There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

From the Publisher:
A valuable reference for the novice as well as for the expert who needs a wider scope of coverage within the area of cryptography, this book provides easy and rapid access of information and includes more than 200 algorithms and protocols; more than 200 tables and figures; more than 1,000 numbered definitions, facts, examples, notes, and remarks; and over 1,250 significant references, including brief comments on each paper.

Handbook of Applied Cryptography

Resolving the molecular details of proteome variation in the different tissues and organs of the human body will greatly increase our knowledge of human biology and disease. Here, we present a map of the human tissue proteome based on an integrated omics approach that involves quantitative transcriptomics at the tissue and organ level, combined with tissue microarray-based immunohistochemistry, to achieve spatial localization of proteins down to the single-cell level. Our tissue-based analysis detected more than 90% of the putative protein-coding genes. We used this approach to explore the human secretome, the membrane proteome, the druggable proteome, the cancer proteome, and the metabolic functions in 32 different tissues and organs. All the data are integrated in an interactive Web-based database that allows exploration of individual proteins, as well as navigation of global expression patterns, in all major tissues and organs in the human body.

Tissue-based map of the human proteome

Cryptosystem designers frequently assume that secrets will be manipulated in closed, reliable computing environments. Unfortunately, actual computers and microchips leak information about the operations they process. This paper examines specific methods for analyzing power consumption measurements to find secret keys from tamper resistant devices. We also discuss approaches for building cryptosystems that can operate securely in existing hardware that leaks information.

/pdf/differential-power-analysis-4t7fjmuc7b.pdf

Differential Power Analysis

Text password has long been the dominant user authentication technique and is used by large numbers of Internet services. If they follow recommended practice, users are faced with the almost insuperable problem of generating and managing a large number of site-unique and strong (i.e. non-guessable) passwords. One way of addressing this problem is through the use of a password generator, i.e. a client-side scheme which generates (and regenerates) site-specific strong passwords on demand, with the minimum of user input. This paper provides a detailed specification and analysis of AutoPass, a password generator scheme previously outlined as part of a general analysis of such schemes. AutoPass has been designed to address issues identified in previously proposed password generators, and incorporates novel techniques to address these issues. Unlike almost all previously proposed schemes, AutoPass enables the generation of passwords that meet important real-world requirements, including forced password changes, use of pre-specified passwords, and generation of passwords meeting site-specific requirements.

AutoPass: An Automatic Password Generator

It's ironic that these hard problems, such as character recognition, have been known to be hard for a long, long time, and yet almost as soon as people make crypto things out of them, they get solved. Actually it's not quite the way you think because what's happened is that for the examples that get automatically generated, there are special techniques which work just because they've been created deliberately. It's not trivial to produce things that are really hard to solve, and some of the ideas for distorting characters have been quickly broken, but I believe there are some around which are quite robust.

/pdf/using-human-interactive-proofs-to-secure-human-machine-1seoxz0mlq.pdf

Using Human Interactive Proofs to Secure Human-Machine Interactions via Untrusted Intermediaries

The recently-proposed PassCard scheme enables CardSpace to be used as a password manager, thereby both improving the usability and security of passwords as well as encouraging CardSpace adoption. However, this scheme does not work with sites using HTTPS, seriously limiting its practicality. In this paper we extend PassCard to support sites using both HTTP and HTTPS. Usernames and passwords are stored in CardSpace personal cards, and these cards can be used to sign on transparently to corresponding websites. PassCard does not require any changes to login servers, default browser security settings or to the CardSpace identity selector; in particular, it does not require websites to support CardSpace. PassCard operates with both the CardSpace and the Higgins identity selectors without any modification. We describe how this new version of PassCard operates, and give security and usability analyses.

/pdf/extending-the-scope-of-cardspace-1c1owk5b4w.pdf

Extending the Scope of cardspace

A large variety of methods for using block ciphers, so called 'modes of operation', have been proposed, including some designed to provide both confidentiality and integrity protection. Such modes, usually known as 'authenticated encryption' modes, are increasingly important given the variety of issues now known with the use of unauthenticated encryption. In this paper we show that a mode known as EPBC (Efficient error-Propagating Block Chaining), proposed in 1997 by Zuquete and Guedes, is insecure. Specifically we show that given a modest amount of known plaintext for a single enciphered message, new enciphered messages can be constructed which will pass tests for authenticity. That is, we demonstrate a message forgery attack.

/pdf/cryptanalysis-of-the-epbc-authenticated-encryption-mode-58gog3zar6.pdf

Cryptanalysis of the EPBC authenticated encryption mode

A method of authenticating a remote user, using a remote computer device, to a host computer in a data communication system. Verification values are stored at the host computer, which are used to authenticate a remote user upon receipt of data from the remote computer device. Further data, including a next set of verification values calculated by the remote computer device are also sent to the host computer.

Chris J. Mitchell

Papers

AutoPass: An Automatic Password Generator

Using Human Interactive Proofs to Secure Human-Machine Interactions via Untrusted Intermediaries

Extending the Scope of cardspace

Cryptanalysis of the EPBC authenticated encryption mode

Authentication of a remote user to a host in a data communication system