may find utility in the design of new adsorbents for adsorption-based heat transfer processes. An original MATLAB script, MOF-FIT, which allows for visual modeling of breathing and other structural deformations in MOFs is also presented.

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Casey R. Wade

Papers

Fluoride Ion Complexation and Sensing Using Organoboron Compounds

High Electrical Conductivity in Ni3(2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene)2, a Semiconducting Metal–Organic Graphene Analogue

Facile Deposition of Multicolored Electrochromic Metal–Organic Framework Thin Films

Investigation of the synthesis, activation, and isosteric heats of CO2 adsorption of the isostructural series of metal–organic frameworks M3(BTC)2 (M = Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ru)

Postsynthetic tuning of hydrophilicity in pyrazolate MOFs to modulate water adsorption properties