There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

From the Publisher:
A valuable reference for the novice as well as for the expert who needs a wider scope of coverage within the area of cryptography, this book provides easy and rapid access of information and includes more than 200 algorithms and protocols; more than 200 tables and figures; more than 1,000 numbered definitions, facts, examples, notes, and remarks; and over 1,250 significant references, including brief comments on each paper.

Handbook of Applied Cryptography

Resolving the molecular details of proteome variation in the different tissues and organs of the human body will greatly increase our knowledge of human biology and disease. Here, we present a map of the human tissue proteome based on an integrated omics approach that involves quantitative transcriptomics at the tissue and organ level, combined with tissue microarray-based immunohistochemistry, to achieve spatial localization of proteins down to the single-cell level. Our tissue-based analysis detected more than 90% of the putative protein-coding genes. We used this approach to explore the human secretome, the membrane proteome, the druggable proteome, the cancer proteome, and the metabolic functions in 32 different tissues and organs. All the data are integrated in an interactive Web-based database that allows exploration of individual proteins, as well as navigation of global expression patterns, in all major tissues and organs in the human body.

Tissue-based map of the human proteome

Cryptosystem designers frequently assume that secrets will be manipulated in closed, reliable computing environments. Unfortunately, actual computers and microchips leak information about the operations they process. This paper examines specific methods for analyzing power consumption measurements to find secret keys from tamper resistant devices. We also discuss approaches for building cryptosystems that can operate securely in existing hardware that leaks information.

/pdf/differential-power-analysis-4t7fjmuc7b.pdf

Differential Power Analysis

International Standardisation Over the last ten years, in parallel with the enormous growth in the use of cryptography, major efforts have been devoted to assembling a set of internationally agreed standards for cryptographic mechanisms. These standards have been prepared by ISO/IEC JTC1/ SC27, a committee devoted entirely to security standardisation. Of course, the standards produced by SC27 are not the only cryptographic standards in existence. A number of important standards have been produced by a variety of other bodies, including the following: • From the early 1980s onwards, the US banking community has produced a range of US (ANSI) standards covering the use of cryptography in retail and wholesale banking. The standards have had a very strong influence on subsequent international banking standards on cryptography and its use. In turn, these banking standards have motivated some of the general purpose standards developed by SC27. • The Internet community has produced a number of RFCs covering a range of cryptographic algorithms. These RFCs have been primarily aimed at providing algorithms for use in specific secure

Developments in Security Mechanism Standards

Koehler and Macchi (2009) criticize the experiments presented in Newell, Mitchell, and Hayes (2008) as being ‘‘virtually irrelevant’’ to exemplar cuing theory. This reply addresses that interpretation and argues that the experiments dealt with issues at the heart of the theory and provided evidence highly relevant to understand how people think about low-probability events. The role of the ‘target’ in probabilistic statements is examined, highlighting the need for further theoretical and empirical clarification of the concept. The remaining specific criticisms raised in the commentary are discussed as well. Copyright # 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

/pdf/rejoinder-missing-the-target-a-reply-to-koehler-macchi-2009-gcdeyf05n5.pdf

Rejoinder: Missing the Target: A Reply to Koehler & Macchi (2009)

A number of approaches to the automatic generation of IPv6 addresses have been proposed with the goal of preserving the privacy of IPv6 hosts. However, existing schemes for address autoconfiguration do not adequately consider the full context in which they might be implemented, in particular the impact of low quality random number generation. This can have a fundamental impact on the privacy property of unlinkability, one of the design goals of a number of IPv6 address autoconfiguration schemes. In this paper, the potential shortcomings of previously proposed approaches to address autoconfiguration are analysed in detail, focussing on what happens when the assumption of strong randomness does not hold. Practical improvements are introduced, designed to address the identified issues by making the random generation requirements more explicit, and by incorporating measures into the schemes designed to ensure adequate randomness is used.

/pdf/generating-unlinkable-ipv6-addresses-51fu7l03cg.pdf

Generating Unlinkable IPv6 Addresses

Digital services have a significant impact on the lives of many people and organisations. Trust influences decisions regarding potential service providers, and continues to do so once a service provider has been selected. There is no globally accepted model to describe trust in the context of digital services, nor to evaluate the trustworthiness of entities. We present a formal framework to partially fill this gap. It is based on four building blocks: a data model, rulebooks, trustworthiness evaluation functions and instance data. An implementation of this framework can be used by a potential trustor to evaluate the trustworthiness of a potential trustee.

Automating the Evaluation of Trustworthiness.

In recent years a large number of identity management systems have been proposed. Unfortunately, although these systems ofier the possibility of signiflcantly improving user security, they have not been widely adopted, typically because the cost of adoption is too high for the involved parties. In this talk we consider the problem of designing identity management systems which ofier security advantages but are yet easy to adopt. This involves designing combinations of security protocols and client machine software architectures that support secure identity management protocols in ways that ofier simple and low cost migration paths. We describe a client-based identity management tool we call IDSpace, designed to be easy to adopt, and which provides a single user interface and user experience for user authentication, whilst supporting a range of existing identity management technologies. Operation of IDSpace with certain existing systems is described.

/pdf/new-architectures-for-identity-management-removing-barriers-25rfr5tm0g.pdf

Chris J. Mitchell

Papers

Developments in Security Mechanism Standards

Rejoinder: Missing the Target: A Reply to Koehler & Macchi (2009)

Generating Unlinkable IPv6 Addresses

Automating the Evaluation of Trustworthiness.

New Architectures for Identity Management | Removing Barriers to Adoption ⁄